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ANCIENT  GEOGRAPHY,         i 


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CLASSICAL  A^^'^  SACKED  GEOGRAPHY, 


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':^  iNCIENT 


VARIOU      VTEia-:S'l iiVl.  ..xVl']  •'-      KJM-.INS. 


TaGETH^i;    WITH   ^s 


ANCIENT  ATLAS, 


CONTAIMNO    MAPS    ILLUSTUATIXG    THE    WORK. 


BY  S.  AUGUSTUS  MF^CKELL. 

PIITLAPELPII 
PI  J.MSIIED  BY  K  II.  JiU'l 
^^;\v  vouxr  fhelt>on,  bl  .kkm... 
1859. 


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IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


littp://www.arcli  ive.org/details/ancientgeograpliyOOmitcricli 


MITCHELL'S 
A.NCIENT  GEOGRAPHY. 


DESIGNED     FOR 


ACADEMIES,  SCHOOLS,  AND  FAMILIES. 


A   SYSTEM    OF 

CLASSICAL  AND  SACRED  GEOGRAPHY, 

EMBELLISHED    WITH 

INGRAVINGS  OF  REMARKABLE  EVENTS,  VIEWS  OF  ANCIENT  CITIES 

AND 

VARIOUS  INTERESTING  ANTIQUE  REMAINS 

TOGETHER   AVITn    AN 

ANCIENT   ATLAS, 

CONTAINING    MAPS   ILLUSTRATING    THE   WORK 


BY  S.  AUGUSTUS  MITCHELL. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED  BY  E.  H.  BUTLER  .V;  CO. 

NEW  YORK:  SHELDON  &  CO. 

1859. 


fj^'f'/ 


Entered,  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1845,  by 

S.  AUGUSTUS  MITCHELL, 

m  tho  clerk's  ofT.ce  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Eastern  District  of 
Pennsylvania. 


PREFACE. 


The  extensive  patronage  bestowed  on  MiTcnEi.i.'s  Primary  Geography  and 
School  Gkography  and  Atlas,  determined  the  Publishers  of  those  works, 
some  time  since,  to  complete  the  Scries  of  which  they  form  the  introductory 
and  secondary  divisions,  by  the  publication  of  a  High  School  Geography 
and  Atlas,  comprehending  a  summary  of  Modern  and  ^Vneicnt  Gcograpliy. 

The  following  work  constitutes  the  Ancient  or  second  division  of  the  pub- 
lication proposed,  and  will  be  found  to  correspond,  in  stjile  and  general 
mode  of  arrangement,  with  those  portions  of  the  series  already  issued.  It 
embraces  two  distinct  sections  ;  one  consisting  of  Classical,  and  the  other  of 
Sacred  Geography:  together  with  an  Atlas,  specially  compiled  to  agree  with 
and  elucidate  the  Text.  The  chief  object  aimed  at,  in  its  composition,  has 
been  to  arrange,  in  a  progressive  and  distinct  manner,  a  concise  account 
of  the  countries  and  nations  of  antiquity,  such  as  may  readily  be  under, 
stood  by  the  more  advanced  pupils  in  our  schools  and  academics,  and  also 
by  private  students.  The  book  and  the  maps  are  adapted  to  each  other,  and 
are  designed  to  be  used  in  connection  througliout.  Questions,  to  be  an- 
swered from  the  Text  and  the  Atlas,  have  been  inserted,  on  the  plan  of  those 
to  be  found  in  the  other  books  of  the  series ;  but  teachers  need  not  restrict 
themselves  to  the  questions  given,  and  may  dispense  with  them  or  not,  at 
their  discretion. 

To  peruse  the  Sacred  Scriptures  or  any  portion  of  early  history  intelli- 
gently,  some  knowledge  of  ancient  geography  is  an  indispensable  requisite. 
Without  such  knowledge,  indeed,  tlie  perusal  of  history  is  comparatively 
worthless.  Every  inquiring  student,  therefore,  in  reading  of  Jerusalem, 
Tyre,  Rome,  or  Athens,  would  wish  to  ascertain  tlic  situation  of  those  re- 
nowned cities,  and  also  to  give  locations  to  the  mountains,  rivers, and  lakes 
described  by  ancient  authors  ;  as  well  as  to  understand  the  relative  positions 
of  the  countries  noted  in  early  times,  and  the  modern  political  divisions 
which  occupy  the  same  regions  of  the  earth.  To  such  individuals,  a  wlII- 
digcsted  system  of  ancient  geograpliy,  with  maps  specially  compiled  to 
illustrate  the  text,  will  lurnish  the  desired  information,  as  well  as  atlord  a 
*und  of  profitable  and  pleasing  instruction. 

The  treatise  on  Sacred  Geography,  being  confined  to  a  description  of 
the  Holy  Land,  and  the  other  countries  mentioned  in  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,  is  of  less  extent  than  the  one  wliich  precedes  it ;  in  several 
instances,  also,  the  descriptions  of  various  countries  given  in  the  first  division 
have  been  repeated  in  the  last.  This  is  rendered  in  some  measure  neces- 
sary, by  the  fact  tliat  the  regions  described  by  the  Hebrew  writers  were 
viewed  under  dilTerent  circumstances,  and,  for  the  most  part,  at  an  earlier 
period  of  time  than  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans ;  and  that  the  names  of 
countries,  rivers,  cities,  &c.  are  seldom  found  to  coincide,  in  the  statemenla 
of  the  Scriptural  aiid  those  of  classical  authors. 

Altliough  strictly  geographical  in  its  general  plan,  it  has  been  thought 
not  inappropriate  to  introduce  into  the  work,  occasionaJly,  such  historical 


vi  PREFACE. 

incidents,  connected  with  the  subject-matter,  as  will  serve  to  render  the  local 
details  more  interesting ;  and  it  is  believed  that  an  examination  of  the  various 
quotations  from  Holy  Writ  will  suggest  to  pupils  a  frequent  reference,  for 
further  elucidation,  to  that  sacred  volume. 

A  correct  knowledge  of  the  region  so  long  inhabited  by  the  descendants 
of  Abraham,  and  consecrated  by  tlie  residence  of  the  Saviour  of  men,  is  one 
of  the  most  interesting  objects  of  geographical  research,  and  has  excited 
the  attention  of  various  learned  individuals  in  recent,  as  well  as  in  former 
times ;  whilst  a  comparison  of  the  ancient  and  modern  condition  of  many 
countries  in  the  East,  exhibits  such  evidence  of  the  truth  of  Divine  revelation^ 
as  largely  to  strengthen  the  faith  of  the  believer.  It  will  be  seen  that  tlie 
present  state  of  Nineveh,  Babylon,  and  Thebes,  as  well  as  of  otlier  capitals 
once  renowned,  abundantly  confirms  the  predictions  of  the  ancient  pro- 
phets of  Israel. 

Perhaps  few  studies  are  so  deserving  of  attention,  as  that  of  the  geography, 
history,  and  constitution  of  the  ancient  and  chosen  people  of  God.  From 
them  have  proceeded  those  purer  ideas  of  religion,  which  distinguish  the 
Christian  above  the  other  nations  of  the  earth.  The  philosophers  of  Greece 
and  Rome  were  the  instructors  of  the  ancient  and  modern  world,  in  art, 
Bcience,  and  literature ;  but  the  poets  and  prophets  of  Israel  have  enriched 
other  nations  with  that  knowledge  which  refers  to  God,  salvation,  and  eter- 
nal life. 

The  Maps  of  the  Ancient  Atlas  have  been  carefully  executed ;  and  some 
pains  have  been  taken  in  their  compilation,  after  arranging  the  political 
divisions  according  to  the  most  approved  authorities,  to  avoid  crowding 
them  with  the  names  of  obscure  and  unimportant  places,  and  ratlierto  select 
the  cities,  towns,  &c.  distinguislied  as  the  scene  of  some  well-known  event, 
or  the  birth-place  of  some  noted  individual.  Especially,  have  the  words 
been  engraved  in  a  clear  and  distinct  letter,  so  that  they  may  be  read  with 
facility. 

Attached  to  the  Atlas  is  an  Index,  alphabetically  arranged,  designed  as  a 
table  of  reference  to  the  names  in  the  Maps,  by  which  pupils  and  others 
may  find  without  difiiculty  on  which  Map  the  country,  city,  river,  &,c. 
sought  for  is  represented,  as  also  the  corresponding  modern  name,  where 
Euch  exists. 

In  the  Chronological  Table,  placed  at  the  end  of  the  book,  the  dates  of  all 
the  noted  events,  as  well  as  of  the  births  or  deatlis  of  distinguished  characters 
mentioned  in  the  text,  may  be  found.  To  this  Table  various  Questions  are 
appended,  calculated  to  impress  more  strongly  upon  the  mind  the  more 
important  dates  and  circumstances.  It  is  not  expected  tliat  teachers  will 
require  pupils  to  commit  to  memory  all  the  dates,  &c.  that  are  attached  to 
tliis  table;  but  whether  it  be  adopted  or  not  as  a  subject  of  regular  study,  it 
will  probably,  in  either  case,  be  found  convenient  and  useful  as  a  matter  af 
reference. 


Philadelphia,  January,  1845k 


CONTENTS 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


1.  Introduction — Early  Mari- 

time Discoveries,  &c 9 

2.  Figure  of  the  Earth,  &c.. .  11 

3.  The  World;  Asia 12 

4.  Asia  Minor 14 

5.  Mysia,  Lydia,  Caria 15 

6.  Greek  Colonies — /Eolia,  Io- 

nia and  Doris;  Lycia  ...  18 

7.  Bithynia,  Paphlagonia,  Pon- 

tus 20 

8.  Famphylia,    Pisidia,    Cili- 

cia 22 

9.  Phrygia,  Cappadocia,  Gala- 

tia  24 

10.  Syria 26 

11.  Palmyra;  Cyprus 29 

12.  Phffinicia 31 

13.  Arabia 34 

14.  Armenia,  Mesopotamia  ...  36 

15.  Assyria 38 

IG.  Babylonia  or  Chaldaea 40 

17.  Colohis,     Iberia,     Albania, 

Media 43 

18.  Persia 44 

13.  Susiana,  Carmania,  Gedro- 

sia,  Aria  or  Ariana 51 

20.  Partiiia,  Hyrcania,  Bactria- 

na,  Sogdiana 46 

21.  Asiatic  Sarmatia,  Scythia, 

Seriea 49 

22.  India,  Sinarum  Regio  ....  53 

23.  Africa,  iEthiopia 56 

24.  .33gyptus  or  Egypt   59 


Lesson  Ft^ 

25.  Egypt,  continued 63 

26.  Mauritania,  Numidia 64 

27.  Africa  Proper,  Libya 66 

28.  Libya  Interior,  iEthiopia  or 

Ethiopia  Interior 70 

29.  Europe 72 

30.  Thrace  or  Thracia,  Macedo- 

nia       74 

31.  Greece  or  Hellas 77 

32.  Greece,    continued  —  Thes- 

saly 80 

33.  Epirus,  Hellas    or    Greece 

Proper,  Acarnania,iEtolia, 
Loerii 82 

34.  Phocis,  Doris,  Boeotia,  Me- 

garis 

35.  Attica 

36.  The  Peloponnesus,  Achaia, 

Sicyonia,  Corinthia 

37.  Argolis,  Laconia 

38.  Elis,  Messenia,  Arcadia . . . 

39.  The  Greek  Islands 93 

40.  The   Greek   Islands,  conti- 

nued   101 

41.  Italia  or  Italy,  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina 103 

42.  Gallia  Cisalpina,  continued.  106 

43.  Italy  Proper,  Etruria,  Um. 

bria,  Sabini 109 

44.  Picenum,  Samnium,  Cam- 

pania     119 

45.  Latium 114 

Lutium,  continued 117 

{-) 


46, 


CONTENTS. 


Lesson  Fage 

47.  Magna  GrsBcia  —  Apulia, 
Calabria,  Lucania,  Brut- 
tia 123 

4a  ItaJan  Islands 120 

49.  Hispania 125 

50.  Gaul  or  Gallia 128 

51.  British  Islands 130 

52.  Caledonia,  Hibernia 133 

53.  Scandinavia,     Germa- 

nia 135 


Lesson  Psgi 

54.  Helvetia,  Vindelicia,  Rhse- 

tia,    Noricum,   Pannonia, 
•  Illyricum  or  Illyria 13& 

55.  McEsia,     Dacia,     Sarmatia, 

Hyperborean  Regions  ....   140 

56.  The     Barbarous     Nations 

which    destroyed  tlie  Ro- 
man Empire 143 

57.  The  Barbarous  Nations  con- 

tinued     145 


SACRED    GEOGRAPHY. 

Lesson 


1  Introduction  147 

2  Settlement  ofthe  Earth  after 

the  Flood 149 

3  Origin  of  the  Israelites,  &c  151 

4.  Journeyings  of  the  Israelites 

through  the  Wilderness. .   154 

5.  The  Land  of  Canaan,  &.c.  .   156 
G.  Kingdoms  of  Israel  (ScJudah  158 

7.  Physical  Geography  of  Pa- 

lestine,  Position,   Extent, 
Mountains   161 

8.  Physical  Geography  of  Pa- 

lestine,continMetZ — Rivers, 
Lakes,  &c 164 

9.  Physical  Geography  of  Pa- 

lestine, continued — Plains 
and      Valleys,      Climate, 

Agriculture,  &c 1 G7 

10.  The  Twelve  Tribes,  with  tlie 
Towns  noted  in  Old  Tes- 
tament times  1G9 

1.  The  Twelve  Tribes,  conti- 

nued 172 

12.  The  Tribe  of  Judah,  with 

the  Towns  noted  in   Old 
Testament  times 174 

13.  Galilee  and  Samaria,  willi 


Fag* 


the  Towns  noted  in  New 
Testament  times 176 

14.  Judea  and  Pcraea,  with  the 

Towns  noted  in  New  Tes- 
tament Times 178 

15.  Land    of    the    Philistines, 

Tyre   and    Sidon,   Syria, 
Padan  Aram 181 

16.  Arabia,  including  Amalek, 

Ammon,  Moab,  Edom,  Mi- 
dian,  the  Land  of  Ur,  tfcc.  184 

17.  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  &c 187 

18.  Tlie  East,  Shinar  or  Baby- 

lon, Asshur  or  Assyria. . .   190 

19.  Elam,  Media,  Tarshish  and 

Ophir,  &c.  192 

20.  Asia,  the  Seven  Churches, 

&c 195 

21.  Greece,  Italy,  &c 197 

22.  Geography  illustrating  our 

Saviour's  Ministry 200 

33.  Geography  illustrating  our 
Saviour's  Ministry,  con- 
tinued    202 

24.  Geography  illustrating  tlie 
First  Settlement  of  the 
Church 204 


Chronology 

Chronological  Table 


207 

2aa 


ANCIENT  GEOGRAPHY. 

rNTRODUCTION. 

EARLY  MARITIME   DISCOVERIES,   «&c. 

1.  Ancient  Geography  is  a  description  of  the  earth  and  "ta 
inhaLitants,  extending  from  the  time  of  the  earliest  credible 
accounts  that  have  reached  us,  to  the  downfall  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire. It  comprises  Classical  and  Sacred  Geography.  The  former 
is  derived  from  the  \vritings  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  or  Clas- 
sical authors ;  and  the  latter  from  the  scriptures  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments. 

3.  The  most  noted  of  the  ancient  nations  with  whose  writings 
the  moderns  are  acquainted,  are  the  Jews,  the  Greeks,  and  the 
Romans ;  these  nations  flourished  at  different  periods  of  time,  and 
their  knowledge  of  the  earth  was  various. 

•  3.  The  early  Jews  or  Israelites  loiew  httle  heyond  the  land  of 
Egypt,  and  the  regions  that  lie  between  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
and  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates.  The  Phoenicians  or  Tyrians 
and  Sidonians,  from  the  extent  of  their  voyages, excelled  the  Jev,^ 
in  their  knowledge  of  the  earth,  and  they  Avere  the  first  navigators 
who  carried  maritime  discovery  to  any  considerable  extent. 

4.  As  early  as  the  year  1000  B.C.  these  people  had  explored 
the  whole  of  the  Mediterranean,  as  well  as  the  Black  Sea,  and 
had  settled  colonies  on  their  shores  ;  afterwards  they  sailed  through 
tlie  straits  of  Hercules,  and  extended  their  voyages  along  the  west- 
ern coast  of  both  Europe  and  Africa ;  and  a  party  of  them  in  the 
service  of  Pharaoh-Necho,king  of  Egypt,  is  said  to  have  circum- 
navigated the  last-mentioned  division  of  the  earth. 

5.  The  Carthaginians,  a  people  descended  from  the  Phceniciana, 
were  also  famous  for  maritime  enterprise.  Hanno,  one  of  their 
naval  commanders,  ostablisned  colonies  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa 
beyond  the  pillars  of  Hercules,   and  sailed  as  far  south,  it  ia 

QrjESTioN  1.  What  is  ancient  geography  7  What  does  it  comprise,  &.C,  1 
2  What  is  said  of  the  most  noted  ancient  nations  ?  3.  Of  tlie  early  Jews  T 
Tlie  Phoenicians,  &c.  ?      4.  What  is  related  of  these  people  ?     5.  Of  the 

(9) 


10  iNTRODtJCT.ION, 

thought,  as  the  coast  of  Guinea.*  Hamirco,  another  Carthaginian, 
sailed  northward  taBri-'airi.      !    ' 

6.  By  the '  conquests '  ot  Alexander  the  Great,  the  Greeks 
became  famiUar  with  the  northern  parts  of  India,  and  the  adjacent 
regions;  and  Near' chus, the  admiral  of  Alexander,  by  his  voyage 
from  the  river  Indus  to  the  Euphrates,  first  opened  to  the  view  of 
his  countrymen  the  shores  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

7.  Nearly  about  the  same  time,  Pyth'eas,  a  Massilian  Greek 
sailed  from  Ga'des  to  Thu'Ie,  the  most  northern  country  known  to 
the  ancients,  and  supposed  to  have  been  either  Iceland  or  Norway. 
The  Ru'beas  promontory,  the  farthest  point  he  reached,  is  probably 
the  North  Cape  of  Europe.  The  Thu'le  of  the  Romans,  the  Main- 
land of  Shetland,  was  not  discovered  until  long  after  Pyth'eas,  by 
Agric'ola,  a  Roman  governor  of  Britain. 

8.  The  Romans,  during  the  progress  of  their  conquests,  explored 
the  various  countries  subjected  to  their  power ;  and  in  the  time  of 
CsBsar,  a  general  survey  of  the  Empire  was  '"ommenced,  which 
required  twenty-five  years  for  its  completion.  This  gi'eat  work, 
though  not  executed  with  the  precision  of  modern  science,  wuti  the 
most  extensive  of  the  land  ever  undertaken,  and  furnished  to  the 
geographers  of  that  time,  a  mass  of  information  far  exceeding  that 
of  any  previous  period. 

9.  The  oldest  geographical  records  are  in  the  Bible ;  these  are 
confined  principally  to  a  description  of  the  land  of  Israel,  and  the 
adjacent  regions,  and  to  the  divisions  of  Canaan  among  the  twelve 
tribes.  Next  in  antiquity,  are  the  Greek  poems  of  Homer  and 
Hes'iod,  the  works  of  Herod'otns,  Aristotle,  Eratos'thenes,  Strabo, 
and  some  others. 

10.  The  earliest  regular  geographies  extant,  are  those  of  Strabo 
and  Pomponius  Mela ;  the  former  is  vnritten  in  Greek,  and  the 
other  in  Latin.  These  works  were  succeeded  by  that  of  Ptolemy 
of  Alexandria,  the  most  extensive  geography  of  ancient  limes, 
and  also  the  first  in  which  places  are  described  according  to  their 
latitude  and  longitude.  Tliis  treatise,  until  the  time  of  Columbus, 
a  period  of  more  than  1300  years,  was  considered  the  highest 
authority  in  all  matters  connected  with  the  description  of  the  earth. 

Carthaginians  ?  Of  Hanno  ?  Of  Hamilco  ?  G.  With  what  did  the  Greek 
become  acquainted  by  the  conquests  of  Alexander?  What  is  said  of  Near- 
chus  ?  7.  Of  Pytheas  ?  8.  Of  the  IJonums  ?  What  occurred  in  tlie  time 
of  Cffisar  ?  9.  What  is  said  of  the  cidest  gfeographical  records?  The  mst 
in  antiquity?  10.  The  earliest  re<^ul:>r  geographies?  What  succeeded 
these  works?     How  long  was  it  considered  the  highest  authority  ? 

*  The  extent  of  Hanno's  voyage  has  been  the  subject  of  much  learned 
discussion:  its  terminating  point,  according  to  tlie  opinion  o*"t]irce  diflerent 
inahriduals,  may  be  seen  in  Map  No.  i. 


INTRODUCTION.  H 


FIGURE   OF    THE   EARTH,  &c, 

1.  The  ancients  were,  for  the  most  part,  ignorant  of  the  real 
fiirure  of  the  earth  ;  and  supposed  it  to  be  a  vast  plain,  surrounded 
by  an  ocean  of  unknown  extent.  Beneath  the  earth  were  the  fabled 
regions  of  Elysium  or  Paradise,  and  Tar'tarus,  or  the  place  of 
punishment  for  the  wicked.  Above  the  whole,  rose  the  great  arch 
of  the  heavens,  wliich  was  supposed  to  rest  on  the  summits  of  the 
highest  mountains. 

2.  The  Sun,  Moon,  and  Stars,  were  imagined  to  rise  from,  and 
set  beneath,  the  waves  of  the  Sea ;  and  it  was  said  that  those  who 
lived  in  the  remote  west,  could  hear  at  evening,  the  noise  made 
by  the  Sun  dipping  into  the  ocean,  as  if  that  luminary  had  been 
a  mass  of  heated  metal. 

3.  Being  ignorant  of  America,  as  well  as  of  one  half  the  east- 
ern continent,  the  ancients  generally  imagined  the  world  to  be 
smaller  than  it  really  is ;  a  few  geographers  however,  aware 
that  the  countries  then  known  covered  but  a  small  part  of  the 
earth's  surface,  supposed  that  other  regions  might  exist,  separated 
from  the  rest  by  a  great  extent  of  ocean. 

4.  Accordingly  several  authors,  both  Greek  and  Roman,  have 
described  a  large  island  called  Atlantis,  which  lay  far  to  the  west 
in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Beyond  it  was  a  continent  of  still  greater 
extent.  This  island  was  said  to  have  been  at  length  submerged  in 
the  sea,  and  nothing  further  was  ever  knowm  of  it,  or  the  adjacent 
region.  From  tliis  account  it  is  supposed  that  the  ancients  had 
some  knowledge  of  the  western  continent,  and  the  subject  has 
given  rise  to  various  learned  discussions. 

5.  The  maps  of  the  ancients  are  very  erroneous  in  their  repre- 
sentations, even  of  several  well-lmown  countries  :  thus,  l^tolemy 
exhibits  Italy  as  lying  for  the  most  part  due  east  and  west,  and  the 
Pyrenees  as  extending  nearly  north  and  south.  By  some,  the 
Caspian  Sea  was  supposed  to  connect  with  the  northern  ocean, 
Britain  to  be  in  shape  like  a  triangle,  and  Sweden  and  Norway  to 
be  a  group  of  islands. 

6.  For  want  of  a  proper  mode  of  making  astronomical  observa« 
Mens,  the  latitudes  and  longitudes  of  places  calculated  in  ancient 
'"imos,  were  generally  inaccurate.     Ptolemy  in  his  maps  exhibits 

Q.  1.  What  did  tlic  ancients  suppose  the  earth  to  be?  What  regfions 
were  beneath  the  earth  7  What  rose  above  the  whole  ?  2.  Wliat  is  said  of 
tlie  Sun,  Moon,  and  Stars?  3.  Of  what  were  the  ancients  ig-norant?  What 
did  they  imagine  the  world  to  be  ?  What  did  some  geograplicrs  conceive  T 
What  have  some  authors  described  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  the  maps  of  the 
ancients  ?     6.  Of  their  latitudes  and  longitudes  ?     AVliat  errors  do  Ptolo- 


12  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

an  crroT  of  15°  of  longitude  between  Marseilles  and  Antioch; 
and  40°  in  placing  the  mouths  of  the  Ganges ;  and  in  many  other 
instances  his  east  and  west  distances  are  exaggerated 

7.  The  maps  now  called  ancient,  are  more  strictly  modem ;  the 
natural  features  of  the  earth  being  represented  on  them,  as  known 
at  the  present  day  ;  to  these,  the  ancient  names  have  been  affixed 
by  D'Anville  and  other  learned  men ;  and  in  consequence  they 
present  an  approximation  much  nearer  the  truth  than  those  of  tha 
Greeks  and  Romans. 

8.  In  this  process,  it  has  been  found  difficult  to  determine  ahvays 
the  precise  parts  of  the  globe  referred  to  by  ancient  writers  ;  and 
hence  there  are  various  contested  points  in  ancient  geography, 
among  which  the  position  of  the  countries  called  Ser'ica,  Sina'rum 
Regio,  Agyzim'ba  and  Ultima  Thu'le,  in  classical ;  and  Tarshish 
and  Opliir  in  sacred  geography,  are  not  yet  ascertained. 

9.  The  ideas  of  the  ancients  respecting  the  inhabitants  of  distant 
regions  were  often  fanciful  and  erroneous  ;  among  such  were  the 
fables  related  of  the  Pygmies,  a  race  of  diminutive  men,  who  were 
supposed  to  reside  in  various  remote  parts  of  the  earth ;  and  also 
of  the  Blemmyes,  a  people  without  heads,  and  whose  eyes  and 
mouths  were  in  their  breasts. 

10.  Other  fabulous  races  Avere,  the  Cinunerians,  who  were 
said  to  five  in  utter  darkness ;  the  Cyclops,  with  but  one  eye, 
which  was  placed  in  the  middle  of  their  foreheads ;  the  Cynoce- 
phah,  a  nation  with  heads  resembhng  those  of  dogs ;  the  Hyper- 
boreans, Avho  were  exempt  from  disease,  decay,  and  even  death ; 
and  the  Amazons,  a  nation  of  female  warriors,  who  destroyed  their 
male,  but  preserved  alive  their  female  children. 


THE  WORLD,  ETC. 

1.  The  world,  as  knoA\Ti  in  the  days  of  Ptolemy,  extended  from 
the  Atlantic  coasts  of  Europe  and  Africa,  to  the  shores  of  Cochin 
China.  On  the  west,  it  stretched  from  the  banks  of  the  Niger 
northward  to  Sweden  and  Nonvay ;  and  on  the  east,  from  the  In 
dian  Ocean  northward  to  the  Ahay  mountains. 

2.  This  area  was  included  -within  a  space  averaging  120°  of  Ion" 
gitude,  and  45°  of  latitude,  being  about  one  half  the  land  surface 

my'e  maps  exhibit?  7.  What  is  said  of  the  maps  now  called  ancient?  8. 
What  is  found  difficult  to  determine  ?  Name  the  Contested  points,  9.  Re- 
Inte  the  ideas  of  the  ancients  respecting  the  inhabitants  of  distant  regions. 
What  other  fabulous  races  were  there  ? 

Q.  1.  Describe  the  world  as  known  in  the  days  of  Ptolemy.  2.  What 
did  this  area  comprise  ?    3.  What  is  said  of  the   three   great  divisiona  7 


ASIA.  13 

of  the  eastern  continent,  and  extending  around  the  globe  a  third 

part  of  its  circumforcnce. 

3.  As  eaily  as  the  time  of  Herod'otus,  the  three  great  divisions 
of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  or  Libya,  Avere  recognised,  and  with 
nearly  the  j^resent  hues  of  separation.  The  river  Nile  was  for  a 
time  considered  to  divide  Asia  Irom  Africa,  but  at  length  the  bound- 
ary of  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  was  adopted. 


ASIA. 

4.  The  Greeks  divided  Asia  into  Upper  and  Lower  Asia :  the 
latter  comprised  only  that  part  of  Asia  Minor  which  lay  westward 
of  the  river  Halys.  The  Romans  separated  it  into  Hither  Asia, 
or  Asia  this  side  the  Taurus ;  and  Farther  Asia,  or  Asia  beyond  the 
Taurus.  Hither  Asia  was  also  called  Asia  Proconsula'ris,  because 
it  was  governed  by  a  Proconsul. 

5.  The  name  of  Asia  was  first  applied  to  a  small  district  in  Lydia, 
on  the  coast  of  the  iEge'an  Sea  ;  and  was  derived,  according  to  the 
Lydians,  from  Asius,  one  of  their  early  kings  ;  but,  according  to 
the  Greeks,  from  Asia,  one  of  the  Ocean'ides,  or  marine  goddesses. 

G.  The  iEolians,  lonians,  and  Dorians,  settled  at  an  early  period 
in  the  Lydian  districts  of  Asia ;  and  being  said  by  their  Greek 
countrymen  to  have  emigrated  to  Asia,  the  name  was  in  time 
gradually  extended  to  the  whole  region  now  bearing  that  name. 

7.  Asia,  south  of  the  great  central  ridge  of  mountains,  has  been  from  re- 
mote times  a  populous  region.  It  was  tlie  first  scat  of  civilization,  and  of 
tliose  great  monarchies,  which,  absorbing  into  one  vast  empire  a  number  of 
contiguous  states,  openly  aimed  at  universal  dominion.  Of  these  empires,  th» 
Assyrian  was  the  earliest  and  most  enduring.  It  was  established  on  the 
banks  of  the  Euphrates,  4000  years  ago ;  and  was  succeeded  by  tlie  Babylo- 
nian, the  Persian,  and  the  Parthian  empires  ;  and  in  subsequent  times,  bj 
those  of  the  Caliphs,  of  Gcngis  Khan,  and  of  Tamerlane. 

8.  The  ancients  were  but  partially  acquainted  with  Asia.  They  were 
ignorant  of  at  least  one-half  of  it,  as  known  at  present.  The  Greeks  had 
a  knowledge  of  its  western  and  central  districts,  as  far  as  the  Indus,  and 
probably  for  some  distance  beyond  that  river.  Afterwards,  the  Romans  be 
came  familiar,  to  some  extent,  with  Hindoostan,  Thibet,  and  Aiiam  ;  and  they 
were  acquainted,  by  report,  witli  Ser'ica  and  the  country  of  the  Sinoe,  regions 
which  they  imagined  were  placed  at  the  farthest  extremity  of  the  earth. 

9.  The  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  tlie  Rha,  tlic  Oxus,  the  laxar'tes,  the  Indus, 
tlie  Ganges,  and  the  great  streams  of  India,  beyond  the  latter  river,  as  well 
as  the  Bautisus,or  lloangllo  of  China,  were  probably  known  to  Ptolemy;  bui 
of  the  remaining  rivers  of  Asia  he  was  no  doubt  wholly  ignorant. 

4.  How  did  the  Greeks  divide  Asia?  The  Romans?  5.  What  is 
said  of  tlic  name  of  Asia?  6.  The  iEolians,  «St,c.  ?  •  7.  What  is  said  of 
Asia  south  of  the  central  ridge  of  mountains  ?  Of  the  Assyrian  Empire  ? 
fUe  other  empires  ?  8.  Wliat  degree  of  knowledge  did  tlie  ancients  pos- 
2 


14  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

10.  The  Taurus,  Cau'casus,  Oron'tes,  Paropami'sus,  Ima'us,  Emo'di,  Hy. 
IK'rl)orean  or  Riphean,  and  Ottorocorras,  were  the  chief  Asiatic  ranges  of 
mountains  known  in  ancient  times  ;  the  Emo'di,  now  tlie  Himmaleh  moun. 
tains,  are  the  higiiest  on  the  globe,  but  the  Greek  and  Roman  geographera 
were  ignorant  of  that  fact. 

IL  The  cliief  ancient  divisions  of  Asia  were,  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Arabia, 
Armenia,  Assyria,  Babylonia,  Media,  Persia,  Aria,  Gedrosia,  Scythia,  India, 
Ser'ica,  and  Sina'rum  Re'gio,  or  country  of  the  Sinae. 

Map  No.  1. — Point  out  the  divisions  mentioned  in  the  text.  The  rivera. 
Their  respective  lengths.  The  mountains.  Their  heiglits.  Tlie  jEge'r.ii 
Sea.  Euxine  Sea.  Palus  or  Lake  Moeolis.  Erythrcan  Sea.  Gulf  of  fi:e 
Ganges.  Magnum  Sinus  or  Great  Bay.  Permulicus  Gulf  Taprobana 
Island,  labadii  Island.  Maniolaj  Islands.  BonaB  Fortune  Islands.  Daden 
IsLind.  Angustia;  Dirae.  Avalites  Gulf  What  are  the  modern  names  of 
all  the  foregoing  rivers,  mountains,  «Soc.  ?* 


ASIA  MINOR. 

1.  Asia  Minor  is  a  large  peninsula,  which  foniis  the  most 
western  division  of  Asia.  It  comprises  that  portion  of  the  conti- 
nent that  is  bounded  on  the  north,  south,  and  west  by  the  EiLxine, 
Mediterranean  and  .^ge'an  Seas,  and  on  the  east  by  the  Euphrates 
river.  Anato'ha,  or  Nato'Ha,  which  signifies  the  East,  is  the  mo- 
dem name  of  Asia  Minor. 

2.  The  term  Asia  IVIinor  was  not  adopted  until  about  the  com- 
mencement of  the  fourth  century  of  our  era,  and  was  at  first  used 
to  designate  the  western  districts  only ;  but  in  process  of  time  it 
came  to  be  appHed  to  the  whole  region  now  known  by  that  name. 

3.  Few  countries  present  such  a  diversity  of  soil  and  climate.  The  western 
provinces  were  remarkable  for  their  genial  temperature  and  their  fertility ; 
while  the  mountainous  districts  were  in  general  sterile  and  but  thinly  inhabit, 
ed,  and  some  parts  of  Lydia,  Phrygia,and  Galatia,  were  almost  deserted,  from 
the  barrenness  of  the  soil,  which  bore  numerous  traces  of  volcanic  action. 

4.  The  inhabitants  formed  many  different  nations,  whose  bound- 
aries and  divisions  varied  with  their  political  revolutions.  About  700 
B.  C.  CrcEsus,  the  celebrated  Lydian  Icing,  conquered  a  large  portion 
of  Asia  Minor;  and  it  afterwards  formed  successively  an  important 
division  of  the  empires  of  Cyrus,  of  Alexander,  and  of  Rome.  Dur- 
ing the  middle  ages  it  belonged  to  the  Saracens,  afterwards  to  the 
Tui-ks,  and  for  several  centuries  past  has  formed  the  finest  portion 
of  their  empire. 

sessofAsia?     The  Greeks?     The  Romans  7     9.  Mention  the  rivers.     The 
mountains.     10.  The  chief  ancient  divisions. 

Questions. — 1.  Describe  Asia  Minor.  What  did  it  comprise  ?  2.  AVlicn 
Wi;s  the  term  adopted,  &c.  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  the  soil  and  climale  ? 
Moiintainous   districts,  &,c.  ?     4.  Of  the  inhabitants  ?     Croesus,  &,c.  ?     Of 


'The  pupil  will  consult  the  Index  of  correspjuding  ancient  and  modcru  naiacs 


ASIA   MINOR.  15 

5.  Civilization  commenced  at  an  early  age  in  Asia  IMiiior ;  ita 
commerce  was  extensive  and  llourisliing ;  it  contained  many  opu- 
lent cities,  Avhose  temples,  palaces,  and  other  public  buildings, 
were  among  the  most  splendid  ever  reared. 

G.  At  an  early  period  the  Plioenicians  founded  colonies  on  the  Bouthern 
siiorcs  of  this  repfion,  wliile  in  a  later  aire  the  Greeks  established  themselves 
on  tlie  coasts  of  tlie  ^Ege'an  Sea.  The  language  and  literature  of  the  latter 
V.CTC  extensively  cultivated,  and  the  fame  of  their  philosophers,  poets,  and 
artists,  has  descended  to  our  own  times. 

7.  The  principal  divisions  were,  Mys'ia,  Lyd'ia  and  Ca'r'a,  in  the 
west ;  Bithyn'ia,  Paphlagonia  and  Pon'tus,  in  the  north  ;  Lyc'ia,  Pi- 
sid'ia  and  Pamphyl'ia,  and  Cihc'ia,  in  the  south  ;  and  Phr}^g'ia,  G^ 
la'tia  and  Cappado'cia,  in  the  interior. 

8.  The  chief  mountains  were  thcTau'rus  and  Anti-Tau'rus,  which  retain 
with  us  their  ancient  names;  Mount Cragus  was  the  residence  of  the  fabled 
chimera ;  Ida  was  noted  as  the  mountain  where  Paris  adjudged  to  Venus 
the  prize  of  beauty  ;  Sip'ylus  as  the  residence  of  Ni'obe;  Tmo'lus  was  famous 
for  its  vineyards ;  and  Cyto'rus  for  its  boxwood.  Several  mountains  hero, 
besides  others  in  Greece  and  Cyprus,  bore  the  name  of  Olympus. 

9.  The  largest  rivers  were  the  Ha'lys,  the  Sanga'rius  and  the  Mcean'der; 
the  latter  was  remarkable  for  its  windings,  hence  the  word  meander.  The 
Hermus,  and  its  tributary  tlie  Pacto'lus,  were  famous  for  the  gold  contained 
in  their  sands  ;  the  Grani'cus,  the  Eurym'cdon  and  the  Scy'lax,  for  the  battles 
fought  on  their  banks ;  and  the  Thermo'don  as  the  stream  on  which  the 
warlike  Amazons  once  resided.  Phryg'ia  and  Pisid'ia  contained  a  number  of 
small  salt  lakes,  which  still  exist  and  furnish  large  quantities  of  salt. 

10.  The  islands  which  lie  along  the  western  coast,  were  settled  at  an 
early  period  by  emigrants  from  Greece,  and  are  usually  described  with  tliat 
country.  The  largest  were  Lesbos,  Chios,  Samos,  Cos,and  Rhodes.  In  the 
prosperous  times  of  Greece,  these  islands  were  populous,  well  cultivated, 
and  noted  for  their  commerce. 


Map  No.  2. — What  sea  bounds  Asia  Minor  on  the  north  ?  E.  On  the 
south  ?  M.  On  the  west  ?  ^.  What  rivers  on  the  cast  ?  E.  O.  What 
straits  and  sea  separate  it  from  Thrace?  H.  B.  P.  What  group  of  islands 
lie  on  the  south-west  ?  S.  ^V^hat  island  lies  south  ?  C.  Wliich  promontory 
or  cape  extends  farthest  north  ?  A.  Which  farthest  south  ?  A.  Farthest 
west  ?  L.  Point  out  the  Taurus  and  the  other  mountains  mentioned  in  the  tcxL 
The  rivers.  The  islands.  What  countries  lie  east  and  south-east  of  Asia 
Minor  ?  A.  M.  S.    Mention  the  heights  of  mountains.    Lengths  of  rivers,  &,c 


MYS'IA. 

1 .  Mys'ia  was  the  westernmost  division  of  Asia  Minor.     The 
countr}^  on  the  Propontis  was  once  a  part  of  Phrygia,  and  v.-as 

what  Empires  did  it  afterwards  form  a  division  ?  S.  What  is  said  of  civili- 
ration?  Commerce?  Of  the  Phoenicians  and  Greeks?  7.  Name  the  prin- 
cipal divisions.  Name  the  chief  mountams.  The  largest  rivers.  What 
did  Phrygia  and  Pisidia  contain  ?     10.  What  is  said  of  tlic  islands  ? 


CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

called  Phrygia  Minor.  At  an  early  period  the  Mys'ians  were  a 
brave  and  warlike  people ;  but  they  became  in  time  so  degenerate 
that  "  Mysorum  Ultimus"  was  a  term  proverbially  used  to  denote  a 
cowardly  and  mean-spirited  person.  The  kingdom  of  Tro'as,  or 
Troy,  and  part  of  the  Greek  colony  of  iEolia.  were  included  in 
JVIys'ia. 

2.  Troy,  or  Il'ium,  was  the  principal  city  of  Tro'as.  During  the 
eign  of  Priam,  its  last  king,  a  Greek  army  of  100,000  men  under 
Agamemnon,  captured  and  destroyed  it  after  a  siege  of  ten  years, 
lfS4,  B.C.  This  siege,  one  of  the  most  memorable  of  ancien) 
times,  has  been  immortalized  both  by  Hf)mor  and  Yiroii. 


Achilles  dragging  the  dead  body  of  Hector  around  the  walls  of  Troy 

3.  During  its  progress,  Achilles,  the  bravest  of  the  Greeks,  slew  Hector,  a  ' 
iioted  Trojan  chief,  in  single  combat.  The  dead  body  of  the  latter  was 
barbarously  dragged  by  the  victor  around  the  walls  of  the  city.  Troy  stood 
between  the  rivers  Sim'ois  and  Scaman'der,  not  far  from  their  junction;  in 
the  vicinity  were  Moimt  Ida  and  the  Sigaj'um  Promontory  or  Cape.  Near  the 
latter  many  contests  took  place  between  the  Greeks  and  Trojans.  Subse- 
quently New  Il'ium  was  built  nearer  the  sea,  but  it  never  rose  to  distinction. 

4.  In  the  southern  part  of  Mys'ia  was  the  city  of  Per'gamus,  once  the 
capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  great 
library,  and  as  the  birth-place  of  Galen,  tlic  noted  pliysician.  Aby'dos  was 
famous  for  the  bridge  of  boats  built  by  Xerxes  across  the  Hellespont;  it 
was  the  residence  of  Leander,  the  lover  of  Hero,  wlio  lived  in  Sestos,  on  the 
opposite  shore.  The  former  often  swam  the  Hellespont  to  visit  his  mis 
tress,  and  returned  the  same  night. 

5.  Thebe,  or  Thebes,  Lamp'sacus,  Miletop'olis  and  Cyz'icus,  were  all  places 
of  note.  The  latter  sustained  a  memorable  siege  by  Mithrida'tes,  wiiieh  was 
at  last  raised  by  Lucullus.     In  the  vicinity  was  the  river  Grani'cus,  where 


Q.  1,  What  was  Mysia,  ?  Wliat  is  said  of  the  country  on  the  Propontia? 
Of  the  Mysians ?  What  were  included  in  Mysia?  2.  What  is  said  of 
Troy  ?  3.  What  occurred  during  the  siege  ?  Describe  the  situation  of 
Troy,  &c.  7    4.  What  is  said  of  Pergi^mus?  Abydos?    5,  Tlicbes?     Lamp 


ASIA    MINOR.  17 

Alexander  the  Great  gained  liis  first  victory  over  the  Persians.  Dardaims 
gave  tlic  modern  name  UardancUcs  to  the  Hellespont;  and  from  the  cclcbrati.d 
marble  of  the  island  Proconnesus,Mar'rnora,tl)C  modern  name  of  the  Propontin 
is  derived.  Adrainyttium,  Assos,  and  Alexandria  Troas,  aro  mentioned  in 
llie  Acts  of  the  Apostles;  the  last  is  there  termed  Troas  only. 


6.  Lydia,  called  more  anciently  Maeonia,  iay  south  of  Mys'ia*. 
was  once  an  important  kingdom,  and  its  power  imder  Crcesus, 

the  proverbially  rich  king,  extended  over  more  than  half  of  Asia 
Minor.  His  court  was  an  asylum  of  learning ;  and  ^sop  among 
others  Hved  under  his  patronage. 

7.  The  Lydians  were  the  first  people  who  coined  money ;  they 
were  at  one  time  the  most  wealthy,  and  also  became  the  most 
luxurious  and  efleminate  nation  in  Asia.  The  Greek  colony  of 
Ionia  was  included  partly  in  Lydia,  and  partly  in  Caria. 

8.  Sardis,  the  ancient  capital  of  Lydia,  was  famous  for  the  numerous 
sieges  it  sustained,  during  one  of  which  it  was  taken  by  Cyrus.  This  city, 
TJiyati'ra,  and  Philade![)hia,  were  seats  of  three  of  tlie  seven  churches 
of  Asia.  Magnesia  ad  Sip'ylum,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Sip'ylus,  was  noted  for 
the  defeat  of  Anti'ochus  the  Great  by  Scipio.  Metrop'olis  and  Arom'ata  were 
towns  in  Lydia.  At  Magnesia,  on  the  Meander,  hence  called  Magnesia  ad 
Mcandrum,  Themis'tocles  died.  At  Thymbra,  Croesus  was  defeated  by 
Cyrus. 

CARIA. 

9.  Caria  lay  southward  of  Lydia ;  it  was  a  fruitful  country, 
and  abounded  particularly  in  figs.  The  inhabitants  were  consi- 
dered barbarous  and  despicable  by  the  Greeks,  and  the  name  of 
Carian  was  synonymous  with  that  of  slave.  Doris  and  part  of 
Ionia  were  included  in  Caria. 


Boodrooin, 

10.  Ilalicarnas'sus  was  the  most  important  city  in  Caria,  and  was  lor  « 
Uine  at  the  head  of  tlie  Dorian  league.  It  was  famous  for  the  splendid 
mausoleum  built  by  Artcmis'ia,  queen  of  Caria,  for  her  husband  Mauso'his, 
from  which  all  si)lcndid  tombs  were  afterwards  called  IMausole'a.  It  was 
accounted  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world.     Here  Herodotus,  Diony- 

Bacus,  &c.  7    Dardamus,  (See.  ?    Adramyttium?    6.  Describe  Lydia,     AVhal 
is  said  of  the  Lydians?     7.  Sardis  and  the  other  cities  ?    8.  Describe  Caria. 
The  inhabitants.     10.  What  is  said  of  Die  IlalicJiraaseuB  ?    Of  the  town?  ' 
2*  B 


18  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY, 

Bius  Halicarnas'sus,  and  Heracli'tus,  were  born.  Boodroom,  a  small  Turh  ish 
tov\Ti,  stands  on  the  site  of  Halicarnas'sus ;  various  ruins  of  the.  ancient  city 
are  still  to  be  seen.  Antioch,  Aphrodis'ias,  Mylas'sa,  Stratonice'a  and  Iiiibrua 
were  Carian  towns. 


Map  No.  2.  — ^What  strait  separates  Mysia  from  Thrace  ?  H.  What  se^ 
hes  on  the  north?  P.  What  rivers  are  in  Mysia?  C.  G.  .iE.  H.  What 
mountains?  L  What  islands  lie  west?  L.  T.  When  did  the  siege  of 
Troy  occur?'  Of  Cyzicus  F  The  battle  on  the  Granicus  ?  What  rive 
divides  Lydia  and  Caria?  M.  What  oilier  rivers  are  in  Lydia  ?  II.  P=  O 
What  mountains?  S.  T.  M.  What  islands  lie  on  the  coast?  P  C.  I.  S. 
What  islands  lie  west  and  south  of  Caria  ?  P.  C.  A.  A.  C,  N.  C.  R. 

Map  No.  3.  —  Point  out  Sigceum  Promontory  or  Cape.  Troy.  New 
Ilium.  The  Scamander  River.  The  Simois  River.  Mount  Ida.  MounV 
Gargara.     Tenedos  Island. 


GREEK  COLONIES. 

1.  jEolia,  Ionia  and  Doris  were  Greek  colonies  in  Mysia,  Lydia 
and  Caria,  whose  settlement  was  commenced  about  60  years  after 
the  destruction  of  Troy.  The  inhabitants  became  in  time,  espe- 
cially the  lonians,  distinguished  for  elegance  of  taste,  and  love  of 
the  arts  and  sciences,  and  were  the  teachers  and  examples  of  the 
European  Greeks. 

2.  Homer,  the  greatest  of  poeta,  was  an  Ionian ;  he  was  born,  according 
to  tradition,  near  Smyrna ;  six  other  cities,  however,  contested  with  tliat 
place  the  honour  of  having  given  him  birth.  Apel'les  and  Parrlia'sius,  cele- 
brated painters;  Tha'lcs  and  Pythag'oras,  famous  philosophers  ;  and  Hip 
poc'rates,  a  noted  physician,  were  albo  lonians. 

jEOLIA. 

3.  JEolia  was  the  earliest  colony ;  it  formed  a  confederation  at 
first  of  twelve  cities ;  but,  Smyrna  having  been  treacherously 
wrested  from  it  by  the  lonians,  the  number  was  in  the  time  of 
Herod'otus  reduced  to  eleven. 

4.  Mityle'ne,  in  ijeebos,  was  the  head  of  the  confederacy;  the  latter  was 
one  of  the  finest  islands  in  the  ^ge'an  Sea  ;  it  was  famous  for  its  wino  and 
the  beauty  of  its  women ;  it  was  also  the  birth-place  of  Sappho  and  Pit'tucus. 
CumsB,  Pit'ane,  Phocse'a  and  Elce'a,  were  noted  .fflolian  cities  on  the  conti 
nent. 

IONIA, 

5.  Ionia  comprised  twelve  confederate  cities,  of  which  Ephesiis 
Smjmaa  and  Mile'tus,  were  the  most  renowned.     The  first  con- 


Q.  1.  What  IS  said  of  jEolia,  Ionia,  and  Doris  ?  Of  their  settlement  7 
What  did  the  inhabitants  become  ?  2.  What  is  said  of  Homer  ?  Apellca. 
&c.  ?    3.  Of  iEolia  ?    4.  Mitylene  and  other  towns  ?    5.  Of  Ionia  ?     6 


A  9 1  A    MINOJC.  19 

luiiied  the  celobraled  temple  of  Uiana,  which  occupied  200  years 
in  building. 


^ 


^^^^^fem. 


.=.„  ^ilo  of  Miletus. 


6.  Smyrna  was  one  of  the  richest  cities  of  Asia  Minor,  and  is  the  only 
one  of  them  that  is  now  flourisliing  and  important.  Mile'tus  was  reckoned 
next  to  Tyre  and  Cartilage  for  its  extensive  commerce,  and  numerous  colo- 
nics, whicli  amounted,  according  to  some,  to  80  in  number.  Tliere  Tha'les, 
Anaximan'dcr  and  Cadmus,  the  liistorian,  were  born.  The  ruin  of  this 
splendid  city  is  now  so  complete,  that  its  very  site  can  hardly  be  recognised. 

7.  Er'ythraj  was  the  residence  of  one  of  the  Sibyls,  Clazom'cne  was  the 
birth-place  of  Anaxag'oras,  Samos  of  Pythag'oras,  and  Te'os  ofAnac'reon. 
Col'ophon  was  famous  for  the  valour  of  its  cavalry,  which  usually  decided  tlie 
battle  in  favour  of  the  side  on  which  it  fought ;  hence  the  proverb  "  Colo 
phonem  addere,"  to  put  a  fmish  to  anything.  At  the  foot  of  Mount  Myc'ale, 
a  great  victory  was  gained  by  the  Greeks  over  the  Persians,  on  the  samo 
day  that  the  army  of  Xerxes  was  defeated  at  Plats'a  in  Bceo'tia. 

D  GUIS. 

8.  The  Dorian  confederacy  consisted  at  first  of  six,  and  after 
wards  (Hahcamassus  having  been  excluded)  of  five  cities,  and  was 
therefore  afterwards  called  the  Pentap'ohs,  or  the  five  cities.  The 
confederate  cities  Avere  Cnidus,  Cos,Carni'ra,  lal'ysus  and  Lmdus. 
The  three  last  were  on  the  Island  of  Rhodes. 

9.  Cnidus  contained  a  temple  of  the  Cnidian  Venus,  which  was  famous 
for  a  beautiful  marble  statue  of  the  goddes's  by  Praxit'elcs.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Eudox'us  and  Agathar'cides,  Theopompus  and  some  other  noted 
men.  Rhodes,  tlie  capital  of  the  island  of  Rhodes,  was  renowned  for  its 
commerce,  and  also  for  the  brazen  statue  of  Apollo,  called  the  Colossus, 
which  was  100  feet  high,  and  bestrode  tlic  entrance  of  the  harbour.  Tlie 
republic  of  Rhodes  was  in  early  times  an  important  naval  power,  and  planted 
colonies  in  Sicily,  Italy  and  Spain.  Cos,  on  the  island  of  tlic  same  name, 
contained  a  noted  temple  dedicated  to  Esculapius,    Apel'lcs  and  Ilippoc'ralea 

ere  natives  of  tliis  island. 

L YCI A. 

10.  Lycia  took  its  name  from  Lycus,  the  son  of  Pandion,  who 
settled  there.  It  was  the  smallest  province  of  Asia  Minor;  but  it 
was  at  the  same  time,  in  proportion  to  its  extent,  one  of  the  richest  and 

Smyrna,  &c.  ?     7.  Erylhraj,  &.c.  ?     8.  Describe  Doris.     Mention  the  con- 
f'w'era^  ciUes.    &.  What  is  said  of  Cnidus  ^    Who  were  natives  I     Describe 


20  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

>Mon  populous.     It   Avas  noted  for  its  fine  cedar  trees,   wliich 
almost  equalled  those  of  Lebanon. 

11.  The  inhabitants  were  skilful  archers,  and  were  at  one  time 
distinguished  for  their  sobriety  and  love  of  justice  ;  but,  about  the 
end  of  the  Roman  Republic,  many  individuals  became  pirates. 
On  the  coast  is  Mount  Chmax,  or  the  ladder  ;  it  is  so  steep  to- 
wards the  sea,  that  the  soldiers  of  Alexander,  in  passing  it,  in  their 
inarch  into  Pamphyha,  waded  more  than  half  a  day  waist-deep 
in  water. 

12.  Xanthus  is  distinguished  for  its  obstinate  resistance  against  Brutus ; 
the  latter  set  fire  to  the^city ;  but  the  inhabitants,  rather  than  submit  to  the 
Romans,  rushed  into  the  riames,  and  only  150  were  rescued.  Pat'ara  was 
famous  for  its  oracle  ;  licre  Apollo  is  said  to  have  resided  one-half  the  year, 
and  the  otlier  half  at  Delphi.  Telmis'sus  was  noted  for  its  soothsayers. 
Myra,  Lim'yra  and  Phase'lis  were  important  towns.  The  latter  was  at  one 
time  a  haunt  of  pirates;  it  was  taken  by  Secvihas  Isauricus. 

Map  No.  2. — Point  out  the  iEolian  towns  mentioned  in  the  text.  The 
Ionian.  The  Dorian.  On  what  river  is  Elaja  ?  C.  Smj,'sna  ?  M.  Ephesus  ? 
C.  Near  what  river  is  Mycale  Mountain  ?  M.  In  what  year  was  the  battle 
fought  there  ?  What  mountains  divide  Lycia  and  Pamphylia  ?  S.  Wliat 
mountains  in  the  south-east  ?  C.  In  the  south-west  ?  C.  In  the  interior  ?  A 
What  islands  near  the  coast  ?  C.  C.     What  Cape  ?  S.     What  Gull'?  G. 


BITHYN'IA. 

1.  Bithyn'ia  was  an  extensive  province  which  lay  on  the  Pro- 
pontis  and  the  Euxine  sea.  It  was  settled  at  an  early  period  by 
two  Thracian  tribes,  the  Thyni  and  the  Bithy'ni.  The  kingdom 
which  they  established  underwent  various  changes  of  fortune,  and 
was  at  length  bequeathed  by  Nicomedius,  its  last  king,  to  the 
Romans,  B.  C.  75. 

2.  Nicome'dia,  once  the  capital  of  Bithyn'ia,  was  a  large  and  handsome 
city ;  it  was  for  a  time  the  residence  of  the  Roman  emperors  Diocletian  and 
Constantiiie.  Nicaea,  or  Nice,  once  also  the  capital  of  Bithj'n'ia,  was  noted 
AS  the  scat  of  the  first  general  council  of  the  church,  held  A.  D.  325,  which 
drew  up  the  Nicene  Creed.  It  was  the  birth-place  of  Ilippar'chus  tl* 
astronomer. 

3.  Ilcracle'a,  called  Heracle'a  Pon'tica,  from  its  situation  on  the  Pon. 
tiis  Euxi'nus  was  a  Greek  colony,  famous  for  its  ships,  its  libraries  ai  d  ita 
rich  temples.     Cha.ce'don  was  called,  by  way  of  derision,  the  city  of  the 

Rhodes.  The  Republic,  &c.  10.  Describe  Lycia.  11.  What  were  the 
inhabitants,  &c.  ?  What  is  said  of  Mount  Climax  ?  12.  For  what  is  Xan- 
*b'}9  disting-uishcd  ?     Mention  the  other  towns. 

l^.    I,    t>*iseribe    Bithvnia.       Its    settlements.       The    kingdom,   &c 
«.  What  ie  Bttid  of  iMitoniedia  ?    Niccca?    3.  Ileraclea?    4.  Prusa?     Li. 


ASIA   MINOR.  21 

blind,  because  its  founders  neglected  the  more  advantageous  situation  of  Bv- 
la/itiam,  on  tiio  opposite  shore  :  here  a  general  council  of  tlic  cliurch  wiis 
huld. 

4.  At  Prusa  ad  Olympum,  so  called  because  it  stood  at  tiie  the  base  of 
Mount  Olympus,  Hannibal,  tlie  celebrated  Carthaginian  general,  poisoned 
himself  to  avoid  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Romans ;  and  at  Libys'sa  ho 
was  buried.  At  Chrysop'olis,  the  Emperor  Licin'ius  was  finally  defeated  by 
Constantino  the  Great,  in  a  naval  engagement.  Tium,  Bithynium,  Prusa  od 
Hyp'piura,  As'tacus,  Drep'anmn,  Cius,  and  Apamc'a  were  important  towns, 

PAPHLAGONIA. 

5.  Paphlagonia,  the  most  northern  division  of  Asia  Minor,  was 
noted  for  the  numbers  of  its  horses  and  cattle ;  the  mules  were 
famous  as  early  as  the  days  of  Homer,  and  llie  sheep  furnished 
wool  of  the  finest  quality.  Under  the  Byzantine  emperors,  the 
eastern  parts  of  tliis  region  and  the  western  of  Pontus  were 
formed  into  a  district  called  Hel'eno-Pontus,  m  honour  of  the 
mother  of  the  Emperor  Constantine. 

G.  Sino'pe,  originally  a  fllilesian  colony,  was  an  important  city,  with  an 
extensive  commerce.  It  possessed  at  one  time  a  considerable  territory,  and 
planted  a  number  of  colonies  along  the  coast.  Tlie  Tunny-fisheries  in  the 
vicinity  aiforded  a  lucrative  branch  of  trade.  Sino'pe  was  tlie  birth-place 
of  Mithrida'tes  the  Great,  and  also  of  Diog'enes,  the  Cynic  philosopher. 

7.  Pompciop'olis  was  founded  by  Pompey  in  honour  of  a  victory  gained 
over  Mithridates  the  Great.  At  Armene  part  of  the  Ten  Thousand  landed,  on 
their  voyage  from  Coty'ora.  The  inliabitants  of  this  place  are  said  to  have 
built  a  wall  aroimd  their  city  to  keep  out  tlie  cold,  which  circumstance  gave 
rise  to  a  proverb  used  to  denote  egregious  folly.  Amas'tris,  Cyto'rum  and  Ti- 
mc'na  were  towns  of  note  on  the  coast.    Antoniop'olis  andSora  were  in  the 


8.  Pontus,  so  named  because  it  lay  on  the  Pontus  Euxi'nus,  or 
Euxine  Sea,  was  once  a  part  of  Cappadocia ;  but  became  after- 
wards a  separate  kingdom,  Avhich  existed  for  200  years.  Under 
Mithridates  VI.,  sumamed  the  Great,  Pontus  attained  power  and 
distinction,  and  carried  on  a  long  and  fierce  struggle  with  the 
Romans,  but  was  at  last  annexed  to  their  empire. 

9.  The  eastern  districts  wcie  barren  and  rugged,  but  the  western  were 
rich  and  fruitful.  The  latter  abounded  in  produce  of  every  kind,  and 
furnished  the  finest  flocks  and  herds.  Mines  of  iron  and  salt  were  numcfc 
ous.  Pontus  comprised  three  provinces,  viz.,  Pontus  Galat'icus,  Pontus  Poiek 
moni'acus,  and  Pontus  Cappadocius. 

10.  The  chief  cities  were  Amase'a,  the  birth-place  of  Strabo,  the  Greek 
geographer ;  Coma'na  Pon'tica,  which  contained  the  celebrated  temples  of 

byssa?  Chrysopolis  ?  The  other  towns?  5.  Describe  Paphlagonia. 
What  district  was  formed  under  the  Byzantine  Emperors  ?  6.  What  is  said 
ofSinope?  7.  Pompeiopolis?  Armene?  The  other  towns  ?  8.  What  is 
Pontus?  What  was  it  once  ?  What  did  Pontus  attain  undci  Mithridates 
VI.  7     9,  What  is  said  of  tlic  eastern  and  western  districts?     lO.  Describe 


22  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

Lclk'na  and  Venus;  Tlicmiscy'ra,  fabled  as  the  residence  at  one  time  of  the 
Amazcns;  Cer'asus,  from  whence  tlie  cherry  was  first  taken  to  Rome,  arrd 
thence  propagated  over  Europe  ;  Trape'zus,  the  first  friendly  city  reached 
by  the  Ten  Thousand  on  their  famous  retreat ;  and  Coty'ora,  where  part  cf 
their  number  embarked  for  Arme'ne.  Not  far  from  Trape'zus  is  Mount 
Teches,  from  the  summit  of  which  they  first  saw  the  Euxine  Sea. 

11.  AtZe'la,  Lucullus  gained  a  victory  over  Mithridates  ;  afterwards  CEesar 
gained  one  over  Phar'naces,  which  he  announced  to  the  Roman  senate  in  hi» 
oilebrated  letter  containing-  only  three  words —  Veni,  Vidi,  Vici ;  /  caine,  I  sa tr, 
/  conquered.  Ami'sus,  Polemo'nium,  Trip'olis,  ffin  oe,  Eupato'ria,  Phazc'moi , 
<>aziu'ra,  Eer'isa  and  Neo-CiEsare'a  were  towns  in  Pontus. 

Map  No.  2. — What  strait  separates  Bithynia  and  Thrace?  T.  What 
rivers  and  mountains  separate  Bithynia  from  Paphlagonia  ?  P.  O.  Wlial 
mountains  from  Galatia  ?  O.  What  islands  lie  on  the  coast?  C.  T.  T.  What 
lakes  in  the  interior  ?  A.A.  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Euxine  Sea  ?  S.H.B.F. 
What  mountains  lie  between  Paphlagonia  and  Galatia?  O.  When  did  Pom- 
pey  gain  his  victory  over  Mithridates  ?  What  river  separates  Paplilagonia 
from  Pontus  ?  H.  What  rivers  in  Pontus  flow  into  the  Euxine  Sea  ?  I.  T, 
S.  C.  T.  O.  Point  out  the  towns  mentioned  in  the  text  that  are  in  Bithynia, 
Paphlagonia,  and  Pontus.     In  what  year  were  battles  fought  at  Zela? 

PAMPHYLIA    AND  PISIDIA. 

1 .  Pamphylia  and  Pisidia  were  two  districts,  which  were  usually 
reckoned  as  one  province  ;  the  first  extended  along  the  sea-coast, 
and  the  other  lay  in  the  interior ;  the  latter  was  a  rugged  and 
elevated  region,  inhabited  by  a  bold  and  spirited  race  of  moun 
taineers,  who  resisted  for  centuries  all  attempts  to  subdue  them. 

2.  Perga  was  the  chief  town  of  Pamphylia ;  it  contained  a  magnificent 
temple  of  Diana,  Atta'lia,  Olbia  and  Side  were  towns  on  the  coast ;  Aspen- 
dus  was  on  the  Eurym'edon  river ;  near  this  place  tlie  Persians  were  defeated 
by  Cimon,  the  Athenian  general,  first  in  a  naval  engagement,  and  then  on 
the  land  ;  both  in  the  same  day.  Sclgse,  Antiochi'a  or  Antioch  in  Pisidia, 
so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  other  towns  of  the  same  name,  and  Baris, 
were  imoortant  towns. 

3.  Isaura  Vetus  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Isauria,  a  district  which  lay 
partly  in  Pisidia  and  partly  in  Cilicia ;  the  inhabitants  were  fierce  and  rapa- 
cious robbers.  The  Roman  general  Publius  Servilius  obtained  the  surname 
of  laiu'ricus  for  having  conquered  them  during  the  Mithridatic  war. 

4.  A  new  city,  Isaura  Nova,  was  built  after  the  destruction  of  the  ancieii 
ons,  a  short  distance  from  the  site  it  occupied.  It  was  here  tliat  the  pirate 
Trebellianus  proclaimed  himself  Emperor  of  Rome,  A.  D.  2G4,  but  was 
soon  afterwards  defeated  and  slain. 

the  chief  cities.  II.  What  occurred  at  Zela,  &c.?  Mention  the  otl-sr 
towns  in  Pontus. 

Q.  1.  Describe  Pamphylia  and  Pisidia.  2.  What  is  aaid  of  Perga  ?  Atta- 
lia  ?  What  occurred  on  the  river  Eurymedon  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  Isaura 
Vetus,  &c,?     Of  Publius  Servilius  ?     4.  Of  the  new  city  ?     What  occurred 


ASIA    Ml  N  Oil. 


5.  Cilicia  comprised  two  divisions,  viz.,  Cilicia  Trachea,  oi 
the  nigjred,  from  bein;^  mountainous ;  and  Cilicia  Campes'tris_ 
the  IctcI  On  the  northern  frontier  of  the  latter  there  is  a  nar- 
row pass  in  tlie  Taurus  mountains,  called  by  ihs  ancients  PyLe 
CilicioG,  through  which  the  armies  of  Cyrus  the  younger  and  Alex- 
ander the  Great  marched  in  their  progress  to  the  East;  the  Pylie 
Syria?  was  a  similar  pass  which  led  into  Syria. 

0.  The  Cilicians  were  for  a  long  period  a  maritime  people ; 
they  furnished  numerous  fleets  to  the  Persian  monarchs,  and  many 
of  Ihem  became  noted  pirates.  In  the  latter  days  of  the  Roman 
Republic,  these  marauders  kept  the  neighbouring  coasts  in  a  state 
of  constant  alarm;  they  were,  however,  fmally  subdued  by 
Pomney. 


Cydnus. 


7.  Tarsus,  the  capital  of  Cilicia,  was  the  birtli-place  of  St.  Paul,  and  a 
seat  of  learning  so  fiinious  as  almost  to  rival  Athens  and  Alexandria.  The 
Cydnus  river,  which  flows  past  the  city,  was  noted  for  the  coldness  of  its 
waters;  it  was  therefore  neari/  fatal  to  A.lexander  on  his  bathing  in  it  when 
in  a  state  of  perspiration.  On  this  stream,  Cleopa'tra  made  the  celebrated 
voyage  when  on  her  way  to  attend  the  summons  of  Antony,  which  is  so 
gorgeously  described  by  authors. 

8.  At  Issus,  Alexander  defeated  Dari'us,  and  gained  his  second  great  vie 
t)iy  over  the  Persians;  more  than  five  centuries  afterwards,  this  place  waa 
a^fiin  the  scene  of  a  fierce  contest,  which  occurred  between  the  rival  Roman 
Emperors.  Scve'rus  and  Niger.  At  Anclii'alc,  Sardanapa'lus,  the  lastof  the 
Assyrian  Kings,  is  supposed  to  have  been  interred.  This  monarch  is  said 
tc  liuve  built  Anchi'ale  and  Tarsus  in  one  day.  Cor'ycus  was  noted  for  ile 
Biiperior  saffron. 

tlicre  ?  5.  Describe  Cilicia.  Its  diviFions.  Tlie  Pylae  Cilicia,  &c.  6.  What 
were  the  Cilicians,  &.C.  ?  7.  What  is  said  of  Tardus?  The  Cydnus  river  T 
Wiip.t  occurred  at  L^sus?  At  Anchialc,  &c.?  9.  Wiiat  is  said  of  Coraccsiuni 
ami  the  other  towns  ? 


24  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

9.  Corace'sium  was  a  famous  Btrong-liold  of  the  Cilician  pirates ;  it  was 
taken  by  Pompey  B.  C.  G7.  AtScli'nus,  the  emperor  Trajan  died.  Anemu'- 
rium  was  tlie  southernmost  town  in  Asia  Minor.  Soli,  or  Pompeiop'ohs, 
was  at  first  a  Greek  colony  ;  the  inhabitants  of  which  lost  the  purity  of  their 
native  tongue  ;  hence  an  incorrect  expression  is  termed  a  solecism.  This, 
however,  is  by  some  derived  from  Soli  in  the  island  of  Cyprus.  Among  tlie 
other  towns  were  Laer'tcs,  Seleu'cia  Trachea,  Arsin'oe,  Philadelpliia,  Antio- 
hi'aadCragum,Homon'ada,Ad'ana,  Mopsues'tia',  Mallos  and  Gcrmamc'io. 

Map  No.  2.— What  Gulf  south  of  Pamphylia  ?  P.  What  mountains  in  the 
ntcrior  ?  T.  What  rivers  ?  C.  E.  What  Lake  in  Pisidia  ?  C.  At  what  time 
were  two  battles  fought  on  the  Eurymedon  ?  Point  out  the  towns  mentioned 
in  the  text.  What  sea  bounds  Cilicia  on  the  south?  C.  What  Gulf  in  the 
south-east?  I.  What  mountains  in  the  north?  T.  On  the  east?  A. 
Name  tlie  chief  rivers.  C.  L.  C.  S,  P.  Point  out  the  Pylas  Cilicia  and  Syriaj 
PylfB.  Point  out  the  chief  towns.  At  wbat  time  were  the  battles  fought 
for  which  Issus  is  noted  ?  How  manv  years  elapsed  between  the  first  and 
last? 

PHRYGIA. 

1.  Phrygia  was  one  of  the  largest  provinces  of  Asia  Minor.  It 
once  comprised  Greater  and  Lesser  Phrygia,  as  well  as  a  large 
part  of  Galatia  ;  Lesser  Phrygia  lay  along  the  Propontis,  and  was 
attached  to  Mvsia.  The  Katakekau'mene,  or  burnt  country,  was 
a  parched  and  barren  region  that  lay  partly  in  Phrygia  and  partly 
in  Lydia.  It  was  subject  to  volcanic  action,  and  had  been  more 
than  once  desolated  by  earthquakes.  Lycao'nia,  a  rugged  district  in 
the  south-east,  abounded  in  sheep. 

2.  The  Phrygians  were  among  the  first  settlers  of  Asia  Minor 
They  were  civiHzed  at  an  early  period,  were  skilful  in  mining  ana 
agriculture,  and  were  noted  for  their  dancing,  music,  and  needle 
work. 

3.  Gordius,  one  of  theii:  early  kings,  is  said  to  have  tied  the  knot  whicb 
Alexander  tried  to  unloose.  Midas,  another  king,  received  of  Bacchus  the 
power  to  turn  every  thing  he  touched  into  gold  ;  but,  finding  that  his  xcry 
food  was  converted  to  the  precious  metal,  and  that  he  was  starving  in  th» 
midst  of  wealth,  he  prayed  to  the  god  to  resume  the  useless  gift. 


^*;.         ,      ■      -.c^;§^ 


«£.VT3" 


Ruins  of  the  Race  (  .  m^t  v  i  riadium  at  Laodicea. 

4.  At  Ipsus,  a  great  battle  was  fought  between  the  surviving  generals  of 

Alexander  the  Great,   in  which  Antig'onus  was  defeated  and  slain.     A 

O.  L  Describe  Phrygia.      What  did  it  once  comprise?      What  is  *idi' 
of  the  Katakekaumene  ?     Of  Lycaonia  ?     2.  Of  the  Phrygians  7      3.  Ot 


ASIA    MINOR.  25 

tlierap'olis  were  some  noted  iiot  baths,  Laodicc'a  was  tlie  seat  of  one  of  tlte 
seven  cliurchcs  of  Asia;  it  was  oiice  a  splendid  city,  but  is  now  in  ruins^ 
To  the  pcoi)lc  of  Colos'sa;,  St.  Paul  wrote  one  of  liis  epistles.  Near  Syn'nada, 
the  lapis  Synnad'icus,  a  beautiful  kind  of  white  marble,  with  red  spots,  was 
procured;  slabs  and  columns  of  it  were  frequently  transported  as  far  as 
Rome.  Ancy'ra  Phrygia;,  Apame'a  Cibo'tis,  Laodice'a  Combusta,  Cib'yra, 
Ico'nium,  Derbe  and  Lystra,  were  all  towns  of  note ;  tlie  last  two  were  visitod 
by  St  Paul. 

C APP ADOCI A. 

5.  Cappadocia  was  the  largest  division  of  Asia  Minor,  and  was 
at  one  time  an  important  kingdom.  Armenia  Minor  and  Pontua 
were  both  attached  to  it,  but  the  latter  became  aftenvards  inde- 
pendent. Catao'nia  was  a  district  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the 
province.  It  was  noted  for  the  abundance  of  its  minerals,  as  well 
as  for  its  fine  breed  of  horses. 

T).  The  inhabitants  were  faithless  and  destitute  of  moral  recti- 
tude. They  were  one  of  the  three  nations  of  ba^  character  in- 
cluded in  the  old  Greek  proverb,  "  Tria  kappa  kakista  ;"  beware 
of  the  three  k's,  i.  e.,  Kappadocia,  Kilicia  and  Krete.  The  peo- 
ple of  the  districts  contiguous  to  Pontus  and  Galatia  were  called 
Lenco-Syri  (White  Syrians,)  because  they  resembled  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Syria,  and  spoke  their  language  ;  but  were  of  lighter  comr 
plexion. 

7.  Maz'aca,  the  ancient  capitcl  of  Cappadocia,  was  called  Caesare'a  by  the 
Romans,  with  the  addition  of  ad  Argae'um  to  designate  its  position  at  the 
base  of  Mount  Argce'us.  This  mountain  was  represented  to  be  the  highest 
in  Asia  Minor;  from  its  summit,  both  the  Euxine  and  Mediterranean  seas 
might  (it  was  said)  be  seen.  Coma'na  Cappadocice  was  famed  for  its  templa 
of  Diana,  which  was  plundered  of  its  wealth  by  Antony. 

8.  Arehela'is  was  a  Roman  colony  ;  Molite'nc  and  Sat'ala  were  the  chief 
towns  in  Armenia  Minor.  Cabi'ra  and  Nicop'olis  were  noted  for  the  battlea 
fought  there  between  3Iithrida'tcs  and  tlie  Romans.  Nazian'zus  and  Nyssa 
were  the  birth-places  respectively  of  the  two  Gregories,  noted  fathers  of  tlie 
Christian  Church  in  tlie  fourth  century.  Ty'ana,  Podan'dus,  Sala'bria,  Ca- 
dy'na  and  Cybis'tra,  were  towns  in  Cappadocia. 

GALATIA. 

9.  Galatia  was  one  of  the  interior  provinces  of  Asia  Minor ;  and 
was  once  included  partly  in  Phrj^gia  and  partly  in  Cappadocia,  It 
was  settled  by,  and  received  its  name  from,  those  Gauls  who,  under 
the  command  of  Brennus,  invaded  and  were  driven  from  Greece, 
278  B.  C.  They  comprised  three  tribes  ;  the  Tectos'ages,  the  To- 
hstoboi'i,  and  the  Trocmi.  Though  independent  of  each  other,  these 
tribes  were  usually  united  in  a  confederacy  for  mutual  defence. 

Gordius  ?  Of  Midas  ?  4.  What  occurred  at  Ipsus  ?  Mention  what  is  said 
of  the  other  towns.  5.  Describe  Cappadocia.  Cataonia,  &c.  6.  The  in- 
habitants.  7.  What  is  said  of  Mazaca  ?  Mt.  Argaeus  7  8.  Arehelais  and 
tlic  other  town<»  ?  9.  Describe  Galatia.  Its  settlement,  &c.  What  tribei 
3 


28  CLASSICALGEOGKAPHV, 


Alexander  cutting  the  Gordian  Knot. 
# 

10.  Ancy'ra,  the  chief  town  of  the  Tectos'ages,  was  remarkable  for  a  pecu- 
liar  breed  of  goats,  and  is  celebrated  to  the  present  day  for  its  fabrics  made 
from  their  long  and  silky  hair.  At  Gordium,  Alexander  the  Great  cut  the 
famous  Gordian  knot  with  his  sword  when  he  found  tliat  he  was  unable  fairly  to 
unloose  it.  According  to  ancient  prediction,  whoever  untied  this  knot 
was  to  become  master  of  Asia. 

11.  Pessi'nus,  the  capital  of  the  Tolistoboi'i,  was  celebrated  for  the  wor- 
ship  of  Cyb'ele,  the  mother  of  the  gods.  Ta'vium  was  the  capital  of  the 
Trocmi.  Gangra  was  the  residence  of  King  Deiot'arus,  the  friend  of  Ci- 
cero, in  favour  of  whom  he  delivered  an  oration  in  the  senate.  Amo'rium, 
RosoJogi'acum,  Eccob'riga  and  Germa,  were  important  towns.  At  Dadasta'na 
the  emperor  Jovian  was  unexpectedly  found  dead  in  his  bed. 

Map  No.  2.— What  rivers  have  their  rise  in  Phrygia  ?  T.  H.  M.  What 
mountains  are  there  ?  P.  D.  What  hills  ?  L.  Lake  ?  T.  Point  out  the 
chief  towns.  When  was  the  battle  of  Ipsus  fought?  Point  out  the  Kata- 
kaukemene.  I.ycaonia.  The  chief  rivers  in  Cappadocia.  H.  S.  M.  The 
principal  mountains.  T.  A.  A.  What  districts  in  the  south?  C.  In  the 
east  ?  A.  What  people  in  the  north  ?  L.  Point  out  the  chief  towns. 
When  were  battles  fought  at  Cabira  and  Nicopolis  ?  What  mountains  lie 
between  Galatia  and  Phrygia  ?  A.  What  mountains  west  of  thfa  Halys  ? 
M.    What  lake  in  the  centre  ?     Point  out  the  chief  towns.     The  tribes 

10 

SYRIA. 

1.  Syria  extends  north  and  south  along  the  easternmost  coast 
of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  eastward  from  its  shores  to  the 
Euphrates  river  and  Arabia  Deserta.  By  the  Greeks,  it  was  con- 
did  they  comprise?  10.  What  is  said  of  Ancyra?  11.  Of  Pessixu^s  ? 
Tavium  and  the  other  towns  ? 

Q.  1.  How  does  Syria  extend?    What  did  the  Greeks  consider  it  to  in. 


SYRIA. 


27 


sidered  tc  include  Palestine  and  Plioenicia ;  but  the  Jews  always 
regarded  those  countries  as  distinct  and  independent.* 

2.  Tlie  chief  divisions  in  ancient  times  were  Syria  Proper  and 
Ccele-Syria,  (Syria  in  the  vale,  from  being  situated  among  the  val- 
leys of  the  Lib'anus.)  In  the  north  was  the  district  of  Comage'ne, 
wliich  was  governed  by  its  own  kings  until  the  time  of  Vespasian. 

3.  A  considerable  part  of  the  country  is  occupied  by  the  Syrian  dcsertt 
which  is  a  continuation  of,  and  is  similar  in  every  respect  to,  the  great  desert 
of  Arabia.  The  principal  mountains  are  tlie  Ama'nus,  Ca'sius,  and  Lib'anus 
and  Anti-Lib'anus  :  the  two  last  are  called  Lebanon  iu  Scripture;  their  sum- 
mits are  capped  with  perpetual  snow.  They  were  lonjr  noted  for  their  splen- 
did forests  of  cedar  trees,  of  which  only  a  few  small  groves  remain.  The 
principal  rivers  arc  tlie  Euphrates,  the  Orontes,  and  tlie  Leontes. 


4.  Among  the  smaller  rivers,  the  Elcu'therus  was  noted  in  early  times  for 
a  monstrous  dragon  reported  to  inhabit  its  banks,  within  whose  jaws 
there  was  room  enough  for  a  mounted  horseman.  The  waters  of  the  Sab'- 
batum  were  said  to  cease  flowing  on  the  Sabbath-day ;  hence  its  name. 
Those  of  the  Ado'nis  were  in  the  rainy  season  tinged  with  the  ocherous  sub- 
stances from  the  mountains ;  whence  the  fabulous  tradition  that  the  river 
flowed  with  blood  at  the  anniversary  of  the  death  of  Ado'nis,  who  was  killed 
by  a  wild  boar  on  its  banks, 

5.  The  Syrians  belonged  to  a  A\adely  extended  race,  which 
included  the  people  of  Assyria,  Armenia,  Babylonia,  Cappadocia 
and  Mesopotamia ;  all  of  whom  were  originally  the  same  in 
language  and  manners.  The  name  is  supposed  to  have  been 
abridged  from  Assyria,  or  derived  from  Sur,  the  early  appellation 

dude?  2.  Name  the  chief  divisions.  3.  What  is  said  of  the  Syrian  desert  ? 
Of  the  principal  mountau)^?  What  is  said  of  Libanus  and  Anti-Libanus  ? 
Of  the  principal  rivers  '  4.  The  Eleutherus  ?  The  Sabbatum  ?  The  Ado- 
ms  ?     5.  What  is  said  of  the  Syrians  ?     Of  the  name,  &,c.  ?     G.  Of  Syria? 

•  The  description  of  Palestine  is  reserved  for  Sacred  Geography. 


CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


of  Tyre      The  terms  Syria  and  AssjTia  are  sufficiently  defined 
in  geography,  but  are  often  indiscriminately  used  in  history 

6.  Syria  was  attached  at  an  early  period  to  the  Assyrian  empire, 
and  aftenvards  to  that  of  Persia,  to  which  power  it  remained  sub- 
ject until  the  conquest  by  Alexander  the  Great.  On  the  division 
of  that  monarch's  empire,  Syria  fell  to  the  share  of  Seleucus  Nica'- 
tor,  one  of  his  generals. 

7.  Seleucus  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Syria,  and  subjected  to  his  swa 
all  the  countries  from  the  J^ge'an  Sea  to  India  and  the  laxar'tes.    This  prince 
encouraged  letters,  and  restored  to  Athens  the  books  and  monuments  of  art 
that  had  been  carried  off  by  Xerxes.     He  was  the  father  and  benefactor  of 
his  people,  and  was  eminent  for  his  courage,  prudence  and  humanity. 

8.  The  Seleu'eidtE,  or  successors  of  Seleu'cus,  governed  the  country  for 
more  than  200  years,  when  the  last  sovereign,  Anti'ochus  Asiat'icus,  was  de- 
throned  by  Pompey  :  Syria  then  became  a  Roman  province,  and  remained 
in  that  state  until  it  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens,  A.  D.  612. 


Modern  Antioch. 

9.  A«mong  the  most  noted  cities  of  Syria  was  An'tioch,  or  Antiochi'a,  sn». 
named  ad  Oron'tem,  from  the  Oron'tes  river  on  which  it  stood.  This  place, 
for  extent,  beauty,  and  population,  was  at  one  time  esteemed  the  third  city 
in  the  world,  and  was  called  the  Queen  of  the  East.  It  is  now  a  poor  and 
ill  built  Turkish  town  of  11,000  or  12,000  inhabitants.  Near  to  Antioch 
was  the  celebrated  grove  called  Daphne,  where  Venus  was  worshipped  with 
great  licentiousness. 

10.  Chal'ybon  was  situated  on  the  river  Chalcis,  the  fish  of  which  were 
held  sacred  by  the  Syrians,  who  would  allow  no  one  to  destroy  them.  Pin- 
denis'sus  was  besieged  and  captured  by  Cicero,  B.  C.  51,  when  he  was  pro- 
consul of  Cilicia.  Samos'ata  was  the  capital  of  Comage'ne  ;  here  the  poet 
Lucian  was  born.  At  Sochos,  Dari'us  lay  for  some  time  with  his  army,  pre. 
vious  to  the  battle  of  Issus. 

11.  Hierap'olis  was  celebrated  for  a  temple  of  Venus,  which  was  so  rich, 
tliatCrassus,whcn  lie  plundsrcd  it  in  his  Parthian  expedition, occupied  several 
days  in  weiijn.ng  the  troisure.  At  Zeugma  was  a  noted  bridge  of  boats 
over  the  Euphrates,  and  here  the  Roman  armies  generally  crossed  the  river. 

7.  Seleucus  ?  What  did  this  prince  do  ?  What  is  his  character  ?  8.  What 
is  said  of  the  Selcucidce  ?  9.  Describe  Antioch.  10.  Chalybon,  &o 
11.  Hieropolis,  &c.      12.  Emesa,  &c.     13.  Damascus.     Heliopohs. 


PALMYRA.  29 

Apame'a,on  the  Orcn'tes,  was,  in  the  time  of  Selcu'cus,  a  great  military 
depot,  where  500  war-elephants  were  kept. 

12.  Em'esa  was  famous  for  its  temple  of  the  Sun ;  Heliogal/alus,  one  of  its 
priests,  was  made  emperor  of  Rome  by  the  Roman  soldiery,  when  only  14 
years  of  age.  Zcno'bia  was  defeated  at  this  place  by  Aure'lian,  A.  D.  273.  At 
Tliap'sacus  was  a  noted  ford  over  the  Euphra'tes,  where  three  great  armies 
crossed  at  ditfercnt  times,  viz.:  that  of  Cyrus  the  younger,  B.  C.  601 ;  tliat 
tf  Darius,  B.C.  332  ;  and  that  of  Alexander  tlie  Great,  B.C.  331. 

13.  Damas'cus,  called  the  Eye  of  the  East,  was  the  capital  of  Coele-Syr'ia, 
■a  well  as  of  tlie  kingdom  of  Damas'cus ;  it  is  still  an  important  city,  and 
is  situated  in  a  delightful  and  fertile  territory.  Tlie  Turks  and  Arabs  believe 
it  to  have  been  the  original  Paradise,  and  tljat  it  has  not  its  equal  on  earth. 
Here  Deme'trius  Nica'tor  was  defeated  by  Alexander  Zebi'na.  Heliop'olis, 
now  Ba'albec',  is  famous  for  a  splendid  temple  of  the  Sun,  the  ruins  of 
which  still  remain,  and  show  its  former  magnificence. 

Map  No.  5. — What  sea  bounds  Syr'ia  on  the  west  ?  What  river  on  the 
east  ?  Wliat  country  in  the  north  ?  A.  M.  On  the  south  ?  A.  P.  On  the 
north-east?  M.  On  the  south-east?  A.  D.  What  country  extends  along 
the  coast  from  Mount  Carmel  toAr'adus?  P.  What  inland  sea  in  the 
south  ?  Wliat  river  flows  into  it  ?  What  country  extends  along  the  Jor. 
dan  ?  What  district  south  of  Palestine  ?  I.  What  desert  between  the 
(iron'tes  and  the   Euplira'tes  rivers  ?     What  islands  on  the  coast  ?  M.  A- 

M'lp  of  Northern  and  Central  Syr'ia. — What  district  lies  in  the  North  T 
C.  In  the  south?  C.  S.  East?  P.  What  country  west  of  Coele  Syr'ia?  P. 
What  rivers  flow  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ?  Into  lakes  ?  What  moun- 
tains between  Syr'ia  and  Asia  Minor  ?  Between  tlie  Oron'tes  river  and  the 
Mediterranean  Sea?  C.  East  of  Phoenic'ia?  Point  out  the  cities  men- 
tioned in  tlie  text  When  were  battles  fought  at  Antioch  ?  Emesa  ?  Da- 
mascus ? 

PALMY'RA. 

1.  PaljiVra  was  once  a  splendid  city,  and  formed,  for  a  short 
time,  the  capital  of  an  important  state.  It  was  situated  in  the 
Pahnyre'ne,  a  district  and  oasis  in  the  centre  of  the  Syrian  desert, 
ar-d  rather  more  than  midway  between  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
and  the  Euphra'tes  river. 

2.  Tad'mor  in  the  wilderness,  mentioned  in  Holy  Writ  as  hav- 
ing been  founded  by  Solomon,  and  PaJmy'ra,  are  the  same  ;  and 
both  names  are  derived  from  the  palm  trees  with  wliich  the  city 
was  surrounded.  Though  for  a  long  time  in  ruins,  the  remains 
of  its  splendid  temples  and  palaces  still  command  admiration. 

3.  This  city  was  from  a  remote  period  a  great  emporium  of 
commerce  between  eastern  and  western  Asia.  It  was  an  impor- 
tant place  at  the  time  whenTra'jan  subjected  the  whole  province 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  Palm/ra  ?     Where  was  it  situated  7     2.  What  is 
said  of  Tad'mor  ?   Of  its  remains  ?    3.  VVhat  was  this  city  ?    What  occurred 
3* 


30  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY 

h\  his  power.     It  then  became  allied  to  Rome  as  a  free  State,  and 
was  greatly  favoured  by  A'drian  and  the  Antoni'nes. 

4.  In  the  reign  of  Gallie'nus,  the  Roman  senate  conferred  on  Odena'tus, 
king  of  Palmy'ra,  as  a  reward  for  his  services  to  the  empire,  the  command 
of  the  eastern  provinces,  which,  owing  in  a  great  measure,  k  is  believed,  to  tlit 
skiJl  and  prudence  of  his  queen  Zeno'bia,  he  defended  with  talent  and  success. 

5.  On  the  death  of  her  husband,  Zeno'bia,  under  the  title  of  queen  of  tlie 
East,  assumed  the  sovereignty  of  the  provinces  which  he  had  governed. 
Aure'lian,  when  he  became  emperor,  considered  Zeno'bia  as  an  usurper;  ha 
therefore  declared  war  against  her,  twice  defeated  her  armies,  captured  Pal- 
my'ra,  and  took  her  prisoner.  To  preserve  her  life,  she  ungenerously  laid 
the  blame  of  the  war,  it  is  said,  on  her  learned  secretary  Longi'nus,  who 
was  in  consequence  put  to  death. 

6.  The  conquered  queen  was  taken  to  Rome,  and  led  through  the  city  in 
a  triumphal  procession,  fettered  with  chains  of  gold.  A  residence  was 
then  assigned  to  her  at  Ti'bur,  in  the  vicinity  of  Rome,  and  her  children 
were  treated  with  great  respect  by  the  emperor.  Zeno'bia  is  described  as  an 
accomplished  and  iiigh-mindcd  princess  ;  she  spoke  several  languages,  and 
was  well  versed  in  the  learnmg  of  that  period. 


Ruins  of  Palmy'ra. 

7.  Palmy'ra  gradually  declined  after  its  capture  by  Aure'lian,  and  was 
subsequently  taken  by  the  Saracens ;  it  then  remained  forgotten  and  unknown 
until  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  when  it  was  discovered  by  two 
English  travellers.  There  still  exist  a  great  number  of  beautiful  columns, 
ruins  of  temples  and  palaces,  all  admirably  wrought  of  marble  ;  while  tlic 
ground  is  everywhere  strewn  with  the  wrecks  of  the  splendid  structures  of 
the  ancient  city.  The  neighbouring  Arabs  now  call  it  Tad'mor,  its  ancienl 
Hebrew  name. 


_  8.  Cy'prus  is  the  largest  island  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  excep 
Sicily  and  Sardinia.  It  was  famous  for  the  variety  and  abundance 
of  its  products,  and  its  delightful  climate.     Wine,  oil,  wheat,  and 

in  the  time  of  Tra'jan  ?  4.  In  the  reign  of  Gallie'nus  ?  What  is  said  of 
Zeno'bia  ?  5.  What  took  place  on  the  death  of  her  husband  ?  How  did 
Aure'lian  treat  her  when  he  became  emperor  ?  6.  What  occurred  when  she 
was  taken  to  Rome  ?  Where  did  she  reside  ?  Describe  Zeno'bia.  7.  Wliat 
is  said  of  Palmy'ra?  When  was  it  discovered,  &c.?  What  still  exists  ? 
What  do  the  Arabs  call  it  ?    8.  Describe  Cy'prus.     For  what  was  it  famous? 


PH  CENT  CI  A.  31 

honey,  were  and  are  still  its  chief  staples.     The  ranne  of  Mount 
Olym'pus  extends  through  the  whole  length  of  the  island. 

9.  Tlic  women  were  models  of  beauty.  Tlie  wliole  island  was  sacred  to 
Venus  ;  hence  she  was  called  Cyp'ria,  or  the  Cyp'rian  goddess.  The  pcopio 
were  sensual  and  dissipated,  yet  literature  and  the  arts  flourished  to  soma 
extent. 

10.  The  first  Inhabitants  of  Cy'prus  are  unknown;  the  Phoenic'ians  at  an 
early  period  establislicd  colonies  in  the  island ;  afterwards  it  was  sucees. 
•ivoly  concjuered  by  tiie  Egyptians,  the  Persians,  the  Greeks,  the  Ptol'emiea, 
and  the  Romans.  After  the  division  of  the  Roinan  territories,  Cy'prus  corw 
tinued  subject  to  the  Eastern  empire,  and  was  ruled  by  its  own  governors 
of  royal  blood  ;  of  wliom  Comnenus  I.  made  himself  independent,  and  his 
family  sat  upon  the  throne  till  A.  D.  1191,  when  Richard  Coeur  de  Lioa 
rewarded  the  family  of  Lusignan  with  the  sceptre. 

11.  Sal'amis,  the  most  important  town  in  Cy'prus,  was  destroyed  by  an 
eartliquake  in  the  time  of  Constantino  ;  but  was  rebuilt  by  his  order,  and 
called,  after  him,  Constan'tia.  Cit'ium  was  the  birth-place  of  Zeno  and 
ApoUonius ;  there  Ci'mon,  the  celebrated  Athenian  general,  died. 

12.  Pa'plios  is  said  to  have  been  founded  on  the  spot  where  Venus  landed 
when  she  rose  from  the  sea.  The  splendid  temple  in  which  she  was  wor- 
shipped contained  100  altars,  which  smoked  daily  with  a  profusion  of  fran- 
kincense; and  though  exposed  to  the  open  air,  they  were  never,  it  is  said, 
wetted  by  tlie  rain.  Sol'oe,  or  So'li,  was  an  Athenian  colony  ;  the  term  sole- 
cism  is  by  some  derived  from  tliis  place,  but  by  others  from  So'li  in  Cilicia. 
Cerin'ia  was  an  early  Phoenic'ian  colony ;  Am'athus  and  Cu'rium  were  both 
noted  towns. 


Map  No.  5. —  Point  out  Palmyra.  What  river  lies  cast  of  it  7  E.  What 
river  west  ?  O.  What  town  lies  west  ?  What  town  lies  east  ?  What 
important  city  northwest?  What  southeast?  Which  is  tiie  nearest  town 
on  the  Euphrates  ? 

Map  No,  2. —  What  is  the  length  of  Cyprus  from  east  to  west?  What  \3 
its  extent  from  north  to  south  in  miles?  In  stadia?  IIow  many  miles  is 
( 'yprus  from  the  nearest  part  of  Syria  ?  Of  Asia  Minor  ?  Of  Crete  ?  Of 
Kliodes  ?  What  is  tiie  name  of  its  northern  cape  or  promontorium  ?  Itj 
southern  ?     Eastern  ?     Western  ? 


PHCENIC'IA. 

1.  Phcemc'ia,  the  country  of  the  Sido'nians  and  Tyr'ians,  or 
Phoenic'ians,  consisted  of  a  narrow  strip  of  territory,  which  lay 
between  Mount  Lib'anus  and  the  Mediterranean  Sea;  and  ex- 
tended along  the  coast  of  Syr'ia  from  JMount  Carmel  to  the  Island 
of  Ar'adus. 

What  were  its  chief  staples  ?  What  range  extends  through  its  land  ? 
9.  What  is  said  of  the  women  ?  Of  the  people?  10.  Tlie  first  inhabitants, 
&c.  ?  What  occurred  after  the  division  of  the  Roman  territories?  II. 
What  issaid  of  Salamis?  Citium?  12.  Paphos?  Soloe  or  Soli  7  And 
liia  gther  towns  ? 


B2  CLAFSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

2.  The  Phccnic'ians  were  settled  on  the  coast  of  Palestine  long 
before  the  arrival  o'''  the  Israelites.  The  maritime  position  of 
their  country,  and  its  abundance  of  timber,  led  them  at  an  early 
period  to  sliip-building,  then  to  navigation  and  commercial  pur- 
suits. They  also  practised  various  arts,  and  excelled  in  usefui 
and  beautiful  manufactures,  so  that  fabrics  of  a  superior  quality 
received  the  epithet  Sido'nian,  from  Si'don  the  oldest  city. 

3.  They  were  the  first  who  used  rudders  and  sails,  and  steered  tlieir  ships 
at  night  by  the  stars.  They  invented  arithmetic,  and,  according  to  the 
Greeks,  the  letters  of  the  alpliabet  originated  with  Cadmus,  a  Phcenic'ian. 
These  people  also  discovered  the  mode  of  making  glass ;  and  tlieir  famous 
purple  dye,  derived  from  a  species  of  shell  first  found  on  tlieir  coasts,  was 
higlily  prized  and  produced  them  great  wealth. 

4.  Their  commerce  was  extended  far  and  wide  by  the  establishment  of 
colonies  in  various  quarters,  of  which  Carthage,  Utiea,  and  Gades,  were 
the  most  important.  Tlie  latter,  now  Cadiz,  on  the  southern  coast  of  Spain, 
was  their  principal  settlement  beyond  the  straits  of  Hercules,  or  Gibraltar! 

5.  The  Phoenic'ians  obtained  gold  and  silver  from  Spain,  tin  from  Britain, 
amber  from  the  Baltic,  and  brass  and  iron  from  the  shores  of  the  Black 
Sea ;  they  traded  overland  with  various  interior  countries  of  Asia  and  Africa, 
and  it  is  believed  they  sailed  to  India  by  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Indian  Ocean. 

6.  Phoenic'ia  formed  a  confederation  of  cities,  of  which,  in  their 
most  flourishing  period,  from  the  year  1000  to  600  B.  C,  Tyre 
was  the  ruling  power.  Tyre  and  Si'don  were  each  governed  by 
their  own  kings,  of  whom  the  best  known  are  Hi'ram,  the  friend 
of  David  and  Solomon,  and  Pygma'lion,  the  brother  of  Di'do.  The 
language  of  the  Phcenic'ians  was  similar  to  the  Hebrew.  In  their 
reL'gious  worsliip,  the  horrid  rite  of  human  sacrifice  was  practised. 


Saide,  anciently  Sidon. 
7.  Si'don  was  the  oldest  city  of  Phoenic'ia,  and  one  of  the  earliest  places 

Q.  1.  Describe  Phoenicia.  2.  Previous  to  what  event  were  the  Phoenicians 
settled  on  the  coast  of  Palestine?  What  is  said  of  the  coimtry,  &c.  ? 
VV  hat  did  the  Plioenicians  practise  ?  3.  What  were  they  the  first  to  use  7 
What  did  they  invent,  &c.?  What  did  they  discover  ?  4  What  is  said 
of  their  commerce  ?  Tlieir  most  important  colonies  ?  Tlie  principal  set- 
tlement beyond  the  Straits  of  Hercules  ?  5.  What  did  they  obtain  from 
Spam  ?  From  Britain  ?  From  the  Baltic  ?  From  the  Black  Sea  ?  What 
is  said  af  the  overland  trade  7  6.  What  did  Phoenicia  form  ?  What  u 
said  of  the  kings  ?     7.  Describe  Sidon. 


P  II  GE  N 1  C  i  A 


33 


In  the  world  that  carried  on  an  extensive  commerce.  It  was  captured  by 
Artaxer'xes  O'chus,  king  of  Persia.  During  tlie  siege,  the  inhabitants,  in 
despair,  set  fire  to  their  houses,  and  40,000  of  them  i>erished  in  the  flamca. 
Si'don  never  recovered  its  former  rank.  In  the  time  of  the  Crusades,  it  was 
a  place  of  some  note.  It  is  now  called  Saide,  and  is  a  town  of  5000  oi 
6300  inhabitants.  A  few  huge  stones,  the  remains  of  the  gigantic  mol« 
are  the  only  renmants  of  the  old  eity. 

8.  Tyre  was  built  by  the  Sldo'nians,  and  became  the  rival  of  Si'don,  as 
well  as  the  chief  city  of  Phoenic'ia.  It  rose  to  be  the  greatest  commercial 
emporium  of  antiquity  before  the  time  of  Carthage.  It  was  founded  on 
the  main-land,  but  after  its  destruction  by  Nebuchadnez'zar,  King  of  Baby. 
Ion,  a  second  city  was  built  on  a  small  rocky  island,  half  a  mile  from  tlte 
shore ;  but  tlie  latter  never  attained  the  importanc;  of  the  first  Tyre.  The 
old  city  was  rebuilt  and  was  called  Pala3  Tyre.  In  the  days  of  Pliny,  the 
two  cities  were  estimated  to  be  19  miles  in  circuit. 

9.  Alexander  the  Great,  331  B.  C,  took  Tyre  after  a  siege  of  eight 
months,  during  which  time  his  army  constructed  a  mole,  or  causeway,  to 
the  island,  and  was  thus  enabled  to  conquer  the  place.  Tyre  recovered 
from  its  second  capture,  attained  once  more  considerable  distinction,  and 
was  made  a  free  eity  by  the  Romans.  During  the  Crusades  it  was  the 
principal  port  and  rendezvous  of  the  Crusaders ;  since  that  period  it  has 
gradually  declined  until  now  nothing  is  left  but  ruins,  among  which  standa 
the  small  fishing  village  of  Sour. 


Tlie  Ruir.d  of  Aradus,  now  Ruad. 


10.  Ar'adus,  on  a  small  island  of  the  same  name,  was  an  important  and 
wealthy  city ;  the  houses,  according  to  Strabo,  wete  higher  and  contained 
more  otories  than  those  of  Rome.  Tliis  island  is  now  a  mere  rock,  covered 
with  tlie  remains  of  its  departed  grandeur.  Trip'olis  was  built  by  the 
people  of  Tyre,  Si'don  and  Ar'adus,  as  a  place  of  general  assembly  for 
tlieir  deputies ;  it  formed  three  towns,  each  enclosed  by  its  own  walls. 

11 .  Byb'lus  was  celebrated  for  the  worship  of  Ado'nis.  Bcry'tus  became 
B  Roman  colony  under  the  name  of  Felix  Julia ;  its  schools  for  the  study 
of  jurisprudence  and  the  fine  arts,  were  noted.     Sarep'ta  was  distinguished 


8.  Describe  Tyre.     Who  destroyed  it  ?     What  is  said  of  the  second  city  7 

9.  Of  Alexander  the  Great?     Of  tlie  subsequent  condition  of  Tyre?     llL 
Dtoticribe  Aradus.    Tripolis.     11.  Byblus  and  the  other  towns. 

,  C 


3-1 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


for  its  wine ;  it  was  the  place  whence  Jupiter  is  said  to  have  carried  awa^ 
Euro'pa  to  Cre'te.  Ac'cho,  or  Ptolema'is,  is  renowned  for  the  sieges  it  has 
sustained.  Near  it  was  the  little  river  Be'les,  where  the  mode  of  making 
glass  was  discovered. 

Map  No.  5. — What  sea  lies  west  of  Phosnicia  ?  M.  What  island  lies 
north-west  ?  C.  What  mountain  lies  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Phoeni* 
ea?  C. 

Map  of  Northern  and  Central  Syria.  —  Point  out  the  principal  river 
of  PlicEiiicia.  E.  S.  A.  L.  What  mountains  lie  east  of  Phoenicia  ?  L.  A.  L. 
What  division  of  Syria  lay  east  of  Tyre  and  Sidon  ?  C.  Name  the  towns 
on  the  coast,  beginning  with  Tyre..  What  island  lies  at  the  northern  es- 
trcmity  of  Phoenicia  ?  A.     What  town  lay  east  of  Aradus  ?  A. 


13 


ARA'BIA. 

1.  Ara'bia  is  remarkable  for  preserving  its  name  and  boundaries 
unchanged  for  thousands  of  years.  The  ancient  geographers 
described  it  as  containing  three  great  divisions,  viz ;  Arabia  Petrse'a 
(the  rocky),  Arabia  Felix  (the  fruitful,  or  happy),  and  Arabia  De- 
serta  (the  desert,  or  barren) :  but  this  arrangement  is  more  fanciful 
than  real,  and  has  never  corresponded  with  the  actual  pohtical 
divisions  of  the  country  at  any  period. 


Arabian  Caravan. 

V.  The  greater  part  of  Ara'bia  has  always  been  inhabited  by  nomadio 
plundering  tribes,  whom  the  Greeks  called  Ar'abes  Sccni'tic.  The  inhabit- 
an.»s  of  the  coast,  on  th&  other  hand,  were  diftercnt  in  their  habits,  and 


Q.  1.  For  what  is  Arabia  remarkable  7  How  did  the  ancient  geographers 
describe  it?  Wliat  is  said  of  tliis  arrangement?  2.  Wliat  is  said  of  tha 
chief  part  of  Arabia  1    Of  the  inhabitants  on  the  coast,  &,c.  ?    The  cara- 


ARABIA.  85 

had  probably  a  diflcrent  origin  ;  llicy  supplied  the  nations  on  the  Ehores  of 
tlie  Mediterranean  Sea  witli  the  rich  products  of  the  east,  and  so  uncliangc, 
able  is  the  aspect  of  civilization  iu  tliat  part  of  A«ia,  that  the  caravans  then 
employed,  scarcely  differed  in  any  particular  Ironi  those  wliich  now  traverse 
the  desert. 

3.  Ara'bia  Petroe'a  comprised  the  north-western  part  of  Ara'bia.  Mount 
Si'nui,  Mount  Ho'reb  and  Mount  Ilor,  wore  the  principal  mountains.  Tho 
Nahathaj'i,  one  of  the  principal  tribes,  were  the  E'domitcs  of  Scripture. 
Idume'a  was  a  part  of  their  territory ;  Pet'ra,  their  capital,  is  rcniarkabld 
for  tlic  singularity  of  its  situation.  It  has  been,  for  centuries,  destitute  of 
inhabitants,  and  its  very  site  was  unknosvn  for  a  thousand  years,  but  was. 
recently  discovered. 

4.  This  place  is  about  half  way  between  the  Red  Sea  and  Pal'estine ;  it 
comprises  a  small  circular  basin,  enclosed  on  all  sides  by  rocks  500  or  600 
feet  high,  to  whieli  there  is  but  one  narrow  entrance.  The  inner  face  of 
this  barrier  is  excavated  into  temples,  tombs  and  other  structures,  most  of 
which  are  entire  ;  wliile  tlie  interior  area,  that  was  occupied  by  the  city,  is  a 
mere  mass  of  ruins.  Pet'ra  signifies  a  rock,  and  gave  name  to  Ara'bia  Petra3'a. 

5.  Ara'bia  Felix  lay  along  the  shores  o£  the  Arabian  Gulf  and  the 
Erythraean  Sea.  It  has  long  been  famous  as  the  land  of  incense, 
spices  and  perfumes ;  but  it  is  now  believed  that  the  rich  products 
in  which  its  merchants  traded  were,  for  the  most  part,  obtained 
from  India  and  Africa. 

6.  The  district  of  Sabae'i,  or  She'ba,  was  renowned  for  the  enterprise  and 
wealth  of  its  inliabitants.  Gold  and  silver  were  so  abundant,  that  conmion 
utensils  were  made  of  those  metals ;  and  the  temples  and  houses  were  often 
profusely  ornamented  with  tlie  same  costly  materials.  Maria'ba,  a  noted 
commercial  city,  was  the  capital. 

7.  Ara'bia  Deserta  comprised  the  interior  of  the  country.  It 
consisted,  as  its  name  imports,  of  sandy  deserts,  destitute  of  water 
in  many  places  for  an  extent  of  several  daj's'  journey ;  but  in 
others,  as  in  the  region  now  called  Nedjed,  or  the  country  of  the 
Wahabees,it  is  known  to  contain  some  fertile  and  populous  districts. 

8.  The  Sacali'ta;,  or  Sacliali'tse,  dwelt  eastward  of  the  Sa'boe  ;  they  traded 
chiefly  in  frankincense.  Ara'bia  Felix,  Oma'num  and  Mos'cha,  were  im- 
portant sea-ports  on  the  shores  of  tlie  Arabian  Sua,  as  were  also  Eziongaber, 
^Ela'na,  Lcucc-come,  Jamnia,  Badia-Rcgia  and  Occ'lis,  on  those  of  the  Red 
Sea ;  at  the  latter  port,  ships  that  were  destined  for  India  took  in  their  last 
supplies  of  water  for  the  voyage. 

9.  At  Ger'ra,  or  Ger'rha,  on  the  Persian  Gulf,  the  walls  and  towers  are 
Baid  to  have  been  constructed  of  rock-salt.  The  island  of  Da'den,  or  Ty'loa 
(now  Bahrein),  was,  in  ancient  times,  as  it  is  at  the  present  day,  the  cliief 
•eat  of  the  pearl-fishery.  lathrippa  and  Macor'aba,  now  Medina,  and  Mecca, 
have  both  been  noted  cities  since  the  days  of  Mahomet. 

10.  Arabia  was  never  conquered  by  any  foreign  nation ;  Alexander  tho 

vans  of  the  present  age  ?  3.  What  did  Arabia  Petrasa  comprise,  &c. 
What  is  said  of  the  Nabatha;i  ?  Of  Pcfra  ?  4.  Describe  its  situation,  &.c. 
What  docs  Potraj'a  signify  7  5.  Mention  the  situation  of  Arabia  Feliz. 
For  what  has  it  been  long  famous,  &,c.  ?  6.  What  is  said  of  the  district 
of  Saba;i,  or  Shcba  ?  7  Describe  Arabia  Deserta.  8.  What  is  said  of  tho 
SacalittE,  or  Suchalitse  ?     Mention  the  towns.    9.  What  is  said  of  Gcrra  7 


36 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


Great,  and  subsequently  the  Romans,  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  made  exten- 
sive inroads  into  the  interior;  but,  for  want  of  water,  were  obliged  to  retrace 
their  steps.  The  chief  part  of  Ara'bia  Petraj'a  was  conquered  by  Trajan, 
A.  D.  107.  A  Roman  legion  was,  for  a  time,  stationed  at  Bostra,  where  the 
Emperor  Philip,  surnamed  Arabus,  was  born. 

11.  During  the  7th  century,  Ara'bia  acquired,  under  the  sway  of  Maho 
met  and  the  Caliphs,  a  new  and  formidable  character ;  vast  territories  wera 
conquered,  and  an  empire  was  established  equalling  in  power  and  exten 
tl  e  greatest  states  of  antiquity.  Though  for  a  time  averse  to  polite  letters 
the  Arabs  or  Saracens  became,  during  the  ninth  century,  the  most  civilized 
and  learned  people  in  the  world.  Their  vast  empire  no  longer  exists,  but 
the  influence  of  their  institutions  continues  to  be  felt ;  and  the  language,  lito- 
rature  and  religion  of  Arabia,  is  still  revered  over  large  portions  of  the  East 

Map  No.  1.— What  gulf  or  sea  bounds  Arabia  on  the  west  ?  On  the  east  7 
What  sea  on  the  south-east  ?  What  strait  separated  Arabia  from  Ethiopia  ? 
A.  D.  What  gulf  on  the  south-west  ?  A.  What  towns  lay  on  the  Arabtan 
Gulf?     On  the  Erythraean  Sea?/  The  Persian  Gulf?     In  the  interior  ?. 

Map  No.  5.— Where  is  Arabia  Petraea  ?  Mount  Sinai  ?  Mount  Horeb  ? 
Mount  Hor  ?  Idumca  ?  Desert  of  Paran  ?  Petra  ?  Ezipngaber,  or  Bere- 
oice  ?     iElana  ?     Leuce-come  ? 


ARME'NIA. 

1.  Arme'nia  is  an  interior  region,  and  lies  to  the  south-east  of 
the  Euxine  Sea.  It  is  an  elevated  countiy,  and  is  traversed  by 
lofty  mountains,  nearly  all  whose  summits  are  covered  with  snow ; 
hence  the  chmate  is  cool,  and  the  winters  are  often  severe. 


Noah  and  his  Family  leaving  the  Ark. 
8.  Ararat  is  the  loftiest  and  most  noted  mountain  in  Arme'nia. 


On  i^e 


T!ie  Island  of  Daden?  lathrippa,  &c.  ?  10.  What  is  stated  of  Arabia?  Of 
Alexander  the  Great?  The  Romans,  &c.  ?  11.  What  occured  during  tht 
Beventh  century  ?     What  is  said  of  the  Arabs,  or  Saracens  ? 

Q.  1   Describe  Armenia,    2.  What  is  said  of  Mount  Ararat  ?    Of  Uie 


ARMENIA.  37 

Bummit  the  ark  is  supposed  to  have  rested,  and  from  its  base  Noali  and 
nis  sons  set  forth  to  replenish  tlic  earth.  The  Eiiphra'tcs,  Ti'gris,  and 
Arax'cs  rivers  take  tlicir  rise  in  tiiis  region.  Tiio  Aisis'sa  and  Lyelini'tis, 
now  the  Van,  and  liie  Er'ivan,  are  tiie  principal  lakes.  The  water  of  tlio 
first  is  brackisli,  and  unfit  for  use. 

3.  The  Arme'nians  were  originally  the  same  people  as  the  Syri- 
ans ;  they  are  one  of  the  oldest  nations  in  the  world,  and  have 
maintained  themselves  as  a  distinct  race,  with  a  limited  degree  of 
cultivation,  from  the  time  of  the  Assyrian  empire.  The  Greeks 
and  Romans  had  but  an  indifferent  opinion  of  these  peojile ;  they 
beheved  them  to  be  destitute  of  patriotism,  and  indifierent  to 
hberty  or  poUtical  freedom. 

4.  Thougli  sometimes  under  tlic  rule  of  its  native  princes,  Arme'nia  was 
subjected  by  turns  to  the  Assyr'ians,  the  Mcdcs,  the  Persians,  the  Greeks, 
and  the  Sj'r'ians.  On  the  overthrow  of  Anti'ochus  the  Great  by  Seip'io,  187 
B.  C.,  the  country  was  divided  into  Arme'nia  Major  and  Minor ;  the  latter 
lay  west  of  the  Euphrates  river.  Aflcr  many  contests  with  the  Purthians, 
Tra'jan,  about  106  A.  D.,  annexed  Armenia  Major  to  the  Koman  empire, 
Subsequently  it  became  independent,  and  was  governed  by  its  own  kings 
until  the  time  of  the  Saracen  invasion ;  since  that  period  n  has  often 
changed  masters.  It  is  now  divided  between  the  Turks,  Persians,  and  Ru3 
slans. 

5.  Artax'ata,  Am'ida  and  Tigranoccr'ta,  were  the  cliicf  towns  in  Arme'  • 
nia ;  the  first  named  was  once  the  capital.  Am'ida,  now  Diar'bekir,  was 
strongly  fortified,  and  the  walls  built  by  the  Romans  still  serve  to  protect 
the  town.  Tigranoccr'ta  was  founded  by  Tigra'nes,  King  of  Arme'nia  ;  it 
was  a  beautiful  and  wealthy  city,  and  was  peopled  chiefly  by  Greeks,  forci 
bly  carried  thither  from  Asia  Minor.  In  its  vicinity  LueuI'lus  defeated  Ti- 
gra'nes, when  the  city  surrendered  to  the  Romans.  Vast  riches  fell  into  the 
hands  of  tlie  captors.  Naxua'na,  Artcmi'ta,  Ar'zcn,  Arsamos'ata  and  TJico- 
dosiop'olis  were  towns  in  Arme'nia. 

MESOPOTA'MIA. 

G.  Mksopota'mia  lay  between  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  and 
derived  its  name,  which  signifies  between  the  rivers,  from  that  cir- 
cumstance. The  modern  inhabitants  call  it  Al  Jezira,  the  island. 
It  was  once  regarded  as  a  part  of  Syria,  and  one  of  its  scripture 
names  is  A'ram  Nahara'im,  or  SjTia  of  the  rivers. 

7  The  northern  part  of  the  country  comprised  the  districts  of 
Osroe'ne  and  Mygdo'nia.  This  division  was  rich  in  grain,  frxiit 
and  pasturage,  and  was  often  called  iNIesopota'mia  Felix.  TYa 
southern  division  was  flat  and  sandy ;  its  inliabitants  were  chiefly 

Euphrates  River,  Sec.  ?  The  Arsissa  Lake,  &c.?  3.  What  is  said  of  tiie 
Armenians  ?  What  opinion  had  the  Greeks  and  Romans  of  these  people  ? 
4.  To  what  power  was  Armenia  subjected  ?  When  was  it  divided,  &e.  ? 
What  occurred  in  the  time  of  Trajan  ?  Subsequently,  &c.  ?  5.  Wiiat  is 
said  of  Artaxata,  Scc.l  What  is  said  of  Tigranoccrta?  Wiiat  occnnd 
in  its  vicinity  ?  Name  the  other  towns.  C>.  Desci-iljo  Mesopotamia.  How 
was  it  once  regarded  ^     7.  What  is  said  of  the  nortiiern  part  j)f  tiic  country 

4 


88  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHV. 

wandering  Arabs.     The  ostrich  and  the  wild  ass  were  once  fcand 
here,  but  "those  animals  have  long  since  disappeared. 

8  From  remote  times,  Mesopotamia  nearly  always  constituted  a  portion 
of  the  adjacent  great  empires.  Tlic  Romans  seized  it  during  the  Milhn- 
dat'ic  war,  and  Tra'jan  formed  it  into  a  Roman  province.  It  was  ollen  Uie 
scene  of  warlike  operations  between  the  Romans  and  the  Partluans  ;  alter- 
wards  between  the  former  and  the  new  Persians.  It  finally  lell  into  the 
power  of  the  latter,  and  then  successively  into  that  of  the  Saracens  and  the 
Turks. 

9  Edes'sa,  Circe'sium  and  Nis'ibis  were  the  most  important  towns  m 
Mesopota'mia ;  the  last  named  was  long  a  noted  fortress,  and  when  ceded  by 
the  Romans  to  the  Persians,  the  former  attempted  in  vain  to  recover  it.  At 
Resaina,  the  Persians  were  defeated  by  Gordian.  Batnce,  or  Batnaj  Seru  gi, 
was  noted  for  a  great  annual  fair,  held  for  the  sale  of  Indian  commodities. 

10.  Car'rha;,  the  Haran  of  scripture,  was  the  place  whence  Abraham  de- 
parted for  Canaan.  In  its  vicinity,  Cras'sus  the  triumvir  was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner  by  the  Parthians,  who  put  him  to  death  by  pouring,  m  deri- 
sion of  his  avarice,  melted  gold  down  his  throat.  Ur  was  the  first  residence 
of  Abraham ;  in  the  time  of  the  Romans  it  was  an  important  citadel  in 
which  the  army  of  Julian  took  refuge  after  his  defeat. 

11  Sinffa'ra,  Cffi'ne,  Bir'tha  and  Apamea  were  important  towns.  At 
Sincra'ra,  Sapor  gave  the  Romans  a  signal  defeat.  Hatrah  was  an  impreg- 
nabte  fortress  situated  in  a  fertile  oasis,  surrounded  by  a  desert:  it  resisted 
the  attacks  of  both  Tra'jan  and  Seve'rus.  On  the  Euphrates,  below  the 
junction  of  the  Chabo'ras,  was  the  tomb  of  the  younger  Gordian. 

Map  No.  5.— What  countries  bounded  Armenia  on  the  north  ?  C.  \  On 
the  south  ■?  '■■  On  the  west  ?  What  rivers  rise  in  Armenia  ?  E.  T.  A.  W liat 
mountains  formed  part  of  the  soutliern  boundary?  What  mountains  tra- 
versed the  interior?;'  Which  is  the  principal  mountain  ?  \V  Inch  are  the 
principal  lakes  ?     Point  out  the  towns  mentioned  in  the  text. 

What  river  bounds  Mesopotamia  on  the  east?  On  the  west?  What 
mountains  on  the  north?  What  river  flows  into  the  Euphrates  ?  What 
towns  lay  on  the  Euphrates  ?  On  the  Tigris  ?  ,  What  towns  between  those 
rivers  ?     When  were  battles  fought  near  CarrhtD,-  at  Resaina,  ani  Singara  t 

ASSYRIA. 

1  Assyr'ia  was  one  of  the  first  settled  countries  in  the  world. 
It  became  also  the  seat  of  one  of  the  earliest  established  monar- 
chies,  and  hence  it  was  intimately  connected  with  the  ongm  ol 
government,  arts,  and  civihzation. 

2.  It  lay  bet^veen  Armenia,  Mesopota'mia,  Me'dia,  and  Per'sia 

The  southern  division?  8.  What  was  Mesopotamia  from  remote  times | 
What  is  said  of  the  Romans?  Of  what  was  it  often  the  scene ?  What 
occurred  finallv  ?  9.  Describe  Edessa,  &c.  Resaina,  &c  10.  Carrns. 
What  took  l7acc  in  its  vicinity  ?  What  is  said  of  Ur  ?  11.  Smgara  ana 
the  other  towns  ?  „     „    t^        •,     -,      •. 

Q,  1.  What  was  Assyria  ?     What  did  it  become  ?     2.  Describe  its  situa 


ASSYRIA.  39 

and  extended  aloncf  the  left  bank  of  the  Ti'g^ris  river.  Eastrvnrd 
rose  the  Za'gros  Mountains,  which  formed  its  boundary  in  that 
direction.  In  the  north  were  the  Cardu'chi,  a  people  fierce  and 
barbarous,  hke  their  descendants,  the  modern  Koords,  and  from 
whom  this  country  is  now  called  Koordistan  . 

3.  It  was  tlie  original  country  of  the  Assyrians,  but  tlicir  empire  rose  in 
time  to  such  importance  as  to  include  Mesopota'mia,  Babylon,  or  Chaldffi\ 
Armenia,  Media,  Asia  Minor,  and  Col'chis.  Tlie  inliabitants  of  Assyria,  as 
well  as  those  of  the  three  first  named  territories,  belonged  to  one  race,  and 
were  similar  to  the  Syrians  ;  they  all  spoke  dialects  of  the  same  tongue,  and 
tiieir  manners  and  customs  were  originally  alike. 

4.  The  Assyrian  government,  like  that  of  all  other  eastern  monarchies, 
was  thoroughly  despotic.  Tlic  king's  will  was  the  law,  and  no  code  existed 
to  restrict  his  judgments.  lie  was  the  head  of  the  religious  as  well  as  tlie 
political  power  of  the  state,  and  claimed  divine  worship  as  if  he  had  been 
a  deity.  Ilis  palace  was  crowded  with  as  many  wives  and  concubines  as 
he  chose  to  collect,  who  were  placed  under  the  charge  of  eunuchs,  an  unfor- 
tunate race  first  brought  into  use  in  Assyria. 

5.  The  accounts  that  have  reached  us  of  the  origin  and  growth  of  the 
Assyrian  empire,  are  obscure  and  discrepant.  According  to  scripture,  it 
was  founded  either  by  Assh'ur  orbyNim'rod  ;  but,  according  to  the  classical 
writers,  Ni'nus  or  Be'lus,  the  son  of  Nim'rod,  established  th?  empire,  about 
the  yea.-  2051)  B.  C.  He  is  the  first  great  warrior  and  conqueror  on  record, 
and  established  his  power  over  a  large  portion  of  western  and  southern 
Asia.  His  queen  and  successor,  Scniir'amis,  continued  iiis  career  of  vie- 
tory,  and  extended  the  bounds  of  tlie  empire  as  far  as  Ethio'pia  and  Lib'ya. 

G.  The  Assyrian  monarchy  flourished  for  a  period  of  1240  years.  Sar. 
danapa'lus,  the  last  sovereign,  neglected  the  duties  of  government,  lived 
entirely,  it  is  said,  among  his  women  and  eunuchs,  and  dressed  and  painted 
himself  like  them.  Arba'ces,  governor  of  Media,  and  Belesis,  governor  of 
Babylon,  despising  the  cfTominacy  of  their  sovereign,  conspired  against  and 
besieged  him  in  his  capital ;  when,  finding  that  he  could  no  longer  resist 
their  power,  Sardanapa'lus  set  fire  to  his  palace  and  perished  in  the  flames. 

7.  A  second  Assyrian  empire  was  now  formed,  and  soon  became  a  pow- 
erful  state.  The  Modes  and  Babylonians  again  yielded  to  its  supremacy ; 
but  about  the  year  700,  B.  C,  the  first  under  Cyax'ares,  and  the  other  under 
Nabopolas'sar,  rose  a  second  time,  besieged  and  took  Ni'nus  and  utterly 
destroyed  it  Assyria  was  now  reduced  to  the  rank  of  a  Median  province, 
and  Babylon  in  a  short  time  became  a  powerfiil  kingdom.  Cyrus,  559  years 
B,  C,  having  attained  the  sovereignty  of  Media  and  Persia,  conquered 
Babylon,  which,  with  Assyria,  he  annexed  to  his  vast  empire. 

8.  The  city  of  Ni'nus  (the  Nin'eveh  of  scripture)  lay  on  the  eastern  bank 
of  the  Ti'gris.  It  was  one  of  the  great  capitals  of  antiquity,  and  is  described, 
by  some  writers,  to  have  been  48,  and  by  others  GO  miles  in  circumference. 

tion.  What  is  said  of  the  Carduchi  ?  3.  Of  the  Assyrians  and  their  cm- 
pire?  Of  tlie  inhabitants  of  Assyria?  4.  What  was  tlie  character  of  the 
Assyrian  government  ?  What  is  said  of  tlic  king  ?  What  was  he  ?  Wliat 
did  he  claim  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  tlie  origin,  (fcc,  of  the  Assyrian  empire  ? 
Of  its  founders?  What  is  the  character  oV  Belus  ?  What  is  said  of  Semi- 
ramis  ?  6.  How  long  did  the  Assyrian  empire  flourish  ?  Describe  Sar- 
danapalus.  Describe  the  conspiracy  formed  against  him.  7.  What  is 
said  of  the  second  Assyrian  empire  ?  Of  Cyaxares  and  Nabopolassar  ?  Of 
Assyria?    Babylon?    Cyrus?     8.  Describe  Ninus.     f(.  What  opinion  did  its 


•0 


CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Its  walls  were  built  of  brick,  100  feet  higb,  and  so  wide  that  tliree  chariota 
could  run  abreast  on  their  summit;  and  tliey  were  further  secured  by  1600 
loily  towers. 

9.  Tlie  inhabitants  considered  the  city  to  be  imprcofuable ;  tliey  relied  on 
an  old  prediction,  that  it  could  never  be  taken  until  the  river  became  its 
enemy.  But  this  at  last  occurred,  for,  during  the  last  siege,  the  Ti'gris  over- 
flowed its  banks  and  undermined  a  portion  of  its  walls,  when  tlie  city  was 
captured,  after  a  siege  of  tliree  years.  Ni'nus  continued  to  be  the  seat  of 
government,  and  gradually  regained  its  former  importance  ;  but,  on  the 
Bubversion  of  the  second  empire,  its  stately  walls  and  palaces  were  levelled 
with  the  dust,  and  the  whole  reduced  to  a  mass  of  ruins. 


Battle  of  Arbela. 
10.  East  of  Ni'nus  were  Arbe'la  and  Gaugame'la ;  on  a  vast  plain  between 
tJiose  towns,  Alexander  the  Great  gained  tlie  decisive  victory  which  made 
him  master  of  the  Persian  empire,  usually  called  the  battle  of  Arbe'la. 
Some  distance  below  Ni'nus  lay  Sume're,  near  to  which  the  Emperor  Julian 
"was  killed,  A.  D.  363,  in  a  contest  witli  the  Persians.  Lower  down  tlie 
river  was  O'pis,  or  Antioclii'a ;  to  this  place  Ncar'chus  brouglit  his  fleet  by 
order  of  Alexander,  after  tlie  completion  of  his  voyage  from  India. 

Map  No.  a. —  Wliat  river  formed  the  western  boundary  of  Assyria? 
What  moumsins''  What  country  lay  north?  'South?  East?  West? 
Wliat  rivers  flowed  into  the  Tigris?  What  cities  lay  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Tigris  ?  On  the  Zabus  Major  f  Zabus  Minor  ?  At  what  time  was  a  battle 
loaght  between  those  towns  ?  What  nation  occupied  the  northern  part  of 
Assyria  ?     What  route  is  marked  in  the  map  on  the  cast  side  of  tlie  "Tigris? 

10 


BABYLONIA,  OR  CHALD^A. 

1.  Babylonia,  or  Chaldj^a,  was  the  seat  of  one  of  the  grea 
cmpii-es  of  antiquity.     It  comprised  a  rich,  level  territory,  wliich 

mliabitants  entertain  ?     What  occurred  during  the  first  siege  ?     State  tlia 
subsequent  fate   of  Ninus.      10.  What  towns   lay  east  of  Ninus  ?     VvHiat 
noted  event  took  place  tlicrc  ?     At  Sumcre  ?     What  is  stated  of  Opis  ? 
Q.  1,  WJiat  was  Babylonia,  or  Chaldeoa?     What  did  it  comprise,  &-c- 


BADYLONIA,    ORCHALDiEA.  41 

lay  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Euphrates.  The  country  was  for 
tilizcd  by  the  annual  overflow  of  that  stream,  in  the  same  manner 
that  Egypt  is  by  that  of  the  Nile. 

2.  The  land  was  well  cultivated,  and  the  products  were  im- 
mense. Numerous  canals  conveyed  the  waters  of  the  river,  and 
irrigated  the  soil  in  every  quarter.  The  buildings  were  con- 
structed of  brick,  and  bitumen  was  used  instead  of  mortar. 

3.  Babylonia  formed  a  province  of  tlic  Assyrian  empire  until  tlie  fall  of 
Ki'nus,  wlicn  it  became  an  independent  State.  Tiie  most  noted  of  its  kings 
was  Ncbucliadnez'zar ;  his  dominions  eonijirised  Bibylonia,  Mesopotamia 
and  Syria,  including  Pliccnicir.  and  tiie  kingdom  of  Judah.  Belshaz'zar,  liis 
grandson,  and  the  last  Babylonian  monarch,  was  subdued  by  Cyrus,  B.  C. 
538,  and  liis  kingdom  was  added  to  the  Persian  empire. 

4.  Tlie  Babylonians  were  a  partially  civilized  nation  2000  years  B.  C. 
Twelve  hundred  years  later,  the  Clialdncans,  or  Kasdini,  eitlier  conquered 
or  became  incorporated  with  them,  Tiic  i)riests  were  renowned  for  their 
skill  in  astronomy  and  astrology  ;  commerce  and  manufactures  were  en- 
couraged, and  great  wealth  was  acquired.  Marriages  were  usually  made 
by  purchase,  and  the  sick  were  exposed  in  the  streets  to  receive  tlie  advice 
of  the  passers-by. 

5.  The  religion  of  the  Babylonians  was  Sabianism,  or  the  worship  of  the 
sun,  moon,  and  stars.  Their  supreme  deity  was  Ba'al,  or  Bel,  aad  was  sup- 
posed to  personify  the  sun.  Mylit'ta  was  the  principal  female  divinity;  her 
worship  was  gross  and  licentious.  Cruelty  and  obscenity  were  the  most 
marked  attributes  of  Babylonian  as  well  as  of  Assyrian  idolatry.  Human 
victims  were  sacrificed,  and  tlie  most  obscene  practices  enjoined  as  a  reli- 
gious duty. 

6.  Babylon,  the  capital,  stood  on  both  sides  of  the  Euphrates  river ;  it 
was  the  first  city  that  was  founded  after  the  flood,  and  was  one  of  tlie  most 
magnificent  of  ancient  times.  It  was  GO  miles  in  circuit,  with  \valls  200 
cubits  high  and  50  thick,  and  a  hundred  gates  of  brass.  Among  its  most 
renowned  structures,  were  the  temple  of  Be'lus  and  the  Hanging  Gardens. 
The  former,  originally,  it  is  believed,  the  tower  of  Ba'bel,  was  an  eighth  of 
a  mile  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  GOO  feet  high  :  it  consisted  of  eight  sto- 
ries, gradually  diminishing  as  they  ascended ;  a  sloping  terrace  on  tlie  outside 
of  tlie  building  served  as  a  means  of  ascent  and  descent. 

7.  The  Babylonians  having  provoked  a  war  with  the  Medes  and  Persians, 
Cyrus  laid  siege  to  the  capital,  but  the  citizens,  confiding  in  the  strength 
of  their  walls,  laughed  their  enemies  to  scorn.  At  length,  during  a  grand 
festival,  when  the  besieged  probably  relaxed  their  wonted  vigilance,  Cyrus 
diverted  the  waters  of  the  Eupliratcs  into  an  artificial  channel,  marched  his 
troops  by  night  through  tlie  dricd-up  bed  of  the  river  into  the  city,  and 
overcame  all  opposition. 


2.  What  is  said  of  the  land  ?  Products  7  Canals,  &c,  ?  3.  What  did 
Babj'lonia  form?  What  is  said  of  Nebuchadnezzar?  What  did  his  domi- 
nions comprise  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  the  Babylonians?  The  Chaldajans ? 
The  Priests,  <&,c.  ?  5.  Describe  the  religion  of  tlie  Babylonians.  What  is 
said  of  Mylitta?  Of  Babylonian  and  Assyrian  idolatry  ?  6.  Describe  the 
city  of  Babylon.  Describe  its  chief  structures.  7.  With  whom  did  the 
Babylonians  provoke  a  war  ?     What  then  occurred  ?     8.  What  is  stated  ol 

4* 


42 


CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Capture  of  Babylon  by  Cyrus. 

8.  Babylon,  being  neglected  by  the  Persian  monarchs,  was  falling  rapidly 
to  decay,  whSn  Alexander  the  Great  resolved  to  restore  its  splendour  and 
to  make  it  his  capital,  but  his  death  put  an  end  to  the  project.  Five  hun- 
dred  years  afterwards,  it  was  entirely  deserted,  and  the  space  enclosed  by 
its  walls  was  used  as  a  hunting  park  by  tlie  kings  and  nobles  of  Persia.  In 
later  times,  its  very  site  was  forgotten  for  more  tlian  a  thousand  years,  but 
it  has  been  recently  recognised.  Some  huge,  shapeless  mounds  of  brick  and 
rubbish  alone  remain  to  mark  the  spot  once  occupied  by  tliis  vast  metropolis. 

9.  At  Cunax'a,  Cyrus  the  younger  was  defeated  and  slain  by  his  brother 
Artaxerx'es;  from  hence  his  Greek  auxiliaries,  under  the  command  of 
Xen'ophon,  commenced  the  famous  retreat  of  tlie  Ten  Thousand,  Though 
surrounded  by  an  adverse  force  of  900,000  men,  this  heroic  band  forced 
their  way  through  hostile  nations,  until  they  reached  a  friendly  region. 
The  extent  of  the  retreat  from  Cunax'a  to  Trape'zus,  where  danger  ceased, 
was  about  1100  miles,  but  the  whole  expedition  included  a  march  of  3500 
miles,  and  lasted  15  months. 

10.  Eorsip'pa  was  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  linen ;  the  inhabitants 
ate  flic  flesh  of  bats,  and  preserved  them  smoke-dried.  Seleu'cia  was  founded 
by  Seleu'cus  Nica'tor,  and  became  the  capital  of  his  kingdom  ;  at  one  period 
its  population  amounted  to  GOO, 000.  The  ruins  of  this  city,  and  that  of 
Ctes'iphon,  on  the  opposite  bank,  are  called  by  the  Arabs  Al  Modain,  the 
two  cities.  Is,  or  ^iop'olis,  supplied  the  bitumen  used  as  a  cement  in 
building.  On  a  lake  south-west  of  Babylon,  was  Alexandria,  or  Hi'ra.  Sora 
and  Apame'a  were  towns  in  the  southern  part  of  Babylonia  ;  the  latter  stood 
at  tlie  junction  of  the  Euphrates  and  Ti'griy  rivers. 

Map  No.  5.  —  What  country  lay  east  of  Babylonia,  or  ChaldiEa?  What 
country  lay  west  ?  Nortli-west  ?  What  cities  lay  on  the  Euphrates  River  ? 
>V'hat  city  on  the  Tigris  ?  At  the  junction  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  ?  At 
what  period  was  a  battle  fought  at  Cunaxa  7.  When  did  the  siege  of  Babylon 
occur  ?  What  river  bounds  Babylon  on  the  north-east  i:  What  river  flows 
tliroujrh  it  ? 


Babylon  ?  What  did  Alexander  resolve  to  do  ?  What  was  the  condition 
of  Babylon  500  years  afterwards?  In  later  times?  What  alone  remain  1 
J).  What  occurred  at  Cunaxa?  What  is  said  of  the  Greek  auxiliaries? 
Describe  the  retreat.  10.  What  is  said  of  Borsij-pa  ?  Seleucia  ?  Ctcai 
phon  ?     Is,  or  jEiopolis,  and  the  other  towns  ? 


COLCHIS,  IBERIA,  AND  ALB  AN  1  A.  43 

COL'CHIS,  IBE'RIA,  AND  ALBA'NIA. 

1.  These  countries  lay  contiguous  to  each  other,  and  occupied 
t!ie  narrowest  part  of  the  region  extending  from  the  head  of  the 
Euxine,  or  Black  Sea,  eastward  to  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  Cau- 
casus are  the  most  elevated  mountains  in  this  part  of  Asia;  their 
sunuTuts  are  constantly  covered  with  snow,  and  they  can  be  crossed 
only  by  two  passes,  called  by  the  ancients  Cauca'sioe  Py'Iae  (Cau- 
ca'sian  Gates),  and  Alba'nia^  Py'ke  (Alba'nian  Gates). 

2.  Col'chis  is  fainons  for  the  voyage  of  the  Ar'gonauts  to  its  shores,  in 
search  ot'  the  golden  Heece.  This  cxpcdilion  sailed,  in  tlie  ship  Ar'go,  from 
Greece,  about  liie  year  1300  B.C.  It  consisted  of  50  noted  individuals, 
under  the  command  of  Ja'son.  Tlie  precise  object  of  the  voyage  cannot 
now  be  determined,  but  it  was  probably  undertaken  for  the  purpose  of  trad- 
ing in  gold,  a  metal  which  the  inhabitants  of  Col'chis  obtained,  to  some 
extent,  by  placing  shcei)skins  in  the  shallow  parts  of  the  rivers,  where  the 
wool  became  filled  with  the  golden  particles  washed  down  from  the 
mountains. 

3.  The  chief  rivers  were  tlie  Pha'sis  and  the  Ba'thys ;  from  the  former 
tlie  birds  called  pheasants  were  first  brougiit.  The  Colchians  were  a  frugal 
and  industrious  pcoi)lc,  and  were  supposed  to  have  been  originally  Egyp- 
tians. Dioscu'rias,  Pha'sis  and  Cy'ta,  v.-erc  the  chief  towns.  Mede'a,  the 
noted  sorceress,  was  born  at  Cy'ta.  At  JEa.  tlie  golden  fleece  was  kept ;  it 
was  fabled  to  be  guarded  by  a  dragon  that  never  slept,  and  fierce  bulls  that 
breathed  fire. 

4.  Ibe'ria  separated  Col'chis  from  Alba'nia.  It  was  watered  by  the  Cy'rus 
and  its  branches.  Zalis'sa,  and  Harmoz'ica,  wei'e  the  chief  towns ;  Ibe'ria 
was  invaded  by  Pompey,  who  defeated  the  inhabitants  in  a  sanguinary 
battle. 

5.  Alba'nia  lay  along  the  west  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Cabal'aoa, 
Alba'na,  Seta'ra,  and  Camech'ia  were  the  principal  towns.  The  southern 
part  of  Alba'nia  was  a  rich,  fertile  country,  and  its  climate  was  highly 
eulogized.     It  was  invaded  by  Pompey,  and  afterwards  by  Trajan. 

ME'DIA. 

6.  Me'dia  included  the  upper  part  of  Per'sia ;  it  extended  east- 
ward from  Armenia  to  Asia,  and  was  bounded  on  the  north  bv  the 
Caspian  Sea.  It  was  for  the  most  part  a  fertile  and  well-inhabited 
n^gion,  and  was  famous  for  its  fine  breed  of  horses. 

7.  The  Medes  comprised,  at  first,  six  distinct  tribes.     Dej'oces. 

Q.  1.  Describe  the  situation  of  Colciiis,  Iberia  and  Albanii.  1  ne  Cau- 
casus Mountains,  &lc.  2.  For  what  is  Colehis  famous  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  Argonautic  expedition?  The  precise  object  of  the  voyage  ?  How  was 
gold  procured  in  Colchis  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  the  rivers  ?  The  Colcliians  7 
Phasis  and  Cyta?  3Iedea?  What  was  kept  at -'Ea  ?  4.  Describe  Iberia. 
5.  Albania.    6.  Media.    7.  What  is  said  of  the  Medes  ?     8.  Of  Astyatres  7 


44  CLASSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

their  earliest  king,  collected  them  into  villages,  and  brought  tho 
nation  to  submit  to  established  laws.  They  were  long  subject  to 
Assyria,  but  at  length  unitmg  Avith  the  Babylonians,  they  over- 
threw the  Assyrian  empire.  They  then  became  a  conquering 
nation,  subdued  E'lam,  or  Persia,  and  extended  their  dominions 
westward  to  the  River  Ha'lys. 

8.  Asty'ages  was  the  last  king  of  Me'dia.  Manda'ne,  his^  daugliter,  th 
wife  of  Camby'ses,  a  Persian  nobleman,  was  the  motlier  of  Cy'rus.  Ac 
cording  to  some,  the  latter  was  educated  at  the  Median  court,  and  after- 
wards  reigned  jointly  with  his  uncle  Cyax'ares ;  but,  according  to  others, 
he  was  an  object  of  hatred  lo  Asty'ages,  and  on  attaining  manliood  raised 
an  army,  conquered  the  dominions  of  his  grandfather,  and  became  king  of 
both  Me'dia  and  Per'sia,  B.  C.  559. 

9.  On  the  union  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  the  latter  adopted  the  higher 
civilization  and  more  elegant  costume  of  the  former,  and  the  Median  Ian- 
guage  became  tlie  polite  tongue.  The  northern  division  of  Media  was 
called,  after  Alexander's  time,  Atropate'ne,  from  Atrop'ates,  a  governor  who 
rendered  himself  independent.  His  posterity  continued  to  reign  alter  him 
until  conquered  by  the  Parthians. 

10.  Eebat'ana,  the  capital  of  Media,  contained  a  strongly  fortified  citadel 
surrounded  by  seven  walls,  which  were  each  of  a  different  colour.  It 
became  the  summer  residence  of  tlie  Persian,  and  afterwards  of  the  Par- 
thian  monarchs.  Here  Parme'nio  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Alexander. 
And  here,  too,  Hephoes'tion,  another  of  his  favourites,  died. 

11.  Ga'za  and  Ve'ra  were  tlie  capitals  of  Atropate'ne.  In  the  former 
Cy'rus  deposited  tiie  riches  captured  from  Croj'sus ;  it  stood  near  Lake 
Spauto,  the  waters  of  which  were  botli  salt  and  bitter,  and  destitute  of  fisli. 
West  of  the  lake  stood  Tliebar'mai,  the  reputed  birthplace  of  Zoroas'ter. 

12.  On  the  shores  of  the  Caspian  dwelt  the  Caspia'ni,  or  Cas'pii,  a  people 
from  wliom  that  sea,  previously  called  the  Mare  Ilyrca'num,  received  ita 
name.  They  were  of  Scyth'ian  origin,  and,  it  is  said,  starved  to  death  such 
of  their  nation  as  had  attained  the  age  of  70  years. 

Map  No.  5. — ^What  sea  bounded  Colchis  on  the  west  ?  What  country  on 
the  north  ?  On  the  south  ?  East  ?  Wliat  towns  lay  on  the  coast  ?  In  the 
interior  ?  What  mountains  bound  Iberia  on  the  nortli  ?  What  country 
«outli?     East?     What  river  flowed  through  Iberia?     Wi;at  sea  bounded 

\lbania  on  the  east  ?     What  country  north  ?     West '!     "What  towns  lay  on 

-he  coast  ?     In  the  interior  ? 

PERSIA. 

1.  Fer'sia,  or  Per'sis,  was  the  original  country  of  the  Persian*, 
;nd  gave  name  to  one  of  the  great  empires  of  antiquity.  It  lay 
«orth-east  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  was  surrounded  by  Me'dia, 

).  What  occurred  on  the  union  of  the  Medes  and  Persians  ?  What  is  said 
of  the  northern  division?  10.  Ecbatana  ?  11.  Gaza  and  Vera?  12.  The 
Caspian!  ? 

Q.  1    What  is  said  of  Persia  7     IIow  was  it  situated  ?     What  kind  of 


PERSIA.  45 

Susia'na  and  Carma'nia.  It  is  a  region  consisting  of  rugged 
nriouniains  and  sandy  deserts,  interspersed  with  fertile  and  well- 
watered  vallej's. 

2.  Under  their  early  monarchs,  the  Persians  were  a  hardy  and 
brave  people ;  but  they  became  luyurious  and  effeminate,  so  that 
a  mere  handful  of  Greeks,  inspired  with  the  heroic  courage  of 
freemen,  was  more  than  a  mtiich  for  the  myriads  who  fought  at 
Alar'athon,  Platae'a,  and  Sal'amis. 

3.  Tlic  Ma'gi,  or  Ma'g-ians,  were  tlie  priests  of  the  Medes  and  Persians. 
Zoroas'tcr  was  tlio  founder,  or,  according  to  some,  the  reformer  of  tlieir  reli- 
gion. TJie  sun  as  well  as  fire  was  worshipped,  as  an  emblem  of  the  Deity, 
and  the  sacred  fire  in  tiieir  temples  was  kept  constantly  burning.  Statues 
and  images  were  forbidden ;  hence  tlic  Persians  always  destroyed  the  idols 
of  tlic  nations  whom  they  conquered. 

4.  The  ma'gi  believed  in  a  Supreme  Being,  and  they  taught  that  the  uni- 
erso  is  governed  by  Oronias'des,  the  g<x)d,  and  Ahrima'ncs,  the  evil  prin- 
ciple. Ths  first  tlicy  believed  will  finall }  prevail,  when  wars  and  conten- 
tions  will  cease,  and  mankind  live  together  as  one  family.  The  modern 
Par'sccs,  Gucbrcs,  or  fire-worshippers,  still  cherish  this  doctrine;  but  their 
number  is  small. 

5.  The  Persians  are  a  very  ancient  people;  their  first  recorded  king 
reigned  in  the  time  of  Abraham.  The  Kajan'idcs  were  a  race  of  early 
princes,  one  of  whom,  Jcm'shccd,  about  tlie  year  800  B.  C,  founded  Pcrsep'o- 
lis.  Cy'rus,  240  years  later,  rescued  his  country  from  tlie  power  of  tlio 
Medes,  and  established  the  Persian,  or  third  universal  empire.  This  vast 
monarchy  embraced  a  wider  extent  than  any  preceding  state,  and  comprised 
the  earliest  civilized  countries :  still  it  does  not  appear  to  have  produced  any 
material  advance  in  knowledge  and  improvement. 

6.  Camby'ses,  tlie  successor  of  Cy'rus,  conquered  Egypt,  and  part  of  Ethio- 
pia, his  power  then  extended  from  India  to  liib'ya,  and  trom  the  Indian  Ocean 
to  the  borders  of  Scyth'ia.  Dari'us,  his  successor,  consolidated  and  strength- 
ened the  empire  ;  he  divided  it  into  Sat'rapics,  or  provinces,  and  appointed 
the  tribute  which  each  was  to  pay  into  the  royal  treasury. 

7.  The  reign  of  Artaxerx'es  IVIne'mon  was  marked  by  the  ineffectual 
revolt  of  his  brother  Cy'rus,  and  the  retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand.  Dari'us 
Codom'anus,  the  last  of  those  kings,  was  defeated  by  Alexander  the  Great, 
at  Issus  and  Arbe'la,  and  was  slain  330  B.  C,  when  Persia  became  a  par 
of  the  Grecian  empire. 

8.  After  the  death  of  Alexander,  it  fell  to  the  share  of  Scleu'eus  Nica'tor, 
who  left  it  to  his  successors,  the  Seleu'cides.  About  the  year  246  B.  C,  the 
Parthians,  an  obscure  people  from  the  shores  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  expelled 
the  Syrians,  and  became  masters  of  Persia.  The  latter  remained  for  50ft 
years  a  province  of  their  empire:  when  Artaxerx'es,  a  descendant  of  the 
ancient  Persian  monarchs,  raised  a  revolt  against  the  government,  achieved 
tlie  independence  of  his  country,  and  became  king. 


country  is  it  ?  2.  What  were  the  Persians  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  the  Magi  ? 
Of  Zoroaster?  What  did  the  Magi  worship?  What  was  forbidden' 
4.  What  was  their  belief?  What  people  still  cherish  this  doctrine  ?  r». 
What  is  said  of  the  Persians  ?  The  K;ijanides,  &,c.  ?  Of  Cyrus  ?  What 
is  said  of  the  Persian  empire  7  G.  Cambyses  ?  Darius  ?  7  Artaxerxes  7 
Mnemon?     Darius  Codomanus?     8.  What  occurred  after   the  death  of 


iR 


CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


9.  The  new  state  is  known  as  the  second  Persian  empire.  Artaxcrxes 
^nvenied  with  vigour  and  sagacity  ;  one  of  his  first  acts  was  th?  restoration 
of  the  mdgi  and  the  ancient  rcHgion.  His  successors  are  called,  from 
Sassan,  his  father,  the  Sassan'ida;  or  Sassan'ides.  Several  of  this  line  of 
princes  bore  the  name  of  Sa'por :  they  were  active  and  able  rulers,  and  car- 
ried on  various  wars  with  the  Romans.  Subsequently,  this  tonn>'-v  wqa 
conquered  by  the  Saracens. 


Ruins  of  Perbepulis. 


10.  Persep'olis,  the  chief  city,  is  said  to  have  been  95  miles  in  length, 
but  has  been  long  in  ruins ;  it  contained  t!ic  splendid  pdlace  of  tlic  Persian 
monarchs,  whicJi  was  set  on  fire  by  Alexander,  at  the  instigation  of  his 
mistress.  The  ruins  now  called  Chilminar',  or  the  forty  columns,  are  sup- 
posed  to  be  the  remains  of  this  edifice.  Pasar'gadfc,  the  ancient  capital  of 
the  empire,  was  the  favourite  residence  of  Cy'rus,  who  was  buried  here. 
The  sovereigns  of  Persia  were  afterwards  crowned  in  this  city,  and  a  part 
of  the  ceremony  of  coronation  was  to  put  on  the  regalia  which  had  been 
worn  by  Cy'rus. 

Map  No.  1. — What  gulf  bounded  Persia  on  the  south-west  ?  What  coun- 
try lay  on  the  north  ?  On  the  east  ?  On  the  west  ?  Point  out  Persepolis. 
PasargadfB.  Aspadana.  Point  out  Egypt,  Syria,  Asia  Minor,  Armenia, 
Colchis,  Iberia,  Albania,  Assyria,  Mesopotamia,  Babylonia,  Media,  Susiana, 
Carmania,  Gedrosia,  Arachosia,  Drangiana,  Aria,  Margiana,  Parthia,  Hyr- 
cania,  Bactriana  and  Sogdiana :  these  countries,  with  Persia  Proper  and 
parts  of  Scythia  and  Etliiopia,  formed,  in  the  reign  of  Darius  Hystaspes, 
520  B.  C,  the  Persian  empire. 


SUSIA'NA,  CARMA'NIA,  GEDRO'SIA,  ETC. 

1,  Susia'na  lay  east  of  Baby'oma,  and  was  separated  from  it 
by  the  river  Ti'gris  ;  eastward  \\  as  Persia  Proper,  and  southward 

Alexander  ?  What  is  said  of  the  P:.  rthians  ?  9.  Of  the  new  state  ?  How 
did  Artaxerxes  govern  ?  By  what  n;ime  were  his  successors  called?  What 
name  did  several  of  this  line  bear  ?  What  is  stated  of  them  ?  10.  Describfl 
Peroeoolis.    Pasargadce.    What  is  said  of  the  sovereigns  of  Persia  ? 


(J  A  R  M  A  N  I  A  —  G  E  D  R  O  S  I A  .  47 

(he  Persian  Gulf.  It  was  an  important  province  of  the  Persian 
t-in]>iiv,  and  coiilain^-d  the  districts  of  Elyma'is  and  Cis'sia.  The 
modern  name,  Khu^i^tan',  is  merely  a  corruption  of  the  ancient 
term. 

2.  Tlio  Clioas'pes  and  Gj-n'dcs  were  its  chief  rivers  ;  they  were  both  tribu- 
taries oftiie  'I'i'gris.  The  waters  of  the  former  were  esteemed  so  excellent, 
that  the  Persian  king^s  drank  no  other,  and  supplies  of  it  were  carried  with 
thc-m,  in  silver  vessels,  on  their  journeys.  Su'sa  or  Shu'shan,  the  city  of 
lilies,  was  built  on  the  Choas'pes  river,  and  was  a  wealthy  city;  it  was  williout 
walls,  but  the  citadel  called  the  Memno'nia  was  a  place  of  great  strength. 
Su'sa  was  one  of  the  winter  residences  of  the  Persian  monarchs.  Alcxan- 
der  the  Great  found  in  it  5U,000  talents  of  uncoined  gold,  besides  silvt^-  and 
jewels  of  great  value. 

carma'nia. 

3.  Carma'nia  was  a  province  of  the  Persian  empire,  which  lay- 
between  Persia  Proper  and  Gedro'sia.  It  corresponded  nearly  with 
the  modern  province  of  Kerman,  to  wliich  it  has  communicated  its 
name.  The  northern  districts  were  dry  and  sandy,  while  the 
southern  were  noted  for  their  fertihty,  producing  corn  and  wine 
in  abundance.  The  grapes  were  particularly  excellent ;  bunches 
being  sometimes  met  with  two  feet  long. 

4.  The  inhabitants  were  called  the  Carma'ni,  and  were  similar  to  the  Per- 
sians. Carma'na,  the  capital,  was  some  distance  in  the  interior.  Its  name 
is  now  Kerman.  Ilarmo'zia  was  on  the  sea-coast.  In  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, when  tiie  Moguls  invaded  Carma'nia,  the  inhabitants  retired  to  the 
little  island  Tyri'nc,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  their  town.  In  mora 
recent  times,  it  was  distinguished  for  its  commerce,  and  under  the  name  of 
Ormus,  its  wealth  became  proverbial. 


GEDRO    SIA. 

5.  Gedro'sia  lay  weshvard  of  the  river  Indus.  It  is  now  called 
Beloochistan'.  It  is  a  region  composed  of  arid  mountains  and 
sandy  plains.  In  traversing  its  deserts,  the  annies  of  Semir'amia 
and  Cyrus  were  nearly  destioyed  ;  and  the  soldiers  of  Alexander's 
army  suflered  intensely  by  the  heat  of  the  chmate  and  the  want 
of  water. 

G.  Fish  and  tnrtles  are  still  plentiful  on  its  shores,  and  form  nearly  the 
sole  food  of  the  people.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  called  by  the  Grceka 
Iclithyoph'agi,  or  eaters  of  fish,  and  Chelanoph'agi,  or  eaters  of  turtlea. 
Their  dwellings,  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  wood,  were  constructed  of  the 
bones  of  fish  and  the  shells  of  turtles.  Near'cbus,  the  admiral  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  sailed  along  the  coast  of  this  region  in  his  celebrated  voyage  from 
India  to  the  Euphra'tes.  

Q.  1.  Describe  Susiana.  2.  What  is  said  of  the  modern  name  ?  Of  tno 
chief  rivers?  Describe  Susa.  What  was  it  ?  What  did  Alexander  find  in 
it?  3.  Describe  Carmania.  4.  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants?  Of  tne 
capital?  Ilarmozia?  5.  Describe  Gedrosia.  What  occurred  in  traversing 
its  deserts  7     G.  What  are  still  plentiful,  &c.  ?     What  did  the  Greeks  call 


CLASSICAL    GEOGUAPHy. 


a'ria,    or   aria'na. 

7.  A'ru,  or  Aria'na,  lay  north  of  Gedro'sia  and  east  of  Media. 
It  occupied  the  whole  of  what  is  now  Afghanistan',  as  well  as  a 
portion  of  Independent  Tartary.  The  chief  divisions  were,  Mar- 
gia'na  in  the  north,  A'ria  and  Drangia'na  in  the  centre,  and 
Aracho'sia  in  the  south. 

8.  The  whole  region  was  for  a  time  a  part  of  tlie  Persian'  empire,  subse- 
quently of  the  Grcco-Bac'trian  kingdom,  and  afterwards  it  belonged  to  the 
Parthians.  Tlie  inhabitants  were  called  the  A'rii.  The  Mcdes  were  origi- 
nally  the  same  people.  The  Etyman'der  was  the  jirincipal  river,  and  the 
lalve  A'ria,  into  wiiicli  it  flowed,  was  the  largest  lake.  The  Paropami'sus 
mountains  extended  from  cast  to  west  tlirough  the  country. 

9.  Margia'na.  —  Margia'na  lay  on  the  north  side  of  the  Paropami'sus 
mountains.  Though  surrounded  by  deserts,  it  was  a  populous  and  fertile 
country.  The  vines  grew  so  large  that  two  men  could  scarcely  grasp  one 
stem,  and  the  clusters  of  grapes  attained  a  great  size.  TJie  Romans  who 
were  taken  prisoners  at  the  defeat  of  Crassus  were  sent  hither.  Many  of 
them  intermarried  with  the  inliabitants,  and  hence  were  unwilling  to  return 
to  Rome  when  sent  for  by  Augustus.  The  capital,  Antiochi'a  Margia'na, 
was  built  by  Antiochus  L  where  Alexandria,  an  older  cit}',  had  stood. 

10.  A'ria. — The  province  of  A'ria  gave  name  to  the  whole  region.  It  lay 
south  of  Margia'na ;  it  was  a  fertile  and  populous  district,  and  was  noted 
for  the  excellence  of  its  wine,  which,  it  was  said,  would  keep  for  three  gene- 
rations.    A'ria  was  tlie  chief  town. 

11.  Drangia'na  lay  eastward  of  A'ria.  The  inhabitants  comprised  several 
tribes,  one  of  whom,  tlie  Agrias'pe,  was  called  by  Cyrus  Ever'getse  (Bene 
factors),  because  they  saved  many  of  his  soldiers  irom  perishing  in  tl)e 
desert.  These  people  formed  a  little  republic,  and  were  greatly  superior  in 
manners  and  customs  to  tlie  surrounding  barbarians  :  hence  Alexander  con- 
ferred several  privileges  upon  them.     Agrias'pe  was  tlieir  principal  city. 

12.  Prophtha'sia,  where  Alexander  caused  Philo'tus,  the  son  of  Parme'- 
nio,  to  be  put  to  death,  was  the  chief  town  of  a  tribe  called  the  Zarangts'i. 
The  Paropamis'ada3  were  a  barbarous  people,  who  lived  among  the  Paropa- 
mi'sus mountains.  From  one  of  their  tribes,  the  Cabol'ittE,  the  modern  name 
Cabul  is  derived.  The  Parthians  called  the  province  of  Aracho'sia  India 
Alba,  or  White  India,  because  the  inhabitants,  wJio  were  of  white  complex- 
ion, had  been  at  one  time  the  subjects  of  an  Indian  monarch. 

Map  No.  1.  —  Point  out  Susiana,  Carmania,  Gedrosia,  Aria,  Margiana, 
Drangiana,  Arachosia.     What  gulf  lay  south  of  Susiana  ?     What  sea  lay 


the  people?  What  is  said  of  their  dwellings?  Of  Nearchns  ?  7.  De- 
scribe Aria  or  Ariana.  What  were  its  chief  divisions  ?  8.  Of  v.'hat  was 
the  whole  a  part?  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?  Of  the  Etymandcr  ? 
Lake  Aria  ?  Paropamisus  mountains  ?  9.  Describe  Margiana.  What  is 
said  of  the  vines?  Of  the  Romans?  The  capital,  <.tc.  ?  10.  Describe' 
Aria.  11.  Drangiana.  What  is  said  of  the  Agriaspo  ?  Wliat  did  these 
people  form,  &c.  ?  12.  What  occurred  at  Prophthasia  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  Paropamisadae,  &c.  ?     Of  Arachosia  ? 


PART  II  I  A,    IIVRCANIA,   ETC.  49 

south  of  Cartnania  and  Gedrosia?  E.  What  river  separated  Arachosia  and 
Drungiana  ?  Into  wliat  lake  did  the  Etymandcr  river  flow  ?,  Wliat  river 
l.'ounded  Gedrosia  and  Aracliosia  on  the  east  ?  "  What  mountains  lay  north 
of  Draiigiana?  What  river  separated  Margiana  from  Soj^diana  ?  Point 
out  Susa,  Ilarmozia,  Pura,  Aria.  Wliat  connnandcr  sailed  along-  the  coasts 
ot^  Gedrosia  and  Carniania  ?  At  what  lime  was  his  voyage  peribrmcd  ? 
liow  many  years  is  it  sinee  that  period? 

Map  No.  5. — What  river  hounded  Susiana  on  the  west?  What  rivers 
flowed  into  the  Tig^ris  in  Susiana  ?  What  country  lay  west  of  Susiana? 
What  city  lay  on  the  Tigris  ? 

20 


PAR'THIA,  HYRCA'NIA,   BACTRIA'NA,  ETC 

1.  Par'tiiia  was  at  first  a  province  in  the  northeast  of  Persia, 
and  bordering  on  Scyth'ia  ;  it  subsequently  became  the  centre  of 
an  important  empire,  which,  at  the  height  of  its  power,  B.  C.  40, 
extended  from  the  river  Euphrates  to  the  Ox'us,  and  from  the 
Caspian  to  the  Arabian  Sea.  Hecatom'pylos  was  the  first  capital, 
but  afterwards  Ctes'iphon  became  the  winter,  and  Ecbat'ana  the 
summer  residenoe  of  the  Parthian  monarchy. 

2.  The  Par'thians  were  a  hardy  and  warhke  race,  and  were 
originally  of  Scyth'ian  origin.  They  fought  only  on  horseback, 
and  discharged  their  arrows  with  unerring  precision  even  when 
on  full  gallop,  and  with  equal  skill  whether  advancing  or  retreat- 
ing ;  so  that  their  flight  was  often  as  dangerous  as  their  attack. 

3.  They  were  subject  successively  to  the  Persians,  the  Macedonians,  and 
the  Syrians ;  the  tyranny  of  the  latter  prompted  the  Partliians,  under  the 
command  of  Arsa'ccs,  to  rise  against  them  :  they  drove  out  the  Syrians,  and 
established  their  independence.  Arsa'ces  then  became  king,  and  subjected 
to  his  arms,  first  Persia,  and  subsequently  some  of  the  adjacent  States.  His 
successors  continued  his  career  of  victory,  and  tlius  established  the  Par'thian 
empire,  which  existed  for  almost  500  years.  The  race  of  princes  who  sue 
ceedcd  Arsa'ccs  were  called,  from  him,  the  Arsae'ida;. 

4.  The  Romans  had  frequent  contests  with  the  Par'tliians,  but  never  could 
gain  any  permanent  advantage  over  them.  Cras'sus,  the  colleague  of  Cse'sar 
and  Pompcy,  was  defeated  with  great  loss  in  IMcsopotamia.  Phraa'tes,  one 
of  the  Par'tliian  kings,  to  obtain  the  favour  of  Augustus,  restored  the  Roman 
standards  and  other  trophies  which  had  been  taken,  on  the  defeat  of  Cras'sus, 
Tra'jan  subsequently  conquered  a  portion  of  Par'thia,but  it  was  soon  retaken. 

5.  The  constant  wars  which  the  Par'thians  waged  with  the  Romans, 


Q.  1.  Describe  Parthia.  Its  extent.  Hecatompylos,  (fee.  2.  Describe  the 
Parthians.  Their  mode  of  fighting.  3.  To  whom  were  they  subject  ?  To 
wliat  did  the  tyranny  of  the  Syrians  prompt  them  ?  What  then  occurred  7 
What  is  said  of  Arsaccs?  What  were  his  successors  called?  4.  Wliat  is 
said  of  the  Romans  ?  Of  Crassus  7  Of  Phraatcs  ?  5.  What  was  the 
cflcct  of  the  constant  wars  ?  What  was  Artabanus  ?  What  occurred  ID  tUB 
5  D 


50  CLASSICAL   Gi5  0  GRAPH  Y. 

gradually  weakened  their  power  and  produced  internal  dissension.  Arta- 
ba'nus  was  tlie  last  king.  In  his  time  Artaxerx'es,  a  commander  in  his 
service,  overthrew  tiie  government,  and  founded  the  second  Persian  empire, 
which  existed,  under  his  successors  tiie  Sassan'idee,  until  the  time  of  the 
Saracens. 

hyrca'nia. 

6.  Hyrca'nia  was  once  an  extensive  country,  but  became  gra 
riuiilly  restricted  in  dimensions;  it  lay  on  the  southeast  coast  of 
tiie  Caspian,  and  from  it  the  latter  received  its  early  name,  Hyr- 
ca  num,  or  Hyrca'nian  Sea. 

7.  This  country  was  noted  for  its  tigers  and  serpents ;  the  soutliern  part 
was  fertile  in  vines,  figs,  and  olives.  The  inhabitants  were  of  Scyth'ian 
origin,  and  similar  to  the  Parthians :  they  had  at  one  time  kings  of  their 
crwn,  but  were  conquered  by  tlie  Par'thians,  and  became  a  province  of  their 
empire.     Zadracar'ta,  or  Hyrca'nia,  was  the  capitaL 

BACT  RI a'n  A. 

8.  Bactria'na,  or  Bac'tria,  lay  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
Paropami'sus  Mountains.  It  corresponded  to  that  part  of  Inde- 
pendent Tartary  now  called  Koondooz.  On  account  of  its  favour- 
able position  and  its  fertility,  it  became  at  an  early  period  a 
civilized  and  important  kingdom. 

9.  It  was  conquered  by  Cyrus,  and  subsequently  by  Alexander  the  Great 
On  his  decease,  it  became  a  province  of  the  Syrian  kingdom  of  Seleucus 
Nicator.  Dioda'tus,  the  Greek  governor  of  Bac'tria,  threw  off  his  allegiance, 
254  B.  C,  to  Anti'ochus  II.,  king  of  Syria,  and  founded  the  Greco-Bac'trian 
kingdom.  His  successors  extended  their  dominions  to  the  Ganges  and  the 
frontiers  of  China.  About  the  year  140  B.  C,  Bactria'na  was  subdued  by  the 
Par'thians,  since  which  time  it  has  been  almost  unknown,  and  it  is  not  de- 
termined whether  any  traces  of  its  Grecian  origin  remain. 

10.  Bac'tra,  the  capital,  was  an  ancient  and  important  city  ;  here  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  in  a  fit  of  frenzy,  murdered  his  friend  Cli'tus,  for  having 
ventured  to  prefer  the  actions  of  Piiilip  totliose  of  his  son.  Near  to  Bac'tra 
was  Cari'atffi,  where  the  philosopher  Callis'thenes  was  put  to  death  by  Alex- 
ander, for  refusing  to  pay  him  divine  honours. 

sogdia'na. 

11.  Sogdia'na  lay  between  the  Ox'us  and  laxartes  rivers,  and 
is  now  included  in  Bokhara  or  Bucharia :  it  was  a  fine,  fertile 
region,  and  was  famous  for  the  excellence  of  its  fruits.    In  remote 

lime  ?  6.  Describe  Hyrcania.  7.  For  what  was  it  noted  ?  What  is  said 
of  the  southern  par.  ?  Of  the  inhabitants  ?  What  city  was  the  capital  7 
8.  Describe  Bactriana.  Wliat  did  it  become,  &:.c.  ?  9.  By  whom  was  it  con- 
quered, &.C.  ?  What  is  said  of  Diodatus  ?  What  kingdom  did  he  found? 
Wliat  is  said  of  his  successors?  Of  the  extent  of  their  dominions?  At  what 
tune  and  by  whom  was  Bactriana  subdued  ?  10.  Describe  Bactra.  Wliat 
occurred  there?  At  Cariatm  ?  11.  Describe  Sogdiana.  To  whom  was  it 
■ubject,  &,c.  ?     12.  What  is  said  of  Maracanda  ?     Nautaca  ? 


ASIATIC    S  ARM  ATI  A  51 

agvs  it  was  by  turns  subject  to  the  Assyrians,  the  Medes,  the  Per- 
sians and  the  Macedonians.  It  belonged  to  the  Greco-Bac'ti-iaa 
kingdom,  and  afterwards  to  the  Parthians. 

12.  Maracan'dtu,  now  Sam'arcand,  was  the  capital;  it  is  situated  in  a  dis- 
trict so  fertile  and  beautiful,  that  tlie  Arabs  considered  it  one  of  the  three 
paradises  of  the  cast.  It  was  llie  metropolis  of  Tani'erlane's  vast  empire. 
In  the  vicinity  was  Nau'taca,  where  Bes'sus,  the  Persian  satrap  of  Bactria' 
na,  who  beliaved  so  traitorously  to  Dari'us,  was  taken  and  put  to  death  by 
order  of  Alexander.  Cyrop'olis  was  built  by  Cyrus,  to  mark  the  utmost 
limits  of  his  conquests  in  this  quarter.  Near  it  was  Alexandria,  or  AlexiLiw 
dria  Ultima,  the  most  remote  city  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

Map  No.  1.  —  What  country  lay  east  of  Parthia?  What  country  lay 
west?  South?  A-  North?  S.  Point  out  Hyrcania,  Persia,  Carniania, 
Media,  Aria,  Gedrosia,  Arachosia,  Drangiana,  Mar^iana,  B.ictriana,  and 
Sofjdiana.  These  ditlerent  countries  with  Parthia  Proper  formed  tlie  Par- 
thian  empire.  What  mountains  bounded  Bactriana  on  the  south  ?  What 
river  on  the  north?  Wliat  river  bounded  Sojrdiana  on  tlie  south?  On  tho 
north?/ What  towns  lay  on  the  laxartes  river?  Point  out  Ilecatompylos. 
Bactra.  Maracanda.  Tlie  Oxus  and  laxartes  rivers  flow  into  the  Aral 
Sea.  This  body  of  water  is  supposed  to  have  been  unknown  to  the  ancients, 
a«  no  account  is  found  of  it  in  any  ancient  author. 

ASIAT'IC   SARMA'TIA. 

1.  Asiat'ic  Sarma'tia  lay  north  of  the  Cau'casus  Mountains  ;  it 
extended  from  the  Eux'ine  Sea  and  the  Pa'lus  Maeo'tis  to  the  Cas'  • 
pian  Sea ;  on  the  north  were  the  rivers  Rha  and  Tan'ais.  The 
interior  of  the  country  was  but  little  known,  the  inhabitants  wor« 
rude  and  barbarous,  yet  the  Milesians  settled  commercial  colonies 
on  its  shores  as  early  as  700  B,  C. 

2.  Tiie  principal  tribes  were  the  MfEo'tte,  Ala'ni,  Sir'aces  and  Acluv'u 
The  latter  were  noted  pirates.  The  Sir'aces  were  probably  the  progenitors 
of  the  modern  Circassians.  Phanago'ria  and  Tan'ais  were  the  principal 
Greek  colonies;  the  latter  was  a  great  emporium  of  trade  with  the  Scylh'i- 
ans.  The  Ani'azons,  when  they  left  Pontus,  settled  in  the  country  near  the 
mouth  and  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Rha,  aller  which  their  names  disap- 
pear from  history. 

S  C  Y  T  H  '  I  A  . 

3.  In  remote  times,  Scyth'ia  extended  over  the  whole  of  North- 
em  Europe  and  Asia,  but  the  name  of  the  European  division  was 
subsequently  changed  to  Sarma'tia,  and  the  western  hmits  of  the 
Asiatic  portion  were  restricted  to  the  river  Rha  and  the  Cas'pian  Sea, 

4.  Scyth'ia  comprised  two  great  divisir.ns,  separated  from  each 
other  by  the  Ima'us  Mountains,  viz.,  Scyth'ia  Intra  Ima'um,  and 

Q.  1.  Describe  the  position  of  Asiatic  Sarraatia.  What  is  said  of  the 
interior  ?  Of  the  Milesians  ?  2.  Mention  the  principal  tribes.  What  is 
said  of  the  Alani  and  tho  Siraces?  Of  Phanagoria,  &,c.  ?  Of  the  Ama- 
tons  ?    3,  What  is  said  of  Scytliia  ?    What  did  it  comprific  7    4.  What  did 


52  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

Scyth'ia  Extra  Ima'um,  or  Scytliia  within,  and  Scyth'ia  beyond 
Imaus.  The  first  included  a  part  of  Independent  Tartaiy,  and 
the  other  Little  Bucha'ria,  Soonga'ria,  JMongo'lia  and  Thibet'. 

5.  Tlie  Scyth'ians  were  divided  into  many  different  tribes,  the  chief  part 
of  whom  led  a  roving  life,  and  were  similar  in  almost  every  respect  to  their 
descendants,  the  wandering  Tartars  of  modern  times.  They  were  inured  to 
hardship  and  fatigue,  were  skilful  horsemen  and  expert  in  the  use  of  the  bow 

6.  The  chief  tribes  in  Western  Scyth'ia  were  the  Am'azons,  Aor'sii,Noros'sii 
Cachas'srp,  Aspis'ii,  An'nibi,Choras'mii,  Barca'nii,  Massag'etEe,&c,  In  East 
ern  Scyth'ia  were  the  Sa'caj,  ChauranED'i,  Cha'tha-Scy'tha',  Ottorocor'rse,»fcc.; 
the  latter  were  noted  for  the  salubrity  of  their  climate,  the  fertility  of  their 
soil,  and  their  supposed  exemption  from  nearly  all  the  evils  of  humanity. 
The  foregoing  tribes  arc  only  a  portion  of  those  met  with  in  ancient  aiv 
tliors:  hardly  anytliing  is  known  of  them  but  their  names. 

7.  The  Massag'ctfB  and  the  Sa'ccB  were  among  the  most  important  of  the 
Scythian  tribes.  Tom'yris,  a  queen  of  the  former,  according  to  some  au- 
tliors,  defeated  the  forces  of  Cyrus,  who  was  killed  in  the  battle,  which 
occurred  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Caucasus  Mountains.  Some  of  the  Scyth'ian 
tribes  became  in  time  engaged  in  the  caravan  trade  carried  on  between  the 
commercial  nations  of  Europe  and  Western  Asia,  with  the  people  of  Scr'ica, 
Turris  Lapid'ea,  or  the  Stone  Tower,  now  Tashkent,  was  a  noted  station 
for  merchants  in  the  country  of  the  Massag'etoe.  Indo  Scyth'ia,  which  lay 
east  of  Bactria'na,  corresponded  for  the  most  part  with  Little  Thibet'.  No 
particulars  of  its  inhabitants  arc  known,  except  that  they  consisted  partly 
of  Indian  and  partly  of  Scyth'ian  tribes. 

ser'i  c  a. 

8.  Ser'ica,  the  country  of  the  Se'res,  lay  east  of  Scyth'ia :  it  was 
one  of  the  most  remote  regions  known  to  the  ancients,  and  is  be- 
lieved to  correspond  with  Northern  China.  It  was  the  first  part 
of  the  earth  in  which  silk  was  produced.  Se'ra  was  the  capital :' 
some  suppose  that  it  stood  on  the  spot  now  occupied  by  Pekiu, 
but  its  position  is  a  matter  of  doubt. 

9.  The  people  of  India  traded  at  an  early  period  with  Scr'ica,  and  from 
Ihem  the  Greeks  and  Romans  acquired  their  earliest  knowledge  of  that 
region,  and  first  received  its  productions.  Silk  was  carried  to  Rome  in  tlie 
time  of  Augustus  ;  it  was  eagerly  bought  by  the  rich,  and  for  a  long  time 
it  sold  for  its  weight  in  gold.  The  licentious  Heliogab'alus  was  the  first 
Roman  who  wore  a  dress  wholly  of  silk;  it  was  mentioned  by  the  authors 
of  the  time  as  an  instance  of  almost  criminal  prodigality. 

10.  In  the  reign  of  Justin'ian,  A.  D.  592,  two  Persian  monks  brought 
Bome  eggs  of  the  silk-worm  from  the  East  to  Constantinople ;  from  that 
time  the  art  of  producing  and  manufacturing  silk  was  gradually  introduced 

those  divisions  include  ?  5.  How  were  the  Scythians  divided  ?  Tr  ,,Aom 
were  they  similar?  To  what  were  they  inured?  6.  I\Icntion  t\,j  chief 
tribes  in  Western  Scytliia.  In  Eastern  Seythia  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Otto- 
rocorrte?  7.  Of  the  Massagetfc  and  Sacaj  ?  Of  Tomyris  ?  In  what  did 
some  of  the  Scythian  tribes  engage  ?  What  is  said  of  Turris  Lapidca  ? 
Of  Indo  Scytliia  ?  8.  Describe  Seriea.  What  was  first  produced  there  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  capital  ?  9.  Of  the  people  of  India?  When  was  silk 
first  brought  to  Rome,  &.c.  ?     What  is  said  of  Hciiogabalus  ?     10.  Whai 


t 


INDIA.  03 

into  various  European  countries.  The  Greeks  called  the  silk-worm  Ser: 
hence  the  term  Sc'res  for  tlie  people,  and  Scr'ica  for  the  country,  were  deiived; 
tlicse  names,  however,  were  unknown  to  the  inhabitants. 

11.  Scr'ica  is  described  to  liavc  been  fruitful  and  well  cultivated,  and  the 
people  as  quiet,  peaceable  and  industrious,  precisely  such  as  the  Chinese 
now  are.  One  of  the  latest  Roman  writers  mentions  a  great  wall  which 
encircled  the  country  of  tlie  Se'rcs,  and  which,  tliere  is  no  doubt,  is  the 
same  that  is  now  called  the  Great  Wall  of  China. 

12.  The  Issed'ones  dwelt  on  the  western  limits  of  Scr'ica;  they  traded  ia 
tiie  silks  and  other  productions  of  the  Se'res,  and  transmitted  them  wcst^ 
ward  to  Europe.  Their  town.s  were  Isse'don  Scy th'ia,  and  Isse'don  Scr'ica ; 
the  former  was  on  the  OEch'ardcs  river,  the  same  probably  as  the  Cash'gar. 
Northward  were  the  Abii,  a  people  highly  commended  by  the  ancients  for 
their  justness.  Some  autliors  place  this  nation  on  the  banks  of  the  River 
Tan'ais.  Still  more  remote  were  the  fabulous  Hippophagi  and  Anthro- 
pophagi.   • 

Map  No.  5.  —  What  sea  bounded  Asiatic  Sarmatia  on  the  east?  On  the 
west  ?  South-west  ?  What  rivers  on  the  nortli  ?  What  range  of  moun- 
tains in  tlic  south  ?  What  rivers  flowed  into  the  Euxine  Sea  ?  The  Cas- 
pian ?  The  Tanais  River  ?  Point  out  the  rivers  mentioned  in  tiie  text 
The  towns. 

Map  No.  1. — Point  out  the  river  Rha.  The  Daix.  The  laxartes.  The 
ffichardcs.  The  Indus.  Point  out  the  Imaus  Mountains.  The  Ottoro- 
corrae.  The  Annibi.  The  Hyperborean  or  Riphcan.  Point  out  the  tribes 
mentioned  in  tlie  text.  Point  out  Serica.  On  what  river  did  it  lay  ?  Point 
out  Sera.  The  Isscdoncs.  Isscdon  Serica.  Issedon  Scythia.  Point  out 
the  Abii. 

22 


INDIA. 

I.  India  has  been  from  the  earliest  times  a  renoumed  country, 
and  has  with  the  western  nations  always  borne  the  same  name. 
It  lay  eastward  of  the  river  Indus  and  the  Erj-thra^'an  sea,  and 
comprised  two  great  divisions :  viz.,  India  intra  and  India  extra 
Gan'gem,  India  within  and  India  beyond  the  Ganges.  The  same 
divisions  are  still  recognised  by  geographers,  but  are  unknown  to 
the  inhabitants. 

2.  The  ancients  regarded  India  as  the  richest  and  most  fertile  region  in 
the  East,  and  its  spices,  precious  stones,  and  manufactures  were  highly 
prized.  In  Alexander's  time  it  contained  a  hundred  different  nations  ;  tlie 
inhabitants  v/ere  divided  into  seven  castes,  though  now  there  are  but  four. 
The  Brachma'nes,  or  Gymnosophis'tae,  were  the  philosophers  and  priests, 
and  were  the  same  as  the  Bramins  of  our  day. 

occurred  in  the  reign  of  Justinian  ?  What  tlicn  took  place?  What  did 
the  Greeks  call  the  silk-worm,  &c.  ?  11.  How  is  Serica  described  ?  What 
is  mfniii  led  by  a  Roman  writer?  12.  What  is  said  of  the  Issedones  T 
Of  their  tcR-ns  ?     Of  the  Abii,  &.c.  ? 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  India?     Describe  its  position.     Its  divisions.     2. 
How  did  tiie  ancients  regard  this  region  ?     What  did  it  contain  in  Alexan- 
5* 


{,4  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


INDIA  INTRA  GAN'GEM. 

3.  India  intra  Gan'gem,  India  within  the  Ganges,  or  Hithei 
India,  corresponds  to  Hindostan.  Its  chief  rivers  are  the  Indus 
and  the  Ganges ;  westward  lay  the  Erythra3'an  Sea,  and  eastward 
the  Ganget'icus  Si'nus,  or  Gulf  of  the  Ganges  :  on  the  north  were 
the  Emo'di,  and  along  the  western  coast  the  Bet'tigo  Mountains. 

4.  The  southern  part  of  this  region  was  called  Dachinab'ades :  hence  ths 
modern  term  Deccan,  or  the  south.  Lari'ce  was  a  district  southward  of  the 
Indus :  still  furtlier  south  was  Cotton'ara,  a  district  noted  for  its  pepper. 
North  of  the  Dyarda'nes  or  Burrampoo'ter,  in  what  is  now  Tiiibet',  the 
tribes  called  Indapra'thjE  and  tli£  Iberin'gse  resided ;  but  nothing  more  than 
their  names  are  known. 

5.  Baryg'aza,  Muzi'ris  and  Bar'ace,  or  Nelcyn'da,  were  towns  famous  for 
their  trade  by  sea  with  Egypt.  This  trade  commenced  in  the  time  of 
Augustus.  The  ships  proceeded  from  Bereni'ce,  and  My'os  Hor'mos,  on  the 
Red  Sea,  to  Oce'lis,  a  great  emporium  in  Southern  Arabia,  from  whence  they 
sailed  by  the  S.  W.  monsoon  to  India,  and  then  returned  to  Bereni'ce  in 
about  a  year  after  their  departure. 

6.  On  the  Ganges  stood  Palib'othra,  a  large  and  populous  city,  the  capi- 
tal of  tlie  Pra'sii  and  Gangar'idse.  Oze'ne,  Plith'ana  and  Tag'ara,  were 
cities  in  the  interior,  noted  for  their  extensive  commerce.  A  number  of  other 
cities,  both  on  the  coast  and  in  the  interior,  are  mentioned  by  ancient 
authors,  but  of  which  nothing  can  now  be  recognised. 

7.  Until  the  invasion  of  Alexander  the  Great,  the  Greeks  knew  India 
only  by  report.  Long  previous  to  that  tim.e,  however,  Semir'amis,  and  tlieri 
Sesos'tris,  penetrated  tJiither,  and  subsequently,  Cyrus  and  Dari'us  Hystas'- 
pes  carried  their  arms  beyond  the  Indus.  Alexander's  inroad  only  extended 
to  the  Hyph'asis  river,  from  the  banks  of  which  stream  he  descended  to  the 
Indus,  and  the  sea,  and  then  marched  westward  across  the  desert  of  Ge- 
dro'sia  to  Babylon. 

8.  Near  the  Hydas'pes  river  Alexander  vanquished  Po'rus,  an  Indian 
monarch,  and  took  liim  prisoner.  The  latter  was  wounded  in  tJie  contest : 
on  being  asked  by  liis  conqueror  how  he  would  be  treated,  he  replied  v.-ith 
dignity,  "  Like  a  king."  Alexander,  pleased  with  his  deportment,  restored 
his  kingdom,  and  the  two  princes  became  firm  friends.  Seleu'cus  Nica'tor 
•acxt  invaded  India,  and  was  the  first  Greek  who  advanced  to  the  Ganges. 


dern  time  ?  How  were  the  inhabitants  divided  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  India 
intsa  Gangcm?  Mention  its  chief  rivers.  Its  position.  Its  moimtains. 
4.  The  southern  part,  &lc.  5.  What  is  said  of  B^rygaza  and  other  cities  7 
The  trade  to  Egypt  ?  6.  Wiiat  capital  stood  on  the  Ganges  ?  What  otlier 
cities  are  named,  &c..  1  7.  What  did  the  Greeks  know  of  India  previous  to 
Alexander's  invasion?  What  is  said  of  Semiramis  ?  Sesostris?  Cyrus, 
&LC.  ?  Describe  Alexander's  inroad.  His  subsequent  course.  8.  What 
occurred  on  the  Hydaspcs  river  ?  What  is  said  of  Porus  ?  His  reply  to 
Alexander?     What  tlicn  occurred?     What  is  said  of' Seleucus  Nicator? 


SINARUM    REGIO. 


55 


Torus  and  Alexander. 

Tlic  Romans  never  readied  this  region  as  conquerors,  being  excluded  by 
Uic  Partliiajis,  but  their  commerce,  carried  on  through  Egypt  and  Arabia, 
was  very  extensive. 

9.  Taprob'ana  was  a  rich  and  fertile  island;  the  inhabitants  were  said  to 
attain  to  a  great  age.  In  the  centre  was  Mount  Malea,  now  Adam's  Peak. 
Sindocan'do,  Arubin'gara,  and  Corclii  were  among  the  chief  towns.  The 
latter  was  famed  in  ancient  times  for  its  pearl  fishery.  It  is  now  called 
CuUatoor,  and  still  retains  its  ancient  fame. 

INDIA  EXTRA  GAN'GEM. 

10.  India  extra  Gan'gem,  India  beyond  the  Gan'ges,  or  Farther 
India,  corresponds  to  Birmah,  Siam,  Anam,  and  Malacca.  Its 
great  rivers  were  the  Dyarda'nes,  Sabar'acus,  Se'rus  and  Coti'aris, 
or  Se'nus.  The  interior  was  supposed  to  be  rich  in  different 
metals ;  hence  the  names  of  Au'rea  regio,  Argen'tea  regio,  and 
Chalci'tis  regio,  or  the  regions  of  Gold,  Silver,  and  Copper,  were 
applied  to  various  inland  districts. 

11.  The  Aurea  Chersone'sus'  is  now  Malaya,  or  IMalacca.  Its  southern 
ca])e  was  Magnum  Promontorium,ori\Ia]pi  Colon,  near  to  which  was  Zaba,  a 
noted  emporium ;  eastward  was  the  Si'nus  IMagnus.  or  Great  Ray ;  westward, 
tiie  Perimu'licus  Sinus,  or  Gulf,  separated  the  Aurea  Chersone'sus  from  laba'- 
dii,  an  island,  supposed  to  be  Sumatra;  northward  were  the  Mani'olaj  and 
I'ontE  Fortu'nae  islands :  the  former  was  said  to  attract  and  hold  fast  all  ships 
built  with  iron  nails. 

SINA'Rmi  REGIO. 

12.  SixA'utTM  Regio,  or  country  of  the  Since,  or  Thinae,  was,  with 
Serica,  the  most  eastern  country  known  to  the  ancients.     It  is 


The  Romans  ?  9.  What  is  said  of  Taprobana  ?  The  chief  towns  ?  What 
was  Colchi  famed  for.  10.  Describe  India  extra  Gangcm.  The  interior, 
0.C  11.  Describe  Aurea  Chersoncsus.  Wliat  lay  eastward?  West- 
ward?    Northward?  '  12.  What  is  said  of  Sinarum  Regio?     Of  the  prin. 


yS  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

supposed  to  correspond  to  Central  and  Southern  China,  and  Cochin 
China.  The  Seman-thinse,  Ura-thinse,  and  An-thinae  were  the 
only  tribes  known. 

13.  Tlie  inhabitants,  like  the  Chinese,  rigidly  excluded  foreigners  from 
their  country,  yet  they  traded  with  the  neighbouring  nations,  and  furnished 
them  with  the  Malobathrum ;  an  article  the  precise  nature  of  which  has 
not  been  recognised  in  modern  times.  Thinas,  Cattigarra,  and  Sinaruni 
Metrop'olis,  were  cities  in  this  region. 

Map  No.  1. —  Point  out  the  Indus.  The  Ganges.  Dyardanes.  Sahara- 
cus.  Cotiaris.  Namadus.  Goaris.  Chaberis.  What  streams  flow  into  the 
Erythraean  sea  ?  Into  the  Gulf  of  the  Ganges,  or  Gangetuni  Sinus  ?  Into 
the  Magnus  Sinus  ?  Point  out  the  Hydaspes.  Acesines.  Hydraotes. 
Hyphasis.  These  five  rivers  water  the  country  now  called  the  Punjab.  The 
Hyphasis  was  the  eastern  limits  of  Alexander's  conquests.  On  its  banks  he 
built  twelve  great  altars  to  perpetuate  the  boundary  of  his  career.  Point 
out  the  cities  named  in  the  text.  The  district  of  Larice.  Cottonara.  Da- 
chinabades.  The  Prasii.  The  Gangaridoe.  The  Aurea  Regio.  Argeru 
tea  Regio.  Chalcitis  Regio.  The  Aurea  Chersonesus.  Ibadii  island. 
Manioloe  Is.  Bona;  Fortunae  Is.  Point  out  the  Sinae  or  Thinse,  and  the 
Barras. 

AFRICA. 

1.  Af'rica  was,  next  to  Asia,  the  earliest  settled  portion  of  the 
globe.  Its  inhabitants  were  the  descendants  of  Ham,  the  son  of 
Noah ;  and  though  it  became  the  seat  of  some  of  the  most  civil- 
ized and  improved  States  of  ancient  times,  it  is  now  the  least 
known  and  the  most  barbarous  part  of  the  earth. 

2.  The  term  Af'rica  is  derived  from  the  Romans.  It  was  at 
first  the  name  of  the  fertile  district  in  which  Car'thage  stood,  but 
was  at  length  applied  to  the  whole  region.  It  is  a  Phoenician 
word,  and  signifies  ears  of  com.  The  coast  south  of  Greece,  now 
Bar'ca,  was  in  early  times  termed  Lib'ya,  by  the  Greeks,  but 
finally  they  called  the  whole  of  Af'rica  by  the  same  name. 

3.  The  ancient  geographers  supposed  that  Africa  was  much 
smaller  than  Europe,  and  most  of  them  believed  it  to  be  a  penin- 
sula, situated  altogether  on  the  north  side  of  the  equator.  Ptolemy 
lepresented  it  as  of  greater  extent ;  but  rejecting  the  idea  that  it 
was  surrounded  by  the  sea,  he  erroneously  imagined  that  its  east- 
ern coast  extended  so  as  to  join  that  of  Asia.     The  inland  regions 

cipal  tribes?  13.  Of  the  inhabitants  ?  Tlieir  trade  ?  Name  the  principal 
cities. 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  Africa  ?  Of  the  inhabitants,  «fec.  ?  From  wliom 
was  the  term  derived  ?  Wliat  further  is  said  of  it.  Of  the  coast  south  of 
Greece  ?     3.  What  was  the  opinion  of  the  ancient  geographers  ?     How  did 


AFRICA. 


57 


were  supposed  by  the  ancients  to  be  unfit  for  the  habitation  of 
civihzed  man,  from  the  heat  of  the  chmate  and  the  number  of  its 
ferocious  animals. 

4.  The  Atlas  were  tlic  principal  African  mountains  known  in  ancient 
times.  They  were  thoug-Jit  to  be  so  high  that  the  heavens  were  fabled  to 
rest  on  them  ;  hence,  in  the  Greek  mythology  these  mountains  were  per- 
sonified  by  Atlas,  a  gigantic  Titan,  wlio,  on  being  conquered  by  Jupiteij 
was  condemned  to  bear  the  vault  of  heaven  on  his  shoul(!<;rs.  At  the  sup» 
jvjscd  sources  of  the  Nile  arc  the  Lu'na)  Monies,  or  Mountains  of  tlie  Moon 
and  in  the  interior  were  others  mentioned  by  Ptol'emy. 

5.  The  ancients  regarded  the  Nile  not  only  as  the  largest  river  in  Africa, 
but  as  the  largest  in  the  world.  Like  the  moderns,  they  were  ignorant  of 
its  source,  and  believed  that  it  could  not  be  discovered ;  hence  they  made 
use  of  the  proverb,  "  Nili  caput  quaerere,"  to  denote  an  impossible  under- 
taking. 

6.  The  Gir  and  the  Nigir  or  Niger  were  rivers  in  this  region,  supposed  to  be 
the  same  as  the  Jol'iba  and  the  Djyr  or  Misselad.  The  Bag'radas  is  noted 
as  the  sttcam  on  whose  banks  Reg'ulus  and  Jiis  army  were  encountered  by  an 


Destruction  of  the  Great  Serpent  of  tlie  Bagratlas. 


enormous  serpent,  which  they  killed  with  stones  thrown  from  their  military 
engines.  The  Dar'adus  and  Bambo'tus  or  Sta'chir,  are  probably  the  same 
as  tlic  Senegal  and  Gambia.  The  Trito'nis,  Col'oe,  Nigri'tes,  Lib'ya  and  Cho- 
loni'des,  were  the  chief  African  lakes  known  to  the  ancient  geographers. 

7.  The  cliief  divisions  of  Ancient  Africa  were,  Ethio'pia,  Egypt,  Lib'ya, 
Africa  Proper,  Numid'ia,  Maurita'nia,  Gaitu'lia,  Phaza'nia,  Aza'nia,  or  Bar- 
ba'ria,  and  Zingis. 


Ptolemy  represent  it,  9cc.l  What  is  said  of  the  inland  regions?  4.  Of  the 
Atlas  Mo.u.tiiins?  How  were  thoy  personified  ?  Wliat  otiicr  mountains 
are  mentniiieii  ?  5.  IIow  did  the  ancients  regard  the  Nile?  WJiat  is  sriid 
of  its  soiree?  fi.  Of  the  Gir  and  the  Nigir?  The  Bagradcs?  The  Vw 
rudus,  &c.  ?    The  chief  lakes  ?     7.  Name  tlie  chief  divisions. 


CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


iETHIO'PIA  OR  ETHIO'PIA. 
8.  Ethio'pia  was  an  extensive  division  of  Africa,  which  com- 
prised Ethio'pia  sub  Eg}"pto  and  Ethio'pia  Interior.  The  foimer  is 
now  Nu'bia  and  Abyssin'ia.  In  remote  times  it  was  a  populous 
and  civilized  country.  Egypt  was  not  only  conquered  from  hence, 
but  is  believed  to  have  derived,  also,  the  original  of  those  arts  and 
institutions  which  have  rendered  her  name  so  celebrated. 

9.  It  contained  tlie  kin^ 
doms  of  Mer'oc  and  Aux'uine, 
the  capitals  of  wliich  wera 
cities  of  the  same  names. 
Nap'ata  and  Sir'bitum  wera 
towns  of  note  in  Mer'oe; 
Adu'lis,  in  Auxu'iiie,  a  port 
on  llie  Red  Sea,  was  famous 
for  its  trade  in  ivory.  The 
city  of  Aux'ume,  now  Axum, 
AncieDt  Obelisk  at  Aium,  80  feet  high.  still  cxlsts,  and  is  remarkable 

for  its  antiquities.     In  the   great  square,   alone,   there    are   forty   ancient 

ob'elisks,  one  of  which  is  eighty  feet  high. 

10.  The  kingdom  of  Mer'oe  comprised  the  peninsula  situated  between  tlie 
Astab'orus  and  As'tapus  rivers  and  the  Nile.  It  is  called  an  island  by 
ancient  writers,  and  is  said  to  become  so  still  during  the  rainy  season. 
The  political  power  was  vested  in  the  priests,  who  were  a  sacred  caste. 
They  chose  the  sovereign  out  of  their  own  order,  and  could  put  him  to  death, 
in  the  name  of  their  gods,  at  their  pleasure. 

11.  Like  those  of  Egypt,  their  temples,  obelisks,  and  other  public  build- 
ings, were  all  on  a  gigantic  scale,  though  tliey  do  not  display  in  their  con- 
struction so  high  a  degree  of  skill  as  the  former.  About  the  time  of  our 
Saviour  a  new  State  arose  on  the  ruins  of  Mer'oe,  one  of  the  sovereigns  of 
which  was  the  Queen  Can'dacc,  mentioned  in  the  New  Testament.  Her 
capital  was  Nap'ata,  on  the  Nile. 

12.  Among  the  rude  tribes  in  this  part  of  Africa,  some  lived  on  locusts, 
and  some  on  the  flesh  of  elephants  and  ostriches ;  the  last  two  were  called 
Elephantoph'agi,and  Struthoph'agi.  Tlie  Troglod'ytes,  a  race  of  rude  shep- 
herds, dwelt  in  caves.  The  Blem'myes  were  fabled  to  be  without  heads,  and 
to  have  their  eyes  and  mouths  in  their  breasts.  The  Pj'g'mies  were  a  nation 
of  dwarfs,  who  warred  with  the  cranes,  and  went  to  battle  mounted  on  the 
backs  of  goats  and  rams.  Recent  travellers  in  this  part  of  Africa  state, 
that  the  inhabitants  report  a  nation  of  diminutive  stature  as  still  resident  in 
the  interior. 

13.  The  Macro'bii  (long-lived),  one  of  the  most  noted  Ethiopian  nttions, 
reuidcd  south  of  Mer'oe.     These  people  are  described  as  a  handsome  and 

8.  What  is  said  of  Ethiopia  ?  Of  Ethiopia  sub  Egypto?  What  was  it 
in  remote  times?  9.  What  did  it  contain?  What  is  said  of  the  capitals? 
Of  the  other  towns  ?  Of  Auxume  ?  10.  Describe  the  kingdom  of  Meroe  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  political  power?  11.  Of  the  temples,  «fcc.  ?  What 
occurred  about  the  time  of  our  Saviour  ?  12.  Describe  the  mode  of  life 
pursued  by  the  rude  tribes,  &c.  13.  What  is  said  of  the  Macrobii?  Wliat 
age  was  not  uncommon  ?    Of  Cambyses  ? 


EGYPT.  59 

vigorous  race :  they  elected  tlie  tallest  among'  them  to  be  king.  The  age 
of  one  Jiiuuircd  and  twenty  years,  and  even  upwards,  was  not  uncommon 
among  them ;  hence  their  name.  Gold  was  so  ahiindant,  that  fetters  for 
prisoners  were  made,  it  is  said,  of  that  metal.  Cainhy'scs,  when  in  Egypt, 
marched  with  a  large  army  for  the  purpose  of  invading  the  Maiffo'bii,  but 
wus  obliged  to  return  long  before  he  arrived  at  their  country. 

Map  No.  1. —  Point  out  Mauritania,  Numidia,  and  the  other  divisions. 
Wliat  ocean  lay  west  of  Africa  ?  What  lay  north?  What  lay  east  of 
Etiiiopia  ?  East  of  Barbaria  and  Zingis  ?  What  straits  separated  Africa 
from  Europe  ?  From  Asia  ?  Point  out  the  rivers  Nile,  Nigir,  Gir,  Daradus, 
liambotus,  Alassitliolus,  Astaborus,  and  Astapus.  Into  what  river  do  tho 
two  last  liow  ?  Point  out  the  lakes  Tritonis,  Nigrites,  Libya,  Cliclonides, 
and  Coloe.  Point  out  the  Atlas  mountains, — Lunae,  Maste,  Mandrus,  Thala, 
and  Caplias.  What  islands  lay  on  the  west  coast?  Where  did  Harmo's 
voyage  terminate,  according  to  Gossclin  ?  According  to  Rennell?  Accord- 
ing to  Bougainville  ?  Point  out  Ethiopia.  Meroe.  Auxume.  The  cities 
of^  Napata.  Meroe.  Sirbitum.  Adulis.  Auxume.  The  Troglodytes. 
The  Macrobii. 

^ 

^GYPTUS,  OR  EGYPT. 


Portico  of  llie  Temple  of  Denderah, 


1.  Egypt,  m  ancient  times,  was  one  of  the  most  noted  coimtries 
m  the  world,  and  became  celebrated  at  a  very'  early  period.  In 
the  days  of  Abraham,  it  was  a  well-governed  and  important  State. 
In  the"  time  of  Moses,  the  Eg^^ptians  were  renowned  for  their 
learning,  and  from  them  the  Greelcs  derived  nearly  all  the  ele- 
ments of  their  knowledge. 

2.  Egj'-pt  occupies  the  narrow  valley  of  the  Nile  for  a  distance 
of  GOO  miles  southward  from  the  sea.  On  the  north  is  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  south,  lay  Ethiopia ;  east,  the  Arabian  Gulf,  or  Red 
Sea ;  west,  Libya  and  the  Great  Desert.  Its  most  important  fea- 
ture was  the  river  Nile,  whose  annual  inundations  fertilized  the 
country  instead  of  rain. 

3.  The  Romans  regarded  Egypt  as  tlie  chief  granary  of  their  empire,  and 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  Egypt?  What  was  it  in  the  days  of  Abraham  ? 
In  the  days  of  Moses  ?     2.  Describe  tiic  position  of  Egypt.     What  is  its 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


lliey  obtained  vast  supplies  of  the  necessaries  of  life  from  it.  It  has  beea 
also  called  the  gift  of  the  Nile,  and  the  inhabitants,  in  gratitude  for  the 
benefits  derived  trcm  that  streanj,  otiered  sacrifices  to,  and  adored  it,  as  the 
tutelar  deity  of  Uie  country. 

4.  The  effluents  of  the  Nile  enclosed  the  chief  part  of  Lower  Egypt,  and 
formed  it  into  a  region  shaped  like  the  Greek  letter  Del'ta;  hence  it  is  called 
the  Del'ta,  and  all  districts  similarly  situated  have  received  tlie  same  name 
as,  the  Del'ta  of  the  Mississippi,  the  Del'ta  of  tlie  Gan'ges,  &,c.  Th-; 
waters  of  the  Nile  flowed  into  the  sea  by  seven  mouths,  which  are  now  aL 
filled  up  except  two. 

5.  The  ancient  Egyptians  were  divided  into  different  castes  or  orders,  com- 
prising priests,  warriors,  agriculturists,  merchants,  mariners,  artisans,  and 
shepherds.  /  Tlie  priests  were  the  ruling  order,  and  monopolized  all  the 
jfower  of  the  State.  Tlicy  were  noted  for  their  learning,  which  tliey  con- 
cealed from  the  common  people.  The  warrior  caste,  to  which  the  royal 
family  belonged,  was,  next  to  tiiat  of  the  priests,  the  most  honourable. 

6.  Besides  directing  the  religious  affairs  of  the  nation,  the  priests  acted 
as  astronomers,  judges,  soothsayers,  physicians,  and  architects.-;'  Tlieir  hiero- 
glyph'ic  characters  formed  tlie  first  kind  of  writing,  and  preceded  alpha- 
betic letters.  The  religion  and  government  of  Egypt  were  intimately 
blended  •-  there  were  prescribed  forms  and  ceremonies  for  every  important 
action,  which  even  the  sovereign  durst  not  violate  or  neglect. 

7.  The  priests  adopted  the  doctrine  of  the  transmigra'tion  of  the  soul, 
while  the  belief  that  it  will  continue  as  long  as  the  body  endures,  obtained 

with  the  people;  whence  the  care  displayed  in  the 
preservation  of  embalmed  bodies,  or  mummies,  and 
the  vast  expense  of  excavating  tombs  in  the  solid 
rock.  The  Egyptians  were  grossly  idolatrous.  In 
addition  to  Osi'ris  and  I'sis,  their  chief  deities,  which 
represented  the  sun  and  moon,  they  worshipped  tlie 
river  Nile,  as  well  as  oxen,  dogs,  cats,  crocodiles, 
serpents,  birds  of  various  kinds,  and  even  plants  and 
flowers. 

8.  At  an  early  period,  the  Egyptians  attained  to 
great  perfection  in  the  arts.  Their  woven  fabrics 
were  highly  prized ;  they  excelled  in  pottery,  in 
dyeing,  in  the  working  of  metals,  and  in  the  manu- 
facture of  paper,  which  they  made  from  the  fibres 
of  the  papyrus  plant.  Their  architecture  was  grand 
and  imposing,  and  their  pyramids,  temples,  obelisks, 
and  other  structures,  are  the  most  gigantic  ever  reared. 


Papyrus  Plant. 


most  important  feature  ?  3.  How  did  the  Romans  regard  Egypt  ?  What 
has  it  also  been  called  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  the  efiluents  of  the  Nile  ?  Of 
its  mouths  ?  5  How  were  the  ancient  Egyptians  divided  ?  What  is  said 
of  the  priests  ?  Of  the  warrior  caste  ?  6.  Besides  their  religious  duties,  to 
wliat  else  did  the  priests  attend?  What  is  said  of  their  hieroglyphics?  Of 
tlie  religion  and  government?  7.  What  did  the  prit-sls  adopt?  What 
obtained  with  the  people  ?  What  resulted  from  this  belief?  What  did  tlie 
Egyptians  worship  ?     8.  AVliat  is  said  of  the  perfection  attained  by  tlie 


EGYPT.  61 

9.  The  Egyptians  were  the  first  who  organized  a  regular  army,  and  intro- 
duced an  exact  system  of  discipline.  Their  most  important  force  was  tiieir 
war-chariots,  of  which  they  employed  vast  numbers  in  their  military  opera, 
lions.  They  excelled  in  arciicry  :  the  bow  was  the  national  weajjon ;  and 
Uie  children  of  the  warrior  caste  were  from  childhood  instructed  in  its  use. 

10.  Mizraini,  or  I\Iencs,the  second  son  of  Ham,  established  the  Egyptian 
monarcliy,  4U00  years  ago.  Osyman'dyas,  Mcc'ris,  and  .Sesos'tris,  were 
among  the  earliest  renowned  monarclis.  Many  of  the  Egyptian  kings 
bore  the  name  of  Pha'raoh.  Sesos'tris  was  a  great  concjueror,  and  subdued 
nearly  all  Asia  as  far  as  India  and  Bactria'na,  and  lie  either  introduced 
navigation  and  commerce  into  Egypt,  or  greatly  encouraged  those  branches 
of  industry.  Pha'roah  Ne'cho,  at  a  later  period,  also  patronized  navigation 
and  commerce,  and  was  tiie  first  tliat  attempted  to  cut  a  canal  from  the 
Mcditerra'nean  to  the  Red  Sea. 

» 

11.  About  the  year  1600  B.C., the  Hyk'sos,  a  shepherd  nation  from  Ara- 
bia, conquered  Egypt.  Subsequently,  it  fell  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Ethio'pians,  and  then  of  the  Persians,  whose  government  was  so  oppressive, 
that  the  invasion  of  Alexander  the  Great  was  liailed  as  a  national  deliver- 
ance. On  the  division  of  the  Maccdo'nian  Empire,  the  Ptol'emics  com- 
mcnced  their  reign  ;  these  enlightened  princes  encouraged  learning,  and 
every  kind  of  public  improvement.  The  last  sovereign  of  their  race,  tlie 
celebrated  Cleopa'tra,  committed  suicide  B.  C.  30.  Egypt  then  became  a 
Roman  province,  and  so  remained  for  G70  years,  when  it  was  conquered  by 
the  Saracens. 

12.  Ancient  Egypt  was  divided  into  three  great  sections :  viz.,  Lower 
Egypt,  the  Theb'ais  or  Upper  Egypt,  and  the  Heptan'omis.  The  whole 
comprised  fifty-three  nomes  or  provinces.  The  Heptanomis  lay  between 
Upper  and  Lower  Egypt,  and  derived  its  name  from  the  seven  nomcs  into 
which  it  was  divided.  In  its  most  prosperous  times  Egypt  is  supposed  to 
have  contained  eight  million  inhabitants,  and  twenty  tliousand  cities  and 
towns. 


Map  No.  5. — What  sea  bounded  Egypt  on  the  north  ?  Wliat  gulf  or  sea 
on  the  cast?  AVhat  desert  lay  on  the  west?  Wliat  country  lay  north,  on 
tJic  opposite  side  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ?  What  country  lay  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Arabian  Gulf?  What  lakes  were  in  Egypt  ?  Wliat 
region  bounded  Lower  Egypt  on  the  west  ?  On  the  east  ?  What  desert 
lay  on  the  cast  ?  •  Point  out  the  Greater  Oasis.  The  Western  Oasis.  TJie 
Lesser  Oasis.  These  Oases  were  fertile  spots  in  the  Libyan  Desert,  that 
were  considered  to  belong  to  Egypt.  They  were  all  inhabited.  The  Roman* 
at  one  time  sent  convicts  tliither. 


62  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


25 

EGYPT.>-f  CONTINUED.] 

1.  The  most  noted  cities  in  Egypt  were  Thebes,  Mem'phls  and 
Alexandria.  The  first  was  a  magnificent  city,  and  Avas  called 
Hecatom'pylos,  from  its  hundred  gates.  Its  temples,  obelisks, 
statues,  &c.,  were  all  of  gigantic  size.  The  population  was  pro- 
bably the  greatest  of  any  city  that  ever  existed.  Historians  state 
that  700,000  men  could  be  equipped  for  war  at  one  time,  besides 
which,  200  armed  chariots  could  be  sent  from  each  gate.  Thebes 
was  destroyed  by  the  Persians  almost  2400  years  ago.  Its  ruins 
still  cover  a  space  of  twenty-seven  miles  in  circumference. 

2.  Mem'phis,  once  the  capital  of  Egypt,  was  a  splendid  city,  and  stood  on 
nearly  the  same  ground  now  occupied  by  Cairo.  It  was  taken  and  plun- 
dered by  Camby'ses  about  the  same  time  that  Thebes  was  captured,  and  has 
long  since  disappeared.  Babylon,  called  the  Egyptian  Babylon,  stood  not 
far  from  Mem'phis.  The  inliabitants  were  Babylonians,  brought  hither  by 
tlie  Persians  when  they  were  masters  of  Egypt. 

3.  The  well-known  Pyramids 
and  Sphinx  were  in  the  vicinity  of 
Mem'phis.  The  former  are  about 
sixty  in  number.  The  largest  is 
from  480  to  500  feet  in  height,  and 
covers  an  area  of  570,000  square 
feet.  The  Arabs  call  them  Gebel 
Pharoan,  (PJiaroah's  Mountains). 
Near  the  base  of  the  largest  pyra- 
mid is  tlie  Sphinx,  a  gigantic 
image  representing  the  body  of  a 
lion,  with  a  human  head.  All 
^except  the  head  and  neck  is  now  co- 
vered with  sand.  The  whole  figure 
The  Egyptian  Sphinx;  is  125  feet  long,  and  GO  feet  high. 

4.  Alexandria  was .  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great.  It  was  long  a 
renowned  city,  and  continued  to  be  a  great  emporium  until  within  the  last 
three  hundred  and  fifty  years.  Its  population  once  amounted  to  600,000.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  Ptol'emies.  Ilere  they  collected  the  noted  library  of 
700,000  volumes,  whicli  was  afterwards  destroyed  by  the  Saracens.  The 
celebrated  Pha'ros,  or  light-house,  stood  on  a  small  island  near  the  city.  It 
is  said  to  have  been  500  feet  high.  It  was  accounted  one  of  the  wonders 
of  the  world. 

5.  Cano'pus,  near  Alexandria,  was  noted  for  a  Temple  of  Sera'pis.    Close 

Q.  1.  Which  were  the  most  noted  cities  in  Egypt?  What  was  said  of 
Thebes?  Of  its  temples,  statues,  &-c.?  Of  its  population?  What  is  stated 
by  historians?  When  was  Thebes  destroyed?  2.  Describe  Memphis. 
Babylon.  3.  The  Pyramids.  What  do  the  Arabs  call  them  ?  Describe 
the  Sphinx.  4.  What  is  said  of  Alexandria?  Of  what  race  of  princes  was 
it  tlie  capital  ?     What  is  said  of   the  Pharos  ?      5.  What  is  said  of  Cano 


EGYPT. 


6» 


to  it  was  Nicop'olis,  built  by  Augustus  in  honour  of  his  victory  over  Aii. 
Ihony ;  and  in  sight  of  tliis  place,  1800  years  altcrwards,  the  bailie  of  the 
Nile  was  fought  between  the  English  and  French.  Some  oilier  noted  towns 
in  Lower  Egypt  were  Ueroop'olis,  the  residence  of  the  siiepherd  kings;  Sais, 
at  one  time  the  capital  of  Egypt ;  lleliop'olis,  tlio  On  or  Beth'sheinesh  of 
Scripture,  famous  lor  its  Temple  of  the  Sun.  Pelu'sium,  the  birth-place  of 
tlie  geographer  Ptol'cmy,  was  so  strongly  fortified  that  it  was  considered  the 
key  of  Egypt. 

6.  Arsin'oe,  or  Crocodilop'olis,  lay  near  Lake  Moeris.  This  lake  was  dug, 
it  is  said,  by  order  of  Moeris,  an  ancient  monarch,  to  receive  the  surfilus 
waters  of  the  Nile  during  its  inundations.  Near  tJie  lake  was  tlie  famous 
labyrinth.  It  contained  3000  chambers,  one  half  of  which  lay  above  ground 
and  the  other  half  below.  In  the  latter  the  kings  and  the  sacred  crocodiles 
were  buried. 

7.  At  Ilcracle'a,  or  Ileracleap'olis  ]\Iagna,  the  ichneumon  was  worsliippcci, 
because  it  destroyed  the  asp,  a  venomous  kind  of  serpent,  as  well  as  the 
eggs  of  the  crocodile.  Antin'oe  received  its  name  from  Antin'ous,  the  favourite 
ot'  the  Emj)cror  Adrian,  who  drowned  himself  here,  from  a  superstitious 
bdicf,  tlien  not  uncommon,  that  such  a  sacrifice  would  prolong  liis  patron's 
life.  The  emperor,  gratified  at  this  instance  of  devotion,  not  only  built  a 
temple  to  the  memory  of  Ajitin'ous,  but  ordered  tliat  he  should  be  worship 
ped  throughout  the  empire. 

8.  At  Lycop'olis  the  people  worshipped  the  wolf,  because  a  number  of 
tliose  animals  had  once  repelled  an  Ethiopian  invasion.  Antoeop'olis  waa 
once  an  important  city.     Its  ruins  are  highly  interesting.     Ptolema'is,  aftea 


Ruins  of  AntEopolis. 

the  fall  of  Thebes,  became  the  chief  city  in  Upper  Egypt.  Ten'tyra,  now 
Dcn'derah,  contains  the  best  preserved  ancient  temple  in  Egypt.  A  pari 
of  the  ceiling,  on  which  was  a  representation  of  the  Zodiac,  was  cut  out  and 
taken  to  Paris.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  often  attacked  by  those  iif 
Ombos,  because  the  former  destroyed  the  crocodile,  while  the  latter  won. 
shipped  it. 

9.  Cop'tos  was  noted  for  its  extensive  commerce.     A  road  led  hence  lo 
Bereni'ce,  by  which  the  merchandise  of  India  was  transported  to  the  Nile. 


pus?  Nicopolis?  Of  the  other  towns  in  Lower  Egypt ?  6.  What  is  said 
ofArsinoe?  Lake  Moeris?  The  Labyrinth?  7.  What  is  said  of  Hera  clea  7 
Antinoe?  8.  Of  Lycopolis?  Ptolcmais?  Tentyra?  Of  its  ancient  inha- 
bitants? 9.  WhatissaidofCoptos?  Latopolis?  Ombos?  10.  What  is  said 
of  Syene  7     What  did  the  ancient  geographers  imagine  respecting  Syene  ? 


64  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

Latop'olis  was  named  from  the  fish  latos,  wliich  was  caught  here  abun- 
dantly. At  Ombos  the  crocodile  was  worshippad  with  great  veneration. 
Bereni'ce  and  Myos  Ilormos  were  sea-ports  on  the  Arabian  Gulf,  noted  for 
their  commerce  with  India. 

10.  Sye'ne,  now  Assouan',  is  still  the  frontier  town  of  Egypt.  It  yras 
regarded  by  the  Komans  as  one  of  the  keys  of  their  empire.  The  ancient 
geographers  imagined  that  it  lay  directly  under  the  northern  tropic;  but  it 
is  now  known  to  be  more  than  half  a  degree  of  latitude  to  the  north.  Above 
f  ye'ne  were  the  islands  of  Elephan'tine  and  Phi'lae.     The  latter  contained 


:.^!^.,^,„;r.^^.„_„_  ...-i^- 


Cataracts  of  the  Nile. 


s-'ine  beautiful  temples.  Near  to  Phi'laj  was  the  first  cataract  of  the  Nile. 
Its  height  must  have  been  greatly  exaggerated  by  the  ancients,  as  it  is  now 
only  a  rapid,  up  which  small  boats  may  with  some  exertion  be  drawn. 

Map  No.  5. —  In  what  part  of  Egypt  was  Thebes  ?  Memphis?  Alexan- 
dria? In  what  district  was  the  Delta?  The  Pyramids  ?  The  islands  of 
Philas  and  Elephantine?  What  cities  were  in  Lower  Egypt  ?  In  the  Ilepta- 
nomis?.  In  the  Thcbais?  What  town  stood  at  the  liead  of  the  Arabian 
Gulf?  '1  What  towns  stood  on  its  western  shores  l- 


MAURITA'NIA  AND  NUMID'IA. 

1  Maurita'nia,  Numid'ia,  and  Africa  Proper,  now  con>prise 
the  region  called  Barbary.  It  extends  along  the  coast  for  more 
than  1200  miles.  On  the  north  is  the  Mediterranean  Sea ;  south, 
the  Atlas  Momitains ;  eastward,  the  Syr'tis  Major,  and  westward 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

2.  The  Atlas  range  extends  throttghout  the  country,  from  east 
to  west.  The  name  is  by  some  derived  from  Atlas,  a  Maurita'- 
nian  king  and  astronomer,  who  made  his  observations  on  the 
heavens  from  their  summits ;  but  by  others  from  Atlas,  one  of  the 
gigantic  Titans.  They  gave  name  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which 
washed  the  whole  of  the  western  coast  of  the  world,  as  known  to 
the  ancients. 

What  is  now  known  to  be  the  flict?    AVhat  islands  lay  above  Sycne?    What 
is  said  of  the  first  cataract  ? 

Q.  1.  What  did  Mauritania,  Numidia,  &c.,  comprise  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  whole  region?     2.  Of  the  Atlas  range?     From  whom  is  the  name 


MAURITANIA.  65 

3.  Under  the  Carthagin'ians  and  the  Romans,  tliis  rccfion  was  disiin- 
guislied  for  prosperity,  population,  and  wealtli.  It  was  one  of  tlic  chief 
granaries  of  Rome,  and  was  second  only  to  Egypt  in  fertility.  Tiie  Roman 
writers  called  it  the  soul  of  the  rejjublic,  and  the  jewel  of  the  empire. 
Many  of  tiic  wealthy  citizens  had  splendid  palaces  and  country-houses  on 
its  shores.  Corn,  wine,  and  oil  were  the  principal  productions.  Many  wild 
beasts  were  sent  hence  to  Rome  to  be  exhibited  in  its  amphitheatres. 

4.  Maurita'ma  was  named  from  its  first  inhabitants,  the  Mau'ri.  It 
included  the  whole  of  wliat  is  now  Alire'ria,  and  part  of  Moroc'co.  At  first, 
it  extended  only  to  tiie  river  I\Ioroch:ith,  but  it  afterwards  included  a  large 
part  of  Numid'ia,  and  was  divided  into  Maurita'nia  Cajsarien'sis  in  tho 
east,  and  Maurita'nia  Tingita'na  in  the  we.st.  Subsequently,  Maurita'nia 
Sitifen'sis  was  detached  from  the  former. 

5.  The  chief  cities  in  INIaurita'nia  Tingita'na  were  Sa'la,  Lix'us,  Zi'lis, 
Tin'gis,  Ab'yla  and  Ru'sadir.  Ad  Mercu'rios  was  the  most  soutliern  Romun 
station.  Lix'us  was  an  important  city,  and  carried  on  a  considerable  trade 
with  Ga'des.  In  its  vicinity,  the  giant  Antae'us  is  said  to  have  been  overcome 
by  Hercules.  Tin'gis  was  the  capital,  and  gave  its  name  to  the  province 
it  became  a  Roman  colony. 

6.  Ab'yla  was  the  most  northern  town :  near  it  was  IVIoiuit  Ab'yla,  whic> 
stood  opposite  to  Cal'pe,  a  high  rock  on  the  European  side  of  the  Straits  ol 
Hercules,  now  Gibraltar.  These  eminences  were  called  the  Pillars  of  Her 
cules,  or  the  Columns,  because  when  Hercules,  as  it  is  fabled,  tore  asunder 
tlic  isthmus  wliieh  separated  the  Atlantic  from  tiie  Mcditerra'nean,  h« 
erected  them  on  either  side  of  the  Strait,  as  a  memorial  of  his  labour. 

7.  In  Maurita'nia  Cffisarien'sis  were  Si'ga,  Mi'na,  Carten'na,  and  Ccesare'a 
besides  other  towns  of  minor  importance.  Siga  was  the  capital  of  Sy'phax 
the  king  of  the  Masacsyl'ii,  before  he  removed  his  court  to  Cirta.  Ca^sare'a, 
called  at  first  lol,  was  a  Plicenic'ian  colony.  It  was  the  residence  of  Boc'- 
chus,  and  afterwards  the  capital  of  Juba's  kingdom.  The  latter  prince 
enlarged  and  beautified  it,  ani  changed  its  name  to  Caesare'a,  in  gratitude  to 
his  benefactor,  Augustus. 

8.  Sit'ifis,  which  gave  name  to  the  province  of  Maurita'nia  Sitifen'sis, 
was  situated  in  a  rich,  fertile  district.  Sal'da;,  Coba  and  Igil'gilis  were 
towns  on  the  coast.  The  latter  was  an  Niiportant  sea-port,  and  kept  up  a 
constant  communication  with  the  city  ot'  Massil'ia,  in  Gaid.  Southward  of 
Sit'ifis,  was  the  Sali'nte  Nubonensis,  a  salt  morass,  now  called  the  Shott. 
It  received  many  small  streams  from  the  neighbouring  mountains. 

9.  NuiMId'ia  lay  eastward  of  Maurita'nia.  Previous  to  the 
Roman  conquest,  it  -was  occupied  by  two  distinct  nations ;  the 
Massy'li  in  the  east,  and  the  Masassyl'ii  in  the  west.  The  river 
A-mp'sagus  separated  these  territories,  and  the  Molochath  wa.s  at 


derived?  To  what  did  these  mountains  give  name  ?  3.  For  what  was  tliit 
coimtry  distinguislicd  under  the  Carthaginians,  &c.  ?  What  did  the  Roman 
writers  call  it?  What  were  its  chief  productions  ?  From  whom  was  Mau- 
ritania named?  What  did  it  include?  What  is  said  of  its  extent?  Ita 
divisions  ?  5.  Name  the  chief  cities  in  IMauritania  Tingitana.  What  is 
said  of  Lixus?  The  giant  AnttKus?  G.  What  is  said  of  Abyla,  &.c.?  Of 
the  I'lUars  of  Hercules  ?  7.  Name  the  towns  in  IMauritania  Cajsaricnsis. 
What  is  said  yf  Siga?  8.  Of  Sitifia?  Of  Igilgilis,  &.C.1  9,  What  is 
6*  E 


66  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

one  time  its  western  boundary.  The  first  were  the  subjects  of 
Masinis'sa,  and  the  other  of  Sy'phax.  The  connection  of  these 
monarchs  with  the  Romans,  about  the  year  200  B.  C,  has  pre- 
served their  names  to  the  present  time. 

10.  The  Numid'ians  were  a  brave  and  active  race,  accustomed  to  endure 
fatigue  and  hardship.  They  rode  fearless!}',  witliout  either  saddle  or  bridle, 
and  often  made  nijSfht  attacks  on  tiicir  enemies.  During-  the  Second  Punic 
War,  they  annoyed  the  Romans  incessantly.  Some  autliors  believe  tliat 
file  Numid'ians  were  the  descendants  of  the  Canaanites,  who  left  their 
country  at  the  time  it  was  invaded  by  Joshua. 

n.  Cirta  was  the  metropolis  of  Nuniid'ia,  and  the  residence  of  Sy'phax, 
Masinis'sa,  and  their  successors,  amongst  whom  Micip'sa  contributed  most 
to  its  improvement  by  inviting  a  number  of  Greek  colonists  to  settle  in  it. 
In  the  reign  of  Constantine,  it  was  nearly  destroyed  in  a  rebellion  ;  but  that 
omperor  caused  the  city  to  be  rebuilt,  and  tiieu  named  it  after  himself, 
which  name  it  still  retains. 

12.  Hip'po-Re'gius  and  Cullu  were  towns  on  the  coast.  The  first  became 
the  Episcopal  See  of  St.  Augustine.  Tagas'te,  Tib'ilis,  Mas'cula,  Ba'gai 
and  Tabu'dis  were  in  the  interior.  Tagas'te  was  the  birth-place  of  St. 
Augustine.  Tabu'dis  was  an  emporium  for  the  interior  trade  of  Africa. 
It  lay  on  the  river  Sabus,  or  Zabus,  which  flowed  into  a  lake  at  the  base 
of  the  Atlas  Mountains. 


Map  No.  5. — What  sea  bounded  Mauritania  and  Numidia  on  the  north  7' 
What  countries  on  the  south  ?  What  countries  boimded  Numidia  on  tlie 
east l,».  What  ocean  bounded  Mauritania  on  the  west?-/!  What  rivers  flowed 
from  the  Atlas  Mountains  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Into  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea  ?  Wliat  river  separated  I\Iauritania  Coesariensis  and  Mauritania 
Sitifensis  ?  What  river  separated  Mauritania  and  Numidia  ?  A.  What 
river  formed  the  southern  boundary  of  Numidia?  What  mountains  formed 
the  southern  boundary  of  Mauritania  ?  What  strait  separated  Mauritania 
fi-om  Spain  ?  What  cities  lay  on  tlic  coast  of  Mauritania  ?  In  the  interior  7 
What  cities  lay  on  the  coast  of  Numidia  ?     In  the  interior  7 


AFRICA    PROPER. 

1  Africa  Pt^oPER,  or  Carthage,  lay  eastward  of  Numid'ia,  and 
nhnost  within  sight  of  Sicily.  It  comprised  three  provinces: 
Zeugita'nia,  Byza'cium  and  Tripolita  na.  The  latter  occupied  tlx? 
nodcrn  territory  of  Tripoli,  and  the  first  two  what  is  now  Tunis. 

said  of  Numidia  ?  What  river  separated  the  two  nations?  10.  Descri!)e 
tlie  Nuniidians.  What  did  they  do  during  the  Second  Punic  War?  What 
do  some  authors  believe?  11.  Wliat  is  said  of  Cirta?  What  occurred 
during  the  reign  of  Constantino  ?  12.  What  is  said  of  Hippo  Regius,  and 
the  other  towns  7 

Q.  1.  What  ia  said  of  Africa  Proper  ?    What  did  it  comprise  7    2.  Whep 


AFRICA    PROPER.  67 

2.  Carthage,  the  chief  city  of  this  region,  was  founded  878  B.  C,  by 
Dido,  a  Tyrian  princess,  wlio  can>e  hitiicr  with  a  colony  of  Phojniciane. 
At  one  time  it  was  twenty-three  miles  in  circumference,  and  had  700,000 
inhabitants.  It  was  for  more  than  seven  hundred  years  the  capital  of  the 
republic  of  Carthage,  which  became  a  great  commercial  and  maritime 
power,  and  planted  colonies  all  along  the  coasts  of  Northern  Africa,  and 
also  in  Spain,  Sicily,  Corsica,  anci  Sardinia.  Its  mariners  navigated  all 
parts  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  as  well  as  the  western  shores  of  Africa 
and  Europe. 

3.  The  Carthaginians  carried  on  three  sanguinary  wars  with  the 
Romans,  which  arc  called  Punic  Wars.  They  were  at  last  conquered 
by  that  people.     The  capital  was  destroyed,  B.  C.  146,  and  the  country  was 


Destruction  of  Carthage.* 

reduced  to  the  rank  of  a  Roman  province.  The  people  of  Carthage,  like 
their  progenitors,  the  Phncnicians,  worshipped  the  sun,  and  offered  up  human 
sacrifices  in  their  temples.  Han'nibal,  Hamil'car,  Han'no,  and  As'drubal, 
arc  the  most  celebrated  Carthagin'ians  whose  names  have  reached  our  times. 

4.  The  other  cities  were  Tu'nes,  now  Tunis,  where  Rcgulus  was  defeated , 
Utica,  where  Cato  committed  suicide  ;  Zama,  where  Han'nibal  was  defeated 
b3^Scipio;  Thap'sus,  where  CiEsar  gained  a  celebrated  victory.  Clyp'ea,  oi' 
As'pis,  served  as  a  stronghold  to  Rcgulus  in  the  first  Punic  War.  It  was 
built  on  a  promontory  shaped  like  a  shield  ;  hence  its  name,  which  signifies 


was  Carthage  founded  ?  What  is  said  of  its  extent  and  inhabitants  ?  How 
long  was  it  the  capital?  What  is  said  of  the  republic  of  Carthage?  Its  colo 
lonies?  Itsmariners?  3.  What  wars  did  the  Carthaginians  carry  on?  What 
was  the  result  ?  The  fate  of  the  capital?  Of  tlic  country?  What  is  said  of  tho 
people  7     Of  Hannibal,  Sec.  ?     4.  What  is  said  of  Utica  ?     Of  the  other 

*  In  the  foreground  of  the  encraving  i3  seen  Scipio,  the  conqueror  of  Carthage,  and 
fiis  chief  officers.  Kneeling  before  them  is  Asdr^fal,  the  Carthaginian  commamlcr, 
who  had  gone  over  to  the  Romans,  and  is  soliciting  llieir  clemency.  The  wife  t<( 
Asdruba!,  indignant  at  his  cowardice,  upbraids  him  in  the  most  bitter  terms.  She  thou 
kills  her  two  sons,  and  throwing  herself  with  them  into  the  burning  temple,  perisliw* 
in  the  Hames. 


68  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

a  shield — the  one  in  Greek  and  the  other  in  Latin.  Hadrume'tum,  on  the 
coast,  and  Capsa,  in  the  interior,  were  considerable  towns.  From  Turris 
Ilannib'alis,  Hannibal  set  sail  for  Asia,  when  banished  from  Carthage. 

5  Tripolita'na  received  its  name  from  its  three  chief  cities  :  viz.  Sabrata, 
(Ea  and  Leptis  Magna.  The  latter  was  the  birth-place  of  the  Emperor 
Severus.  The  soil  in  some  parts  was  extremely  fertile,  but  generally  it  was 
barren  and  sandy.  Eastward  was  the  Syr'tis  Major,  noted  for  its  numer:)U3 
shipwrecks.     The  country  on  its  shores  was  called  Syr'tibus  Regio. 

6.  In  the  interior  of  this  region  dwelt  the  Lotoph'agi,  a  race  who  lived 
on  the  berries  of  the  lotus.  This  fruit,  if  eaten  by  strangers,  would,  it  is 
said,  make  them  forget  their  native  country.  Here,  also,  were  the  Nasa- 
mo'nes  and  the  Psyl'li.  The  former  resided  for  a  time  on  the  coast,  and 
robbed  and  sold  as  slaves  all  shipwrecked  persons.  They  were  at  length 
driven  by  the  Romans  into  the  interior.  The  Psyl'li  were  noted  for  their 
skill  in  charming  serpents  and  curing  their  bite. 


LIB'YA. 

7.  Lib'ya  was  the  Greek  name  for  the  whole  of  Africa ;  but 
was  generally  used  to  denote  that  part  of  it  which  lay  immediately 
south  of  Greece.  It  comprised  the  provinces  of  Cyrena'ica  and 
Marmar'ica,  which  lay  on  the  coast,  and  the  oases  of  Au'gila  and 
Ammon,  in  the  desert.  The  modern  name  is  Bar'ca?  This 
region  was  sometimes  called  Maritime  Lib'ya,  to  distinguish  it 
from  Interior  Lib'ya. 

8.  Cyrena'ica,  so  named  from  Cyre'ne,  its  chief  city,  was  founded  by  a 
colony  of  Greeks,  630  B.  C,  and  became  an  important  and  flourishing  State 
In  its  most  prosperous  days,  it  contained  the  five  cities  of  Cyre'ne,  Apollo'- 
nia,  Ptolema'is,  Barce,  and  Bereni'ce,  whence  it  was  called  Pentap'olis,  (the 
five  cities.)  There  were  other  towns  of  less  note  j  one  of  which,  on  the 
coast,  was  Darnis,  now  Derne. 

9.  The  country  was  remarkably  fertile,  and  abounded  in  corn,  wine,  and 
oil.  Its  fruits  were  of  superior  quality.  Its  horses  were  the  finest  in  the 
world,  and  often  gained  prizes  in  the  Grecian  games.  The  most  noted  pro- 
duction was  the  gum  Silphium,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  assafietidiu 
It  was  made  a  State  monopoly,  and  was  exported  to  all  tiic  neighbouring 
countries,  At  Rome  it  was  considered,  weight  for  weight,  equal  in  value 
to  silver 

10.  Cyre'ne  gave  birth  to  some  eminent  men,  amongst  whom  were  Eratos  - 
thenes,  Callim'achus,  Aristip'pus,  and  others.  It  was  also  famous  for  a  sect 
of  philosophers  ;  hence  called  Cyrenaic.  This  city  has  been  long  in  ruins: 
A  part  of  these  consist  of  the  Necrop'olis,  or  city  of  the  dead,  extending  for 

towns?  5.  What  is  said  of  Tripolitana?  Where  was  Severus  born? 
What  is  said  of  the  soil  ?  Of  the  Syrtis  Major  ?  6.  Of  the  Lotophagi  ? 
The  Nasamonies  and  the  Psylli  ?  7.  What  is  said  of  Libya?  Wliat  did 
it  comprise?  8.  What  is  said^f  Cyrenaica?  By  what  people,  and  when, 
was  it  founded  ?  What  did  it  contain?  9.  In  what  did  the  country  abound  ? 
What  was  its  most  noted  production,  &c.?     10.  What  is  said  of  Gyrene? 


LIBYA. 


Tlie  Necropolis  of  Cyrene. 

a  mile  and  a  half  along  tlic  brow  of  a  hill  which  overlooks  the  surrounding 
country. 

11.  Maumar'ica  is  a  barren,  sandy  region,  which  lay  west  of  Egypt.  Tlie 
inhabitants  were  the  Marmar'idaj,  a  race  of  Nomad'ic  barbarians,  wlio  were 
famed  as  swift  runners,  and  for  curing  the  bite  of  the  most  venomous  ser- 
pents. 

12.  South  of  Cyrena'ica  and  Marmar'ica  lay  the  oases  of  Au'gila  and 
Amnion.  Tlie  first  is  still,  as  it  was  in  the  days  of  Ilerod'otus,  fertile  in 
dates.  Animon,  or  Ammoni'aca  Regie  was  famous  for  its  Temple  of  Jupiter 
wliicli  was  celebrated  among  all  civilized  nations.  It  was  visited  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great  previous  to  his  eastern  expedition,  when  the  priests  pro- 
nounced him  to  be  the  son  of  Jupiter.  This  district  was  once  governed  by 
its  own  kings ;  but  in  the  time  of  Alexander,  the  supreme  power  was  in  the 
liands  of  a  chief  priest  It  is  now  called  Siwah,  and  has  been  repeatedly 
visited  in  recent  times. 


Map  No.  5.  —  Point  out  Zeugitania.  Byzacium.  Tripolitana.  What 
country  lay  west  of  tlie  two  first-named  provinces?  What  sea  lay  north 
and  east?  What  sea  lay  north  of  Tripolitana ?  A.  What  river  flowed 
through  Zeugitania  ?  What  lakes  lay  south  of  Byzacium  ?  What  island 
lay  east  ?  C.  What  promontory  or  cape  lay  nearest  to  Sicily  ?  II.  What 
island  lay  north  of  Tripolitana  ?  M.  Here,  in  the  town  of  Glrba,  the  Em- 
peror Vibius  Gallus  was  born.  What  river  bounded  Tripolitana  on  the 
east  ?  What  towns  lay  on  the  coast  of  Africa  Proper  ?  In  the  interior  ? 
When  was  the  battle  of  Zania  fought  ?.  The  battle  of  Thapsus  ?  .  What 
eulf  separates  Tripolitana  and  Cyrenaica?  Where  is  Libya  ?  Cyrenaica? 
Marmarica  ?    What  sea  lies  north  of  these  regions  ^/^>,  Where  are  the  cities 


Of  its  ruins?  11.  Describe  Marmarica.  Its  inhabitants.  12.  What  lay 
boutli  of  Cyrenaica  and  Marmarica  ?  What  is  said  of  Augila  ?  Of  Am 
mon  I     By  whom  was  its  temple  visited  ?    What  is  said  of  its  government  i 


70  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

Ironi  which  Cyrenaica  derived  its  name  ?  Point  out*  the  PhilenoiaB  Aroo. 
The  river  Lathon.  The  Paliurus.  The  Cyrenei  mountains.  Bajcolicus 
mountains.     Bascisi  mountains.    Tlie  oasis  of  Augila.     Of  Amraon. 

■^ 28 

LIB'YA    INTERIOR. 

1.  Lib'ya  Interior  included  Gcetu'lia,  nearly  all  the  Grq,a 
Desert,  and  the  countries  now  called  Soudan  and  Senegam'bia 
Some  contend  that  the  ancients  knew  nothing  of  this  region  beyond 
the  northern  edge  of  the  desert,  while  others  believe  that  they 
were  as  accurately  acquainted  with  it  as  the  moderns  were,  pre- 
vious to  the  time  when  Park  made  his  discoveries. 

2.  G^tu'lia,  now  the  Belcd  el  Jerid,  or  Land  of  Dates,  is  a  dry  and 
almost  desert  country,  partially  watered  by  streams  that  descend  from  the 
Atlas.  The  people  of  tliis  region  were  a  roving,  unsettled  race,  and  com- 
prised several  ditfercnt  tribes,  of  which  some  occupied  the  oases  of  the 
Great  Desert,  and  some  were  intermingled  with  the  Ethio'pians,  further  to 
the  south.     One  of  the  most  important  tribes  was  the  Dar'a;  Gsetulia. 

3.  Piiaza'nia  (now  Fezzan)  is  an  inland  country,  or  oasis,  surround;:d  by 
deserts.  The  inhabitants  were  called  Garaman'tes.  They  fouglit  in  war- 
chariots  ;  and  were  a  terror  to  the  neighbouring  tribes  from  their  cruelty 
and  oppression.  For  a  long  period  tliey  were  allies  of  tlie  Carthaginians, 
and  carried  on  an  extensive  trade  with  the  interior  regions,  similar  to  tlie 
caravan  trade  of  our  times.  The  chief  town  of  Phaza'nia  was  Gar'ama. 
It  is  now  called  Germa.     Its  ruins  have  been  visited  by  recent  travellers. 

4.  The  Great  Desert  was  called  Deserta  Lib'ya  Interioris  (Interior 
Lib'yan  Desert),  and  also  the  Great  Lib'yan  Desert.  It  was  often  compared 
to  a  leopard's  skin,  from  the  oases  scattered,  like  spots,  over  its  surface.  It 
is  doubtful  whether  tiie  ancients  were  acquainted  with  the  full  extent  of  the 
desert ;  but  they  had  a  knowledge  of  the  northern  and  eastern  oases,  and 
probably  of  some  of  the  most  available  routes  across  it  to  the  southward. 

5.  On  the  sea-coast  were  the  Cana'rii,  Autol'oles  and  Peror'si,  rude  tribes, 


Q.  1.  What  did  Libya  Interior  include  ?  What  do  some  contend  ?  What 
do  others  believe  ?  2.  Describe  Gajtulia.  The  people.  3.  Describe  Pha- 
zania.  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?  Their  trade  ?  4.  What  is  said 
of  the  Great  Desert  ?  What  is  doubtful  ?  Of  what  had  tlie  ancients  a 
knowledge?     5.  Name  the  tribes  who  lived  on  the  coast.    What  is  said  of 

*  The  Phileno'rum  ArK  were  two  altars,  which  stood  on  the  eastern  hounds  of  tne 
Carthaginian  Republic,  and  were  erected  from  a  circumstance  thus  related. by  ancient 
authors.  In  a  dispute  between  Carthage  and  Oyre'ne  respectinir  territorial  limits,  it 
was  acreed  that  two  individuals  should  start  from  the  capital  of  eacli  country  at  the 
same  lime,  and  that  the  future  boundarv  should  be  established  wherever  they  micht 
meet.  The  Carthaginians  chose  two  brothers,  named  Phile'ni,  who  used  such  dilicenca 
in  their  journey  that  they  had  advanced  far  within  the  territory  of  the  Cyrene  before 
Ihey  met  the  rival  party.  The  Cyreneans  were  so  enraged  at  their  progress,  that  they 
gave  them  the  choice,  either  of  recommencing  their  journey,  or  of  being  buried  alivn 
on  the  spot.  They  chose;  the  latter  alternative;  and  their  country,  in  admiration  o-f 
their  patriotic  devotion,  and  to  commemorate  the  event,  erected  tliose  altars  over  tlieir 
remains. 


ETHIOPIA    INTERIOR.  71 

•f  which  nothing  is  known  but  the  names.  The  countries  immediately 
south  of  tlie  Great  Desert,  now  called  Soudan'  and  Senegambia,  were  inha- 
bited by  the  Nigri'tffi,  Merano-Ga;tu'li,  Leu'co-iEtlii'opcs,  Hcspc'rii-iElhi-'opes, 
and  Culi'tte.  The  chief  rivers  were  tlic  Gir  and  tlio  Nigir.  Tlieir  position 
and  identity  have  excited  much  learned  discussion ;  but  it  is  now  generally 
believed  that  tliey  arc  the  same  as  the  Joliba,and  Djyr  or  Misselad,  of  Sou 
dan.  Pliny  and  Ptolemy  both  describe  the  Nigir,  in  particular,  as  a  great 
river  like  the  Nile,  overflowing  and  fertilizing  tiie  country  in  the  same  man- 
n(  1,  and  with  animals  and  productions  of  the  same  kind  in  its  waters  and 
on  its  bunks. 

G.  The  principal  lakes  of  Interior  Lib'ya  were,  the  Nigri'tes,  Cheloni'des 
ar.d  Lib'ya.  The  latter  is  supposed  to  be  Lake  'Pehad.  Various  towns  ara 
mentioned  by  Ptolemy,  but  none  of  them  can  now  be  recognised.  Nigi'ra- 
Melropoiis,  Gira-Metropolis,  Is'cheri,  Tagama,  and  Thuppae,  are  some  of 
tliose  named. 

7.  The  Mandrus,  Caphas,  and  Thala,  were  mountains  supposed  to  form  a 
portion  of  tlie  great  chain  that  is  now  known  to  extend  across  Africa  from 
east  to  west.  That  part  in  winch  the  Nile  was  sujjposed  to  rise,  was  called 
by  Ptolemy  the  Lu'niB  Montes  (Mountains  of  the  Moon),  and  the  name  is 
still  retained. 

8.  The  Fortuna't^  Insul^f;,  or  Fortunate  Islands,  now  the  Canaries, 
derived  their  names  from  their  delightful  climate,  and  the  abundance  of 
tlieir  fine  fruits,  and  other  products.  The  ancients  described  them  in  the 
most  exaggerated  terms,  and  believed  them  to  be  the  islands  of  the  blessed, 
or  Elysium.  Centu'ria  lay  nearest  the  African  coast ;  Cana'ria  was  noted 
for  its  large  dogs,  and  Purpu'riao  for  its  purple  dye.  Niva'ria  is  now  Tene- 
rilTe.  Its  lofty  peak  is  always  covered  with  snow  ;  hence  the  name  of  the 
island.  Ili'ero,  or  Fcrro,  was  the  most  western  of  these  islands.  The  ancient 
geographers  ciiose  it  as  the  first  meridian.  They  reckoned  tiicir  longitude 
from  it ;  and  it  is  still  occasionally  used  for  that  purpose.  Further  south, 
was  the  island  of  Ccr'ne.  Here  Ilanno,  in  his  celebrated  voyage  of  disco- 
very, planted  a  Carthaginian  colony  ;  it  was  long  held  by  that  people  as  a 
commercial  depot. 

iETIIlOTIA,   OR,   ETHIO'PIA   INTERIOR. 

9.  Etiiio'pia  Interior  was  the  most  remote  part  of  Africa 
kno^^•n  to  the  ancients.  The  inhabitants  were  called  iEthi'opes 
Anthropoph'acfi.  They  were  a  race  of  cannibals.  Here  some 
geographers  place  Agj-zymba  ;  a  country  of  which  nothing  more 
is  known  than  that  it  was  reported  to  be  the  southern  limits  of  a 
Roman  expedition.  Others  suppose  it  to  be  the  country  now 
called  Ag'ades,  or  Agdass,  an  oasis  on  the  Southern  edge  of  the 
Desert. 

10.  AzANiA,  or  Barbaria,  and  Zingis,  now  A'jan  and  Zanguebar',  were 

tiiu  countries  south  of  the  Great  Desert  ?  Of  the  chief  rivers  ?  What  if 
now  generally  believed  ?  What  do  Pliny  and  Ptolemy  both  describe  ?  6 
What  is  said  of  the  lakes  ?  The  towns  ?  7.  Wliat  is  said  of  tlie  mour\ 
tains  ?  8.  From  what  did  tiie  Fortunate  Islands  derive  their  name  ?  ilov 
did  the  ancients  describe  them?  What  is  said  of  Centuria?  CanariaT 
PurpuricB?  Nivaria?  Ferro?  Cerne?  9.  What  is  said  of  Ethiopia  Interior  < 
Of  the  inhabitants  ?     Of  Agyzymba  ?     10.  What  is   said  of  Azania  ana 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

countries  lying  on  the  Indian  Ocean,  vaguely  known  to  the  anclentai 
Several  ports  on  their  shores  were  frequented  by  the  Egyptians,  Greeks, 
and  Romans,  for  commercial  purposes.  Cape  Prasum  was  the  most  distant 
point  known  in  this  quarter ;  from  wlience  the  land  was  erroneously  believed 
to  extend  eastward  until  it  joined  the  coast  of  India. 

11.  Cinnamomif'era  Regio,  or  Aromatoph'orus  Regie,  was  an.  interior 
district,  fertile  in  myrrh,  frankincense,  and  spices.  It  bears  the  same  pro- 
ductions  at  tlie  present  day,  and  is  known  as  the  country  of  the  Somauli 
The  principal  tribe  was  tlie  Sal'athae.  Avali'tcs,  the  chief  town,  gave  name 
to  the  great  bay  which  extends  hence  to  the  coast  of  Arabia. 

Map  No.  1. — Point  out  Gsetulia.  Phazania.  Agyzymba.  The  Great 
Libyan  Desert.  The  Gfetuli  Darse.  Garamantes.  Nasamones.  Nobatoe. 
Canarii.  Autololes.  Perorsi.  Nigritae.  Melano  Gffituli.  Ilcsperii  iEthi- 
opes.  Calitae.  Where  is  the  Daradus  river  ?  The  Bambotus.  The  Mas- 
eitholus.  The  Nigir.  The  Gir.  The  Nile.  Where  is  the  Nigrites  Lake  ? 
Lake  Libya.  Chelonides  Lake.  Point  out  ^Ethiopia  Interior.  Cinnamo- 
mifera  Regio.  Barbaria,  or  Azania.  Zingis.  Point  out  tlie  iEtliiopes  An- 
thropophagi. Salathce.  Where  was  Aromata  Pr.  ?  Tabae  Pr.  ?  Prasum 
Pr.  ?  Dioscoridis  Is.?  Menuthias  Is.?  Tlie  full  name  of  this  island  la 
Eitenediom-menoulhesais ;  but  is  usually  contracted  into  Menuthias. 


29 

EUROPE. 

1.  Europe  is  the  smallest,  and  it  was  also  the  last  settled,  of 
the  great  divisions  of  the  eastern  continent.  The  name,  which 
was  at  first  applied  to  a  small  district  in  Thrace,  is  supposed  by 
some  to  have  signified  Avhite,  from  the  light  complexion  of  the 
inhabitants,  and  by  others  the  west,  because  the  whole  region  lay 
west  of  the  first-settled  parts  of  the  earth.  According  to  the 
mythology  of  the  poets,  the  term  was  derived  from  Europa,  the 
daughter  of  a  PhcEnician  king,  whom  Jupiter,  influenced  by  love, 
tarried  off,  under  the  shape  of  a  bull,  across  the  sea,  to  Crete. 

2.  The  ancients  were  acquainted  with  only  the  one  half  of 
Europe.  Scandina'via  they  supposed  to  be  a  group  of  islands 
lying  in  the  Coda'nus  Sinus,  or  Bahic  Sea.  The  unexplored 
northern  and  north-eastern  regions  they  assigned  to  the  fabled 
Hyperbo'reans.  The  countries  bordering  on  the  Euxine,  or 
Black  Sea,  were  in  early  times  considered  to  be  a  part  of  bcyihia 
but  they  were  subsequently  included  in  Sarmatia. 

3.  Of  the  first  settlement  of  tliis  region,  nothing  now  can  be  ascertained. 

Zingis?    Of  Cape  Prasum.     11.  Describe  Ginnamomifcra  Regio,  &c.     Th& 
principal  tribe,  &c. 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  Europe?  Of  the  name?  From  wliat  was  the 
term  derived?  2.  What  knowledge  had  the  ancients  of  Europe?  Of 
Scandinavia  ?  What  is  said  of  the  northern  and  north-eastern  regions  ? 
D£  the  country  bordering  on  the  Euiine  ?    3.  What  were  the  Celts  ?    What 


EUROPE.  73 

riie  Celts  were  amonor  tlie  earliest  known  inhabitants.  Amonjr  these  people 
tJic  nobles  possessed  great  power  and  influence,  and  they  formed  a  national 
assembly  for  the  discussion  of  pul)lic  afTairs,  but  tlie  lower  class  were 
regarduil  almost  ;:-s  slaves.  Few  of  them  tilled  the  ground;  tlie  greater  part 
subsisted  on  the  produce  of  their  flocks  and  herds,  or  by  Jiunting. 


4.  The  priests  were  called  Druids  :  they  were  also  the  poets,  philosophers, 
and  teachers  of  the  Celts ;  and  their  authority  in  the  State  was  almost 
unlimited.  They  taught  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  its  transmigration 
tJirough  different  bodies,  and  likewise  the  nature  and  properties  of  natural 
productions.  The  Druids  worshipped  in  the  open  air.  Some  of  their  tem- 
ples, which  were  merely  circles  of  very  large,  rough  stones  set  up  on  end, 
still  exist,  as  at  Stonehengc,  in  the  south  of  England,  and  at  Stennes,  in 
tlie  Orkney  islands. 

5.  The  Druids  regarded  the  oak  as  a  sacred  tree,  and  planted  thick  groves 
of  it  around  their  dwellings ;  but  the  misletoe,  a  parasitical  plant,  which 
grows  on  various  trees,  was,  when  found  growing  on  an  oak,  considered  by 
them  the  holiest  object  in  nature,  and  was  held  in  peculiar  veneration.  The 
religious  worship  of  these  people  was  cruel  and  barbarous.  They  offered 
human  sacrifices  to  tiieir  gods,  and  predicted  future  events  from  the  manner 
in  which  the  blood  flowed  from  tlie  victims. 

6.  The  Celts  were  divided  into  numerous  tribes.  Some  of  them  painted 
and  tattooed  themselves,  and  some  were  cannibals.  They  were  a  people  of 
gigantic  size,  and  great  bodily  strength  ;  with  yellow  or  reddish  hair,  and 
bright  blue  eyes.  In  battle,  they  were  fierce  and  impetuous,  but  were  des- 
titute of  military  order  and  discipline.  In  the  progress  of  Roman  conquest, 
nearly  all  the  tribes  of  this  race  were  finally  subdued  and  civilized.  Tlie 
language  of  the  Celts  still  exists  in  the  Gaelic,  the  Irish,  the  Welsh,  and  tlie 
Basque,  which  are  all  dialects  of  the  same  original  tongue. 

7.  The  Greeks  were  the  most  distinguished  of  the  European  nations. 
They  became  eminent  for  their  genius,  love  of  liberty,  and  heroism.  The 
fine  arts,  painting,  poetry,  and  architecture,  reached  among  them  a  degree 
of  excellence  which  they  have  not  since  attained;  and  in  each  the  finest 
•models  for  imitation  were  lefl,  which  has  served  to  form  the  basis  of  modern 
tiisJe  and  knowledge.  The  language  of  the  Greeks  is  the  most  perfect  ever 
spoken;   it  comprehends  the  finest  productions  of  the  human  mind,  and  is 

he  most  copious,  flexible,  and  harmonious  in  existence. 

8.  Subsequently,  the  Romans  rose  to  power  and  distinction :  they  subdued 

IS  said  of  the  nobles?  Of  the  lower  class, &c.  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  the  priests, 
or  Druids  ?  WJiat  did  they  teach  ?  Describe  their  temples.  5.  What  is 
said  of  the  oak  ?  Of  the  misletoe  ?  Of  the  religious  worship  of  these 
people?  6.  How  were  the  Celts  divided?  Describe  their  appearance. 
Their  conduct  in  battle,  &.c.  What  occurred  during  the  progress  of  Roman 
conquest  7  What  is  said  of  the  language  ?  7.  What  is  the  character  of  the 
Greeks?  What  is  said  of  the  fine  arts,  &,c.?  Of  the  Greek  language? 
S  Whau  is  said  of  the  Romans  ?  What  occurred  in  process  of  time  7 
7 


74  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

the  divided  Greeks,  and  transplanted  their  learning  and  refinement  to  the 
Italian  soil.  In  process  of  time,  the  whole  of  Central  and  Southern  Europe, 
froiii  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  Euxine  Sea,  was  annexed  to  the  dominions 
of  Rome.  Agriculture  was  then  introduced  and  encouraged,  and  Nourishing 
cities  were  founded  among  tribes  once  fierce  and  barbarous.  Tlic  Christian 
religion,  also,  as  it  spread  its  benignant  doctrines  over  European  countries, 
became  a  powerful  instrument  in  their  civilization. 

9.  But  with  the  decay  of  the  empire,  occasioned  chiefly  by  its  separation 
tnto  Eastern  and  Western,  a  great  change  was  produced.  The  barbarian 
nations,  no  longer  held  in  check  by  the  discipline  and  valour  •f  the  legions, 
poured  in  from  the  north  and  the  east,  and  ravaged  all  parts  of  the  empire 
with  fire  and  sword.  The  people  were  everywhere  enslaved  or  exterminated, 
the  cities  were  laid  waste;  the  monuments  of  art  levelled  with  the  dust; 
and  the  civilization  and  policy  of  Rome  were  replaced  by  barbarism  and 
ignorance. 

10.  The  chief  divisions  of  Europe,  in  ancient  times,  were  Greece;  Italy; 
Hispania,  or  Spain  ;  Gaul,  or  Gallia  ;  the-  British  Isles ;  Germa'nia,  or  Ger- 
many; Scandina'via ;  Da'cia;  Moe'sia,  and  Illyr'icuni.  Many  of  the  rivers 
and  mountains  retain  their  ancient  names,  with  some  slight  alteration.  The 
principal  are  the  Rha,  Tan'ais,  Borys'thenes,  Ister,  or  Danu'bius,  Pa'dus, 
Rhod'anus,  Ibe'rus,  Tagus,  Du'rius,  Li'gcr,  Seq'uana,  Tam'esis,  Sabri'na, 
Rhe'nus,  Albis,  Via'drus,  and  Vis'tula.  The  mountains  are  the  Pyrenees, 
Ilip'ula,  Maria'nus,  Canta'brian,  Alpes,  or  Alps,  Apenni'nus,  or  Apennines, 
Car'pates,  Hse'mus,  Sevo,  and  Hyperbo'rean,  or  Riphe'an  mountains.  Also, 
the  volcanoes  JEtna  and  Vesuvius. 


Map  No.  1. — Point  out  the  countries  named  in  the  text.  The  chief  rivers. 
The  lengths  in  miles.     The  chief  mountains.     Their  heights  in  feet. 

The  rivers,  &c.,  that  are  not  on  Map  No.  1  will  be  found  on  Map  No.  5. 
What  ocean  lay  west  of  Europe  ?  What  sea  on  tlie  south  ?  WJiat  strait 
separated  Europe  from  Africa?  ■  What  sea  lay  between  Italy  and  Illyricum, 
or  Illyria?  Between  Greece  and  Asia  Minor?  East  of  Mccsia?'  ^71lat 
sea  or  lake  lay  north-east  of  the  Chersonesus  Taurica  ?  P.  M.  What  sea 
lay  north  of  Germany  ?     North-west  of  Nerigonia  ?     North  of  Spain  ? 

THRACE,   OR   THRA'CIA. 

1.  Thrace,  or  Thra'cia,  extended  westward  from  the  Euxine 
sea  to  the  river  Nestus,  and  southward  from  the  Has'mus  moun- 
tains to  the  Propon'tis  and  the  iEge'an  sea.  It  was  a  wild,  rugged 
region,  and  was  once  considered  to  include  all  the  countries  that 
lay  north  of  Greece.  It  was  therefore  represented  as  the  residence 
of  Boreas.  Thrace  was  conquered  by  Pliilip  of  Macedon,  and 
continued  to  be  governed  by  his  descendants  until  the  time  of  the 

What  then  followed  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Christian  religion  ?  Of  the 
decay  of  the  empire  ?  What  is  said  of  the  barbarian  nations  ?  What  did 
they  do  ?  9.  What  occurred  to  the  people  ?  TJie  cities,  &c.  ?  By  wliat 
wore  the  civilization  and  policy  of  Rome  replaced?  10.  Name  the  chief 
divisions  of  Europe.  Tlie  principal  rivers.  The  principal  mountains, 
Q.  1.  Descrioc  the  position  of  Thrace.    What  was  its  character,  &.c.  ? 


THRACE.  75 

Roman  conquest  It  was  then,  for  the  first  time,  considered  to  bo 
a  part  of  Greece. 

2.  Colonies  were  settled,  at  an  early  period,  on  different  parts  of  the  sea- 
coast,  by  the  Greeks,  and  tlic  country  was  found  to  contain  rich  nieadowa 
and  corn-lands.  It  abounded  in  mines,  and  its  horses  rivalled  tliose  of 
Tliessaly.  The  principal  mountains  were  the  Haj'nius  and  the  Rhod'ope. 
The  latter  was  the  reputed  birtli-phicc  of  Mars.  The  Ilc'brus  was  the 
largest  river.  On  its  banks  Or'phuus  is  said  to  have  wandered,  and  to  have 
played  with  such  delightful  melody,  that  the  wild  beasts  listened  to  him, 
und  the  trees  and  mouiitains  moved  in  cadence  to  his  music. 

3.  Among  the  cities  of  Thrace  was  Abde'ra,  notorious  for  the  stupidity 
of  its  inhabitants.  It  gave  birth,  however,  to  Democ'ritus,  the  laughing 
philosopher,  and  also  to  Protag'oras,  noted  in  Athens  for  his  eloquence. 
Near  it  was  the  residence  of  Diome'des,  king  of  the  Bis'tones,  who  fed  his 
horses  on  human  flesh,  and  was  slain  by  Hercules.  At  Sestos,  on  the  Hel- 
lespont, Xerxes  placed  the  bridge  of  boats  over  which  his  vast  army  passed 
on  their  march  to  Greece.  Here,  also,  Lean'der  was  drowned,  in  swimming 
to  the  opposite  town  of  Aby'dos  to  visit  Hero,  his  mistress. 

4.  Byzan'tium,  a  Greek  colony,  was  built  at  the  entrance  of  the  Thracian 
Bosphorus.  It  was  called  Chrysoc'eras  (the  Golden  Horn),  from  the  beauty 
of  its  situation.  The  Emperor  Constantine  made  it  the  capital  of  the 
Roman  empire,  under  the  name  of  Constantinople.  At  iE'gos  Pot'amos,  the 
Athenian  fleet  was  defeated  by  Lysan'der,  a  Spartan,  From  the  vicinity  of 
Heracle'a,  on  the  Propon'tis,  a  wall,  forty-eight  miles  in  length,  was  built  to 
tlie  Euxine  eea,  by  the  Emperor  Anastasius,  to  guard  the  capital  from  the 
attacks  of  the  barbarians.     It  was  called  Macron  Tichos  (the  Great  Wall), 

5.  Philippop'olis  was  named  after  Philip,  the  father  of  Alexander,  Adrian- 
op'olis  and  Trajanop'olis,  on  the  same  stream,  and  Nicop'olis,  on  the  Nestus, 
have  all  retained  their  ancient  names.  At  Adrianop'oUs,  Valens  was  routed 
by  the  Goths,  A,  D.  378.  This  was  the  severest  defeat  experienced  by  the 
Romans  since  the  time  of  Can'na;.  On  the  coast  of  the  Euxine  were  Apol- 
lo'nia  and  Salmydes'sus.  The  first  was  noted  for  its  temple,  containing  a 
colossal  statue  of  Apollo.  It  was  carried  to  Rome  by  Lucul'lus,  Salmydes'- 
sus was  noted  for  shipwrecks.  The  adjacent  coast  was  reckoned  dangerous 
to  mariners,  and  was  called  Salmydessuni-Littus, 

MACEDO'NIA. 

6.  Macedon,  or  Macedo'nia,  was  the  kingdom  of  Philip  and 
Alexander,  It  lay  west  of  Thrace,  and  on  the  south  side  of  the 
HcE'inus  mountains.  It  was  for  the  most  part  a  rough,  woody 
region,  the  chief  riches  of  which  consisted  in  mines  of  gold  and 

What  is  said  of  its  conquest?  2,  Of  its  settlement  by  the  Greeks?  In 
what  did  it  abound  ?  What  is  said  of  its  horses  ?  Name  the  principal 
mountains.  What  is  said  of  the  rivers  ?  Of  Orpheus  ?  3.  For  what  was 
Abdera  notorious  ?  To  whom  did  it  give  birth  ?  What  is  said  of  Diome- 
des  ?  Of  Sestos  ?  4.  Of  Byzantium  ?  /Egos  Potamos  ?  What  extended 
from  the  Propontis  to  the  Euxine  Sea  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  Philippopolis, 
&.C.  ?  What  took  place  at  Adrianopolis  ?  What  is  said  of  Apollonia  and 
Salmydessus  ?     6.  What  was  Macedon  ?     Describe  its  positicn.    Ita  clio* 


76  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

silver;  but,  on  the  coasts,  wine,  oil, and  fruits  were  produced  in 
abundance. 

7.  The  limits  of  this  country  varied  at  different  times  :  At  first  its  west- 
ern  boundary  was  the  Canalo'vii,  or  Pindus  mountains ;  but,  subsequently, 
»t  was  extended  to  the  Adriatic  sea,  and  included  the  southern  part  of  Illyr'- 
icum.  It  was  for  a  long  time  hardly  considered  a  part  of  Greece,  and,  until 
the  days  of  Philip,  was  regarded  as  of  little  importance.  That  wily  princa 
having  added  Thrace,  Epi'rus,  and  TJiessaly  to  his  domains,  took  advantag 
of  the  domestic  commotions  of  the  Greek  States,  and,  in  the  battle  of  Cheer 
one'a,  B.  C.  338,  brought  them  all  under  his  control. 

8.  His  son  Alexander  afterwards  subdued  a  large  part  of  Asia;  and,  by 
an  uninterrupted  series  of  victories,  for  ten  successive  years,  became  master 
of  half  the  world.  After  his  deatli,  his  vast  empire  was  divided  ;  Macedo- 
nia was  soon  restricted  to  its  ancient  limits,  and,  after  a  time,  lost  its 
supremacy  over  Greece.  At  length,  Per'seus,  the  last  of  Philip's  descend, 
ants,  having  taken  up  arms  against  Rome,  was  totally  defeated  by  Pau'lus 
^mil'ius ;  and  tlie  Romans  took  possession  of  the  country. 

9.  The  principal  mountains  in  Macedonia  were  the  HEe'mus,  Canalo'- 
vii, Cis'sus,  and  Cambu'nii.  The  largest  rivers  were  the  Dri'lo,  Ao'us, 
Haliac'mon,  Ax'ius,  and  Stry'mon.  In  the  south-east,  was  Mount  A'thos, 
now  famous  for  its  monasteries.  Xerxes  caused  a  canal  to  be  cut  across  the 
narrowest  part  of  the  peninsula,  on  which  the  mountain  stood,  and  sailed 
through  it  with  his  fleet  to  Tiiessaly.  This  work,  it  is  said,  can  still  be 
traced. 

10.  The  chief  towns  of  Macedonia  were  Edes'sa,  the  first  capital,  and  Pel'la, 
the  capital,  and  native  place,  both  of  Philip  and  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
Berse'a,  a  very  ancient  city,  is  mentioned  in  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles. 
Thessaloni'ca  was  tlie  capital  of  the  Roman  province  of  Macedonia.  Here 
Cicero  lived  when  he  was  banished  from  Rome.  To  the  inhabitants  St 
Paul  wrote  two  of  his  epistles.  This  city  was  once  called  Tlierraa,  and 
gave  its  name  to  the  Thcrina'ic,  the  gulf  on  which  h  stood.  Potidas'a,  or 
Cassan'dria,  Olyn'thus  and  Amphip'olis,  were  noted  in  the  wars  waged  be- 
tween Pliihp  and  the  Athenians.  Singus  gave  name  to  the  Singit'ic,  and 
Toro'ne  to  the  Torona'ic  gulf. 

11.  Pyd'na  was  noted  for  the  final  defeat  of  the  Macedonians  by  the 
Romans.  Philip'pi  was  named  after  king  Philip.  Here  Brutus  and  Cassius 
were  defeated  by  Antony  and  Augustus.  Apollo'nia  was  famous  for  its 
schools;  here  Augustus  was  educated.  Dyrrach'ium, previously  called  Epi- 
dani'nus,  was  tlie  common  landing-place  from  Brundu'sium,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  Adriat'ic  sea. 

12.  At  Metho'ne,  wliich  Pliilip  had  besieged,  he  lost  his  right  eye  by  an 
arrow,  sliot  from  the  walls  by  Aster,  a  skilful  archer.  On  the  arrow  was 
tliis  inscription — "  To  Philip's  right  eye."  Philip  caused  the  arrow  to  bo 
shot  back  into  the  town,  witli  these  words  attached  to  it :  "  If  Phihp  talies 
Metho'ne,  Aster  shall  be  put  to  death ;"  which  was  accordingly  done  on  tlio 

racter,  &c.  7.  What  is  said  of  its  limits  ?  Of  Philip  ?  Of  Alexander  ? 
What  occurred  after  his  dentli  ?  What  is  said  of  Perseus  ?  9.  Mention 
tlie  principal  mountains.  Tlio  lai^rest  rivers.  What  is  said  of  Mount 
Athos?  Of  Xerxes  ?  10.  What  is  said  of  Edessa?  Of  Pella?  Beraia  ? 
Thessalonica  ?  11.  What  is  said  of  Pydna?  Dyrrachium?  Brundu- 
eium?  12.  What  occurred  to  Philip  at  Methone?  What,  then,  did  Philip 
da  7     What  is  said  of  Stagyra  ? 


GREECE.  77 

rurrender  of  the  city.  Stagy'ra  was  the  birth-place  of  Ar'istotle ;  hence 
called  the  Stagy'ritc.  lie  was  a  noted  philosopher,  and  the  tutor  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great 


Map  No.  5.  —  What  seas  lay  south  of  Thrace?  What  mountains  lay 
north  ?  What  river  bounded  Thrace  on  the  west  ?  What  n)ouMtains  lay  in 
the  south  ?  Point  out  Abdcra.  Byzantium.  Heraclea.  Apollonia.  Saliny- 
dessus.  Adrianopolis.  Philippopolis.  What  mountains  separated  Macedonia 
from  Mossia  ?  What  river  separated  it  from  Ulyrieum  ?  What  river  from 
Epirus  ?  What  river  from  Thrace?  What  sea  bounded  Macedonia  on  the 
west  ?  On  the  south  ?  Point  out  Philippi.  Neapolis.  Amphipolis.  ApoU 
Ionia  ?     Dyrrachium. 

Map  No.  2. — Point  out  the  Thracian  Bosphorus.  The  Hellespont.  The 
Macron  Tiehos.  Scstos.  Doriscus.  Here  Xerxes  numbered  his  vast  host 
after  the  passag^c  of  the  Hellespont.  When  were  battles  fought  at  J2gos 
Potamos  and  Adrianopolis  ? 

Map  No.  3.  —  Point  out  the  Thermaic  gulf.  The  Strymonic.  Singitiu. 
Toronaic.  Point  out  Mount  Athos.  Canalovii  mountains.  Cambunii 
mountains.  Cissus  mountains.  Point  out  Pella.  Thcssalonica.  Stagyra 
Methone.    Fydna.    Potidaea,  or  Cassandria.    Olyntlms. 

+  —31  — 

GREECE,   OR   HELLAS. 

1.  Greece,  or  Hellas,  the  country  of  the  Greeks,  was  the  chief 
seat  of  learning  and  refinement  at  a  period  when  nearly  all  other 
European  countries  were  involved  in  gross  barbarism.  Though 
the  most  celebrated  region  of  ancient  times,  it  was  of  very  moderate 
extent ;  ana  did  not,  excluding  the  more  distant  islands,  exceed  in 
area  half  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

2.  It  comprised  a  peninsula  wholly  bounded  by  the  sea,  except 
on  the  north,  where  Macedo'nia  separated  it  from  the  rest  of 
Europe.  Eastward,  was  the  ^ge'an  ;  westward,  the  lo'nian  ;  and 
south-eastward  the  Myrto'an  sea.  On  the  north,  were  the  Cara- 
bu'nii,  the  Tu'maius,  and  the  Acro-Cerau'nii  mountains.  In  almost 
every  quarter,  the  surface  consists  of  rugged  mountains,  interspersed 
with  valleys,  some  of  wiiich  are  rich  and  fertile.  The  gulfs  and 
harbours  are  numerous,  and  mdent  the  coast  on  all  sides,  affording 
every  facility  for  navigation.  The  climate  is  mild  and  pleasant, 
but  varies,  to  some  extent,  as  mountain,  plain,  or  valley  predo- 
minate. 

.3.  In  its  infant  state,  Greece  was  inhabited  by  naked  savages,  scarcely 
superior  to  the  beasts  of  tlic  ibiest,  living  on  herbs  and  roots,  and  sheltering 
ihemselves  in  caves  and  hollow  trees.     The  first  improvement  in  their  con- 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  Greece  ?    Of  its  extent  ?     2.  What  did  it  comprise, 

&c. ?     What  is  said  of  its   bounds?     What  mountains  lay  on  the  north? 

What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?    Of  the  gulfs,  &c.  ?    Of  the  climate  ?    3.  What 

is  said  of  Greece  in  its  infant  state  ?    What  was  the  first  improvement  in 

7* 


78  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

dii'on  was  the  exchange  of  their  ancient  food  for  the  more  wholesome  acorn. 
Tliey  then  built  themselves  huts,  and  covered  their  bodies  with  the  skins  ot 
animals. 

4.  The  inhabitants  were  at  lengtli  gradually  formed  into  little  States;  and 
were  governed  for  the  most  part  by  petty  princes,  whose  rule  was  often  des- 
potic. To  this  period,  called  the  heroic  age,  belong  the  exploits  of  Hercules, 
The'seus,  Mi'nos,  and  otlicr  heroes,  exalted  into  dcmi-gods  for  the  zeal  with 
which  they  redressed  and  punished  oppression.  Until  the  Trojan  war  ihe 
Greeks  had  no  common  bond  of  union,  and  hardly  considered  themselves  aa 
one  people.  That  event  brought  together  the  warriors  of  the  difTerent 
States — made  them  known  to  each  other,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  their 
national  greatness. 

5.  Subsequently,  the  desperate  contests  of  the  Greeks  with  the  great 
monarchs  of  Persia  served  to  unite  them  more  closely;  and  the  splendid 
victories  of  Mar'athon,  Sal'amis,  and  Platte'a,  raised  the  national  enthusiasm 
to  the  highest  pitch.  Greece  then  took  the  lead  among  tlie  nations  of  the 
earth ;  and,  though  often  wasted  by  internal  dissensions,  she  added  to  her 
military  renown  that  of  carrying  eloquence  and  the  arts  to  a  perfection 
before  unknown. 

6.  Under  Alexander  the  Great,  the  power  and  dominion  of  the  Greeks 
were  extended  to  the  most  remote  regions  then  known  ;  and,  for  a  time,  the 
laws,  the  learning,  and  the  language  of  Greece  prevailed  from  Egypt  to 
India.  The  conquest  by  Rome  put  an  end  to  tJic  political  existence  of 
Greece ;  but  the  latter  subdued  in  a  measure  even  her  conquerors.  Her 
fame  in  arts  and  eloquence  remained  undiminished,  and  the  greatest  of  the 
Romans,  and  all  who  aspired  to  learning,  came  to  study  in  her  schools. 

7.  The  Turkish,  or  Ottoman  invasion  finally  extinguished  in  Greece 
everything  that  remained  of  her  ancient  greatness.  The  Greeks  were  sub- 
jected to  the  most  grievous  oppression,  and  were  reduced,  for  almost  four 
centuries,  to  a  condition  little  short  of  slavery.  At  length,  partly  through 
tlieir  own  exertions,  and  partly  througli  the  assistance  of  the  great  European 
powers,  this  interesting  people  is  now  independent. 

8.  The  earliest  known  inhabitants  of  Greece  were  the  Pelas'gians,  wlio 
founded  the  kingdom  of  Sic'yori  about  the  time  of  Abraham.  Two  centuries 
later,  they  founded  Ar'gos.  They  were  a  widely  spread  people,  and  migra- 
tory in  their  habits ;  hence  the  Athe'nians  called  them  "  storks."  About  the 
year  1400  B.  C,  these  people  were  expelled  by  the  Helle'nes,  who  afterwards 
became  so  eminent  for  their  genius,  learning,  and  taste.  From  tliem  the 
country  was  called  Hel'las.  Tlie  terms  Greece,  and  Greeks,  are  of  Roman 
origin,  and  have  been  generally  adopted  in  modern  times.  They  were 
derived  from  the  Grae'ci,  a  small  tribe  in  Epi'rus ;  the  first  with  whom  tlie 
Romans  became  acquainted. 

the  condition  of  the  inhabitants?  What  did  they  then  do?  4.  Into  wha 
were  they  gradually  formed  ?  What  is  said  of  the  government  ?  What  ' 
said  of  Hercules,  &.c.  ?  Of  the  Trojan  war  ?  What  was  the  effect  of  that 
event  ?  5.  What  occurred  subsequently  ?  What  raised  the  national  entliu- 
siasm  ?  What  then  occurred?  What  did  Greece  add  to  her  military 
renown  ?  G.  What  took  place  under  Alexander,  &c.?  What  is  said  of  the 
conquest  by  Rome  ?  7.  Of  the  Turkish  invasion  ?  What  was  then  the 
condition  of  the  Greeks  ?  What  at  length  occurred  ?  8.  What  is  said  of 
the  Felasgians?  What  did  they  found  ?  What  is  said  of  tlicir  habils? 
What  did  the  Athenians  call  them  ?  When  and  by  what  people  were  tliey 
expelled  ?    What  is  said  of  the  Hellenes  ?    Of  the  terms  Greece  and  Greeks  ? 


GREECE.  79 

!).  TIic  Hclle'ncB  were  divided  into  four  <rrc:it  branches;  viz.,  the  lo'nians, 
Do'rians,  Eo'lians,  and  Aehu^'aiis.  In  time,  these  races  came  to  be  di.stin. 
guisiicd  from  each  otiicr  by  ditferenees  of  dialect,  manuer.s,  and  constitution 
of  governnient.  The  first  two  were  tlie  most  predominant.  Athens  wag 
the  cliicf  lo'nian,  and  Sparta  was  tlic  chief  Do'rian  State.  The  Achfc'ans 
and  Eo'hans  became,  in  a  great  degree,  identified  with  one  or  other  of  tlie 
ruling  States. 

10.  Though  tlie  Greeks  were  often  at  variance  with  each  otlier,  tlie  influ- 
ence of  their  national  religion,  and  their  sacred,  or  public  g:imcs,  ahvayg 
gcrvcd  as  a  bond  of  union.  The  public  games  were  the  Olym'i'ian,  Pyth'. 
ian,  Isth'mian  and  Neme'an.  During  their  celebration,  a  suspension  of 
hostilities,  (if  any  existed,)  took  j)hice  between  the  different  States,  and  to 
witness  them  not  only  natives,  but  many  foreigners,  always  resorted. 
None  but  Greeks,  however,  could  contend  for  the  prize.  This  right  was 
deemed  a  privilon-o  of  t)io  highest  value,  and  served  to  unite  the  most  distant 
branches  of  t'      !'   "  :,'■    r:i-(\ 


Olympian  Games. 

11.  The  object  of  all  these  games  was  to  prepare  the  youth  for  war,  by 
Qccusloming  them  to  feats  of  agility  and  strength.  The  exercises  were, 
throwing  the  discus,  or  quoit,  wrestling,  boxing,  and  foot,  horse,  and  chariot, 
races.  Musical  and  poetical  contests  concluded  the  whole.  The  most  noted 
was  the  Olym'pic ;  in  wliich  the  renown  of  gaining  a  victory  was  so  great, 
that  the  victor  was  regarded  as  an  honour  to  his  country.  They  were  cele- 
brated every  four  years;  and  from  them  the  Greeks  began,  about  776  B.  C, 
tp  compute  their  time:  every  period  of  four  years  was  called  an  Olym'piad. 

Map  No.  3. — Point  out  Thessaly.  Epirus.  Hellas,  or  Greece  Proper. 
The  Peloponnesus.  The  Ionian  islands.  Thracian  islands.  Thessalian 
ifclands.  The  Cyclades.  The  Spoiades.  The  island  of  Euboea.  Where 
are  the  Aero  Ceraunii  mountains?  Tuinarus  mountains?  Cambunii 
mountains  ?     Pindus  mountains  ?     Point  out  the  Ionian  sea.     The  /Egcan 

9.  How  wer#  the  Hellenes  divided  ?  What  is  said  of  the  two  first,  &.o.  ? 
Of  the  Acha;ans  and  /Eolians  ?  10.  What  purpose  did  the  national  religion 
and  the  noted  games  serve?  What  is  said  of  them?  11.  What  was  their 
object?  Describe  the  exercises.  What  is  said  of  the  Olympic  games  T 
IJuw  often  were  they  celebrated  ?     W^hat  was  coiaputed  from  Uiem  7 


80  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

sea.  The  Myrtoan  sea.  The  sea  of  Crete.  Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  ? 
The  Gulf  of  Ambracia  ?  Gulf  of  Cy  parissa  ?  Gulf  of  Messenia  ?  Gulf  of 
Laconia?  Saronic  gulf/  Thermaic  gulf?  Strymonic  gulf?  Singitie 
gulf?     Toronaic  gulf?     Pelasgic  gulf?     Maliac  gulf?     Opuntic  gulf? 

GREECE— [CONTINUED.  J 

1.  The  elements  of  their  religious  worship  were  derived  by  the 
Greeks  either  from  Asia  or  Egypt ;  but  they  modified  the  whole 
so  completely,  that  it  retained  few  or  no  features  of  its  original 
source.  They  worshipped  a  number  of  gods  and  demi-gods,  whom 
they  divided  into  three  classes — celestial,  marine,  and  terrestrial. 
These  were  all  subject  to  Jupiter,  who  was  considered  the  father 
of  gods  and  men, 

2.  The  celestial  deities  were,  besides  Jupiter,  Apollo,  the  god  of  science, 
who  was  also  considered  as  Phce'bus  or  the  sun.  Mars  was  the  god  of  war; 
Mercury,  the  god  of  eloquence  ;  Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine  ;  and  Vulcan,  the 
god  of  fire.  Juno,  the  sister  and  consort  of  Jupiter,  was  the  liighest  female 
deity.  Minerva  was  the  goddess  of  the  liberal  arts  ;  as  Pallas,  she  was  tire 
goddess  of  war ;  Venus  was  the  goddess  of  love ;  Diana,  the  goddess  of 
hunting:  as  Phoe'be,  she  was  the  goddess  of  the  moon;  and,  as  Hee'ate, 
slie  was  in  hell  the  goddess  of  the  night,  and  darkness.  Ce'res  was  the 
goddess  of  agriculture ,  and  Vesta  the  goddess  of  fire. 

3.  The  marine  deities  were  Neptune  and  his  wife,  Amphitri'te  ;  Ocean'i- 
cus  and  his  wife,  Thc'tys ;  Tri'ton ;  Pro'teus ;  Ne'reus,  with  his  sister  and 
consort,  Do'ris,  and  their  progeny,  known  under  the  appellation  of  Tri'tons,' 
Ne'reids,  &lc.  The  infernal  gods  were,  Plu'to  and  his  consort,  Pros'erpine; 
Plu'tus,t]ie  god  of  riches;  Cha'ron;  thcFuries;  theFates;  the  three  judges, 
Mi'nos,  iE'acus,  and  Rhadaman'thus.  Besides  these,  they  had  rural  deities  : 
as.  Pan  ;  Sylva'nus  ;  Pria'pus  ;  Aristse'us  ;  Ter'minus  ;  The  Fauns  and 
Sa'tyrs  ;  Pa'lcs ;  Flo'ra ;  Pomo'na  ;  and  a  vast  number  of  nymphs. 

4.  During  the  early  periods  of  their  existence,  the  Greeks  were  governed 
by  kings,  and  almost  every  city  formed  an  independent  State ;  but,  by 
degrees,  the  love  of  liberty  introduced  the  republican  form  of  government : 
a  change  the  more  easily  effected,  each  State  being  so  small  that  almost  all 
the  inhabitants  could  assemble  together,  at  a  short  notice,  to  consult  on  their 
general  interests. 

5.  Greece  comprised  four  divisions;  viz.: — 1.  Thes'saly  and  Epi'rus.  2. 
Greece  Projier,  or  Hcl'las.  3.  The  Peloponne'sus.  4.  The  Islands.  The 
Romans  added  Macedonia,  and  then  divided  the  whole  into  the  provinces  of 
Acha'ia  and  Macedo'nia.  The  first  comprised  Hel'las  and  the  Peloponnci 
BUS.  The  capital  was  Corinth.  The  second  included  Thes'saly,  Epi'rus 
and  Macedo'nia.     The  capital  was  Thessaloni'ca. 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  the  religious  worship  of  the  Greeks?  Of  their 
gods,  &c.  ?  2.  Describe  the  celestial  deities.  The  female  divinities.  3. 
The  marine  deities.  The  infernal  gods.  The  rural  deities,*&.c.  4.  How 
were  the  Greeks  governed  in  early  times  ?  What  was  introduced  by 
degrees  ?  From  what  circumstance  was  the  change  the  more  easily  effected  ? 
5.  Name  the  divisions  of  ancient  Greece.  How  did  the  Romans  divide  it? 
What  did  the  first  comprise  7    What  did  the  second  include  ? 


GREECE.  81 


THES'S  ALY. 


0.  TiiEs'sALY  lay  bchvocn  flel'las  and  Maccdo'nia,  and  was  sur- 
'oundt'd  on  all  sides  by  high  mountains,  except  on  the  east,  where 
Its  coasts  were  washed  by  the  ^ge'an  sea.  It  consisted  of  an 
extensive  fertile  plain,  which  was  watered  by  the  Pe'neus  and  its 
branches.  Thes'saly  was  famous  for  its  breed  of  horses,  and  the 
inhabitants  for  their  dexterity  in  horsemanship. 

7.  Anions:  the  inliabitants  were  the  Cen'taurs,  who  were  fabled  to  be  half^ 
man  and  hall-horse.  They  were  probably  anionjr  the  first  who  fought  ou 
horseback ;  and  the  horse  and  rider  being  taken  lor  one  and  the  same  indi 
vidual,  gave  rise,  no  doubt,  to  the  report.  The  Myr'niidons,  who  dwelt  in 
the  southern  part  of  Thes'saly,  were  imagined  to  have  been,  at  first,  a  race 
of  ants.     They  accompanied  the  rest  of  the  Greeks  to  the  siege  of  Troy. 

8.  Olym'pus  was  the  most  celebrated  mountain  in  Thes'saly.  It  was, 
according  to  the  poets,  the  residence  of  the  gods :  on  its  summits  reigned 
an  eternal  spring ;  and  on  the  most  lofty  pinnacle  stood  the  palace  of  Jupi- 
ter. The  Greeks  considered  this  mountain  to  be  the  highest  in  the  world 
and  the  central  part  of  the  earth's  surface. 

9.  On  mounts  Os'sa  and  O'thrys  the  Cen'taurs  resided.  Mount  Pe'lion 
was  covered  with  pine  trees,  and  from  thence  was  obtained  the  celebrated 
spear  of  Aehil'les,  which  no  one  could  wield  but  himself  In  their  fabled 
wars  with  the  gods,  the  giants  piled  Os'sa  on  Pe'lion.  Pindus  was  saercd 
to  the  IMuses.  Tiie  poets  feigned  Mount  ffi'ta  to  be  so  lofty  that  tlie  sun, 
moon,  and  stars  rose  and  set  behind  it.    Near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Pene'us 


'3? 


Ell  tf  a  nee  to  tlje  Vale  of  Tenipe. 

and  between  Olym'pus  and  Os'sa,  was  the  vale  of  Tem'pe,  celebrated  among 
the  ancients  for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery.  It  is  about  five  miles  in  length, 
and  ia  entered  by  a  narrow  defile. 

10.  Laris'sa,  on  the  Pe'neus  river,  was  the  most  famous  of  all  the  cilie» 

6.  Describe  the  position  of  Thessaly.  Of  what  did  it  consist?  For  what 
was  it  famous  ?  7.  What  is  said  of  the  Centaurs  ?  What  were  they, 
probably?  What  is  said  of  the  Mynnidon<;?  8.  Of  Mount  Olympus » 
What  did  the  Greeks  consider  it  to  be  ?  9.  What  is  said  of  mounts  Ossu 
andOthrys?  Of  Mount  Pclion  ?  Of  the  giants?  Mount  Pindus?  Mount 
(Eta?  Describe  the  vale  of  Tern pc.  10.  What  is  said  of  Larissa  ?  Phthia? 
Alelibtca?  Anticyra?  Hypata?  lolcos?  Aphetoe?  What  occurred  at 
F 


82  CLASSICAL   GEOGXIAPHY. 

»f  that  name.  Achilles  had  here  his  seat  of  government.  Phthi'a  was  the 
city  of  the  Myr'midons.  MeUbce'a  was  famous  for  dyeing  wool  of  a  puvpla 
colour;  Antic'yra  for  its  hellebore;  and  Hyp'ata  for  the  skill  of  its  inhabit 
ants  in  magic.  lol'cos  was  the  birth-place  of  Ja'son,  the  leader  of  the 
Argonau'tic  expedition ;  and  Aph'etas  was  the  port  from  which  it  set  saiL 

11.  At  Cynoceph'ala3,  the  Macedonians  were  defeated  by  the  Romans; 
and  at  Pharsa'lia,  CiEsar  obtained  the  victory  over  his  rival  Pompey,  which 
secured  him  the  government  of  Rome.  Gom'phi,  Itho'me,  Tric'ca,  Metrop'o 
lis,  Cyph'ara,  Thau'maci,  Scotus'sa,  Cra'non,  Poer'na,  Demc'trias,  Pag'asse 
Tiiebcs,  La'mia,  and  Magne'sia,  were  all  noted  towns.  Thessaly  ancientl 
Contained  several  tribes,  or  districts: — /Estiajo'tis.Thessalio'tis,  Pelasgio'tis, 
Magne'sia,  Dolo'pia,  and  Phthio'tis  were  the  principal. 

Map  No.  3. — What  mountains  bounded  Thess-aly  on  the  north  ?  On  the 
west  ?  South  ?  What  sea  and  gulf  bounded  it  on  the  east  ?  ,Into  what 
gulf  did  the  Pcneus  river  flow  ?  The  Spcrchius  ?  In  what  part  of  Thessaly 
was  Mount  Olympus  ?  Mount  Ossa  ?  Pelion  ?  Othrys  ?  Vale  of  Tempe  ? 
Lake  Bcebe  ?  Point  out  the  chief  towns  mentioned  in  the  text.  The  districts. 
What  towns  stood  on  the  Maliac  gulf?  On  the  Pelasgic  ?  On  the  shores 
of  the  ^gean  sea  ?  At  what  time  were  battles  fought  at  Cynoscephalaa 
and  Pharsalia  ? 

33 


EPI'RUS. 

1.  Epi'rus  lay  between  the  Ionian  Sea  and  the  Pindus  Moun- 
tains. In  early  times  it  was  hardly  considered  a  part  of  Greece, 
but,  subsequently,  it  was  fully  recognised  as  one  of  the  divisions 
of  that  country.  The  celebrated  Pyr'rhus,  who  invaded  Italy  about 
the  year  300  B.  C,  and  who  first  transported  elephants  to  that 
country,  was  king  of  Epi'rus. 

2.  The  Epi'rots  were,  for  a  time,  a  powerful  nation,  but  were  at  length 
conquered  by  the  Romans  ;  who  captured  70  cities,  and  sold  150,000 
of  the  inhabitants  into  slavery.  The  chief  divisions  of  Epi'rus  were  Chao'- 
nia,  Molos'sis  and  Thcspro'tia.  The  inhabitants  of  the  latter  were  the  most 
ancient  in  Epi'rus.  Molos'sis  was  noted  for  its  breed  of  hunting-dogs.  The 
whole  region  was,  like  Thessaly,  famous  for  the  excellence  of  its  horses. 

3.  The  principal  streams  were,  the  Achelo'us,  Arach'thus,  and  Ao'us.  The 
Ach'eron  and  Cocy'tus  were  considered  by  the  poets  to  be  infernal  rivers; 
tlie  former,  probably,  from  the  dead  appearance  of  its  waters,  and  the  latter 
for  the  unhealthincss  of  the  country  on  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  Tlia 
P'riJus  mountains  separated  Epi'rus  from  Thessaly.  The  Acro-Ccrau'nil 
mountains  were  named  from  the  summits  being  so  oilcn  struck  by  lightning. 
They  were  said  to  attract  storms,  and  were  dreaded  by  sailors. 

Cynoscephalag  ?    At  Pharsalia  ?     Mention  the  other  noted  towns.    The  dis 
tricts. 

Q.  1.  Describe  the  position  of  Epirus.  How  was  it  considered  in  early 
times,  &c.?  What  issaid  ofPyrrhus?  2.  Of  the  Epirots  ?  Name  the  chief 
divisions.  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  of  Thesprotia  ?  Of  Molos. 
sis  7     How  did  Epirus  resemble  Tiiessaly  7     3.    Name  the  princigal  river* 


GREECE.  83 

4.  Ambra'cia  was  tlie  residence  of  Pyr'rlms  and  his  successors.  Buthro'- 
tuni  was  visited  by  iEnc'as  in  his  way  frSm  Troy  to  Italy.  Dodo'na  was 
famous  for  its  oracle,  said  to  he  the  most  ancient  in  Greece.  At  Or'iciina 
Helen  and  Androin'ache  reigned  aller  tlie  Trojan  war.  Nieo[)'oIis  was 
built  by  Augustus  in  honour  of  his  victory  over  Antony  at  Ac'liuni. 

HEl'lAS,     or     GREECE     PROPER. 

5.  Hel'las,  the  central  division  of  Greece,  was  called  Greece 
Proper,  from  being  the  seat  of  the  chief  Hellen  ic  nations.  It  lay 
north  of  the  Corinthian  and  Saronic  gulfs,  and  south  of  Epirus  and 
rhessaly.  In  area  it  was  nearly  equal  to  Connecticut  and  Rhode 
Island ;  and  comprised  Acarna'nia,  iEto'lia,  Do'ris,  Lo'cris,  Pho'cis, 
Ba'o'tia,  At'tica,  and  Meg'aris. 

6.  The  Achelo'us,  in  Acarna'nia,  the  Evc'nus,  in  iEto'lia,  and  the  Ce- 
pliis'sus  and  Aso'pus,  in  Bceo'tia,  were  the  chief  rivers.  Tlie  Achelo'us  waa 
the  largest.  On  the  banks  of  the  Evc'nus,  Hercules  slew  Nessus,  for  offer- 
ing violence  to  Dejani'ra.  The  Cephis'sus  (called  the  divine)  was  the  river 
of  the  Graces.  On  the  banks  of  the  Aso'|)us,  the  renowned  battle  of  Platoe'a 
was  fought.  Lake  Copa  is,  in  Doeo'tia,  was  the  largest  lake.  It  was  famous 
for  its  eels,  which  were  highly  prized  by  epicures. 

7.  The  chief  mountains  were,  besides  Mount  CEta,  which  formed  the 
northern  boundary  of  Hel'las,  Aracyn'thus,  in  Acarna'nia;  Panaetolicum,  in 
^to'lia ;  Parnas'sus,  in  Pho'cis ;  Hel'icon,  in  Boco'tia ;  Citha3'ron,  on  tlie 
fcorders  of  Boco'tia,  Meg'aris,  and  At'tica ;  Par'ncs,  between  Bceo'tia  and 
At'tica ;  and  Hymet'tus  and  Pentel'icus,  in  At'tica. 

acarna'nia. 

8.  Acarna'nia  was  the  westernmost  division  of  Hel'las.  The 
'<ihabitants  were  rude  barbarians  long  after  the  other  branches  of 
•heHeilen'ic  race  had  become  the  instructors  of  the  world.  They 
were  gross,  sensual,  and  addicted  to  low  pleasures;  so  that  porcus 
Acarnas  became  a  proverbial  expression. 

9.  Its  chief  cities  were  Ar'gos-Amphiloch'icum,  and  Stra'tus.  It  con- 
taincd,  also,  the  town  and  promontory  of  Ac'tium,  olT  which  the  battle  was 
fought  that  gave  Augustus  the  empire  of  the  world. 

.«:  to'li  a. 

10.  ^Eto'lia  was  the  least  cultivated  part  of  Greece.  The 
people  were,  for  a  long  period,  the  most  uncivilized  of  the  Ilellen'* 
ic  lUce.  They  were  also  noted  freebooters.  On  the  dechne  of 
Athens  and  Sparta,  the  TEto'lians  became  an  important  people. 

What  id  said  of  the  Acheron  and  Cocytus?  Of  the  Acro-Ceraunii  7  4. 
Of  Ambracia?  Buthrotum,  and  the  other  towns?  5.  What  is  said  of 
Hellas?  Describe  its  position.  Its  area.  What  did  it  comprise  ?  Name 
the  chief  rivers.  What  is  said  of  tlic  Aehelous  ?  Of  the  Evcnus  ?  Tlio 
C'ephissus?  TheAsopus?  Lake  Copais  ?  7.  Name  the  chief  mountains. 
8.  Describe  Acarnania.    9.  Its  chief  cities.     10.  What  is  said  of  iEtolia  1 


84 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


and  formed  an  alliance  with  Rome,  B.  C.  214.  Their  subsequent 
desertion  of  the  Romans,  for  Anti'cchus,  king  of  Syria,  was  the 
chief  cause  of  the  subjugation  of  Greece. 

1].  The  chief  towns  were  Chards,  Cal'ydon,  and  Tlicrmus.  The  latter 
was  the  capital  of  iEtolia.  Car)'don  was  the  native  place  of  Melea'ger, 
Dcjani'ra,  and  Diome'des.  Here  the  ferocious  Calydo'nian  boar,  whom 
l)iana  scut  to  ravage  the  country,  was  killed  by  Melea'ger. 

LO'CRII,     OR     LO'CRXANS. 

12.  The  Lo'cRii,  or  Locrians,  comprised  three  tribes;  viz.:  the 
Oz'olfe,  the  Opun'tii,  and  the  Epi-Cnemidii.  The  Locrii-Oz'olse, 
or  western  Lo'crii,  occupied  a  small  district  on  the  north  side  of 
the  Corinthian  gulf. 

13.  The  principal  city  was  Naupac'tus,  [the  ship-building  town,]  so 
named  because  the  Hcracli'dae  built  here  the  fleet  in  which  they  crossed 
over  into  tiie  Peloponne'sus.  The  territory  of  the  two  other  tribes  lay  on 
tlie  Opun'tic  gulf,  and  was  divided  between  them  in  nearly  equal  portions, 
O'pus  was  the  chief  town  of  the  Locrii-O'puntii,  and  Thronium  of  the  Ep'i- 
Cncmii'ii 

r 


Leoniilas  defending  the  Pass  of  Tliermop>l!E. 


14.  In  the  territory  of  the  latter  is  the  famous  pass  of  Thcrmop'yloj,  which, 
in  its  nanowest  part,  is  only  twenty-five  feet  wide.  Here  three  hundred  Spar- 
tans,  under  Leon'idas,  repulsed,  for  three  days,  the  vast  army  of  Xerxes,  esti- 
mated at  two  ruillions  of  men.  On  the  same  ground,  the  Greeks  afterwards 
contended  against  the  Gauls ;  and  the  Romans,  under  the  Corjsul  Acil  iua, 
Jaere  defeated  the  army  of  Anti'ochus. 

Mar;)  A'b.  3.— What  bounds  Epirus  on  the  north?  South?  East?  West? 
Point  out  the  rivers  mentioned  in  the  text.     What  rivers  flowed  into  the 


What  occurred  on  the  decline  of  Athens  and  Sparta?  11.  Name  the  chief 
towns.  \2.  What  did  tlic  Locrii,  or  Locrians,  comprise?  What  is  said  of 
the  Locrii  Ozolre  ?  13.  Of  their  principal  city  ?  What  is  said  of  the  two 
other  tribes  ?  Their  chief  towns  ?  14.  Describe  the  pass  of  Thermopylau 
Wliat  occurred  there?     What  afterwards  took  place ? 


GKEECE. 


85. 


for.ian  BCa?  The  Gulf  of  Arta?  What  islands  lay  west  of  Eplrus  ?  What 
towns  lay  on  tlic  coast?  In  the  interior?  What  sea  west  of  Acarnania? 
Soutli  of  yEtolia  ?  Wliat  fjulf  south  of  Western  liocris  ?  What  mountains 
east  of  Acarnania  ?  North  of  .l',tolia  ?  Wliat  rivers  in  Acarnania?  In 
^litolia '!  In  Western  Locris  V  ^Vhat  islands  lay  v,  est  ol'  Acarnania  ? 
Wlien  did  tlic  battle  of  Acliuni  occur  ?  In  what  gulf  was  it  fought?,  ^Wlien 
was  the  battle  of 'I'hcrniopylte  fought?  L.^  ^L'l.y 

34 


PHO'CIS,    DO'RIS,    BCEO'TIA,  &c. 

1.  Pho'cis  lay  near  the  centre  of  Greece  Proper,  and  north  of 
the  Gulf  of  Corinth.  The  inhabitants  subsisted  chiefly  by  agri- 
culture, and  were  distinguished  for  their  bravery.  Tlie  Pho'cian, 
or  Sacred  "Wars,  -which  proved  so  disastrous  to  Grecian  liberty, 
originated  with  these  people.  They  lasted  ten  years,  and  were 
terminated  by  the  battle  of  Chccrone'a ;  a  victory  wliich  enabled 
Philip  of  jNlac'edon  to  control  the  affairs  of  Greece. 

2.  Delp'hi,  the  chief  city  of  Pho'- 
cis, was  situated  at  tlie  base  of 
Mount  Parnas'sus.  Here  Apollo 
killed  the  serpent  Py'thon  ;  in 
honour  of  which  exploit,  the  Pyth'- 
ian  Games  were  celebrated  every 
fifth  year.  It  was  famous  for  a 
temple  of  Apollo,  and  for  an  oracle 
celebrated  amongst  all  tlie  ancient 
nations.  Here  the  Ampliictyon'ic 
(.'ouncil  met  to  deliberate  on  the 
atlairs  of  the  nation.  Del'plii  was 
considered  to  be  the  umbilicus^  or 
centre  of  Grtccc,  and  also  of  the 
ancient  world. 

3.  Cir'rha  was  the  port  of  Del'- 
plii.  Antic'yra  was  noted  for  its 
liollebore,  the  great  remedy  for 
madness  among  the  ancients  : 
hence  it  was  said  of  a  person  l;u 
bouring  under  insanity,  "Let  him 
go  to  Antic'yra."  Tlie  same,  how- 
ever, was  also  said  of  Antic'yra  in 


Delphi. 


Thessaly.     Lita3'a  and  Elate'a  were  towns  on  the  Cephis  sus  river. 

4.  Mount  Parnas'sus  was  one  of  the  most  noted  mountains  of  Greece 
It  had  two  summits  ;  the  one  consecrated  to  Apollo  and  the  muses,  and  the 
other  to  Bacchus.  On  it  was  the  celebrated  Casta'lian  fountain  ;  the  waters 
of  which  were  fabled  to  inspire  those  who  drank  them  with  the  true  spirit 
of  poetry. 


Q,  1.  Describe  Phocis.    Wliat  is  said  of  tiio  inhabitants?    Of  the  1  hociar. 

or  Sacred  Wars?     2.  Describe   Delplii.      What    is   said   of  Apollo?     Fur 

what  was  Delphi  famous?     What  is  said  of  the  Anipliictyonic  Council  ?     3. 

OfCirrha  and  the  other  towns?     4.  Describe  Mount  Parnassus.     Wliat  is 

8 


CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


5.  Do'ris  was  a  small,  interior  State,  which  lay  between  ^toha 
and  Pho'cis,  and  at  the  base  of  Mount  CE'ta.  It  was  called  Te- 
trap'olis,  from  its  four  cities. 

(i.  The  Do'rians  were  one  of  the  chief  branches  of  the  Hollen'ic  race, 
Though  limited  in  numbers,  they  sent  various  colonies  to  Italy,  Sicily,  and 
Asia  Minor.  The  Dor'ic  order  of  architecture,  and  the  Dor'ic  style  of  music, 
were  derived  from  hence,  as  well  as  the  Dor'ic,  one  of  the  principal  dialecta 
of  the  Greek  tongue. 

B(E0'tI  A. 

7.  BfEo'xiA  lay  between  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  and  the  Euri'pus. 
It  was  the  most  fertile  district  in  Greece.  The  inhabitants  were  a 
vigorous  and  athletic  race ;  but  were  considered  by  the  more 
sprightly  Athe'nians  as  dull  in  intellect. — Yet  Hes'iod,  Pindar, 
Corin'na,  and  Plu'tarch,  were  natives  of  BcBo'tia. 

8.  In  early  times,  it  comprised  several  small  States.  About  the  year  1640 
B.  C,  Cadmus,  the  Phocnic'ian,  founded  the  city  of  Thebes.  Atler  the 
death  of  Xan'thian,  its  last  kin^,  the  adjacent  cities  were  formed  into  a 
republic,  of  whicli  Thebes  took  the  lead,  and  was  raised,  by  the  talents  of 
Epaminon'das  and  Pelop'idas,  to  the  rank  of  the  roost  powerful  Grecian 
States. 

9.  The  city  of  Thebes  was  named  after  the  celebrated  Egyptian  Thebes. 
It  was  long  without  walls ;  but  was  at  length  fortified,  and  had  seven  gates, 
— from  which  it  was  called  Heptap'ylos.  It  was  the  birth-place  of  Epami- 
non'das, Pelo])'idas,and  Pindar.  It  revolted  from  Alexander,  previous  to  his 
eastern  expedition,  when  he  captured  and  demolislicd  it ;  sparing  nothing 
but  the  house  and  family  of  Pindar,  from  admiration  of  the  poet. 

•10.  Orcliom'cnus  was,  at  an  early  period,  celebrated  for  its  wealth  ;  it  was 
called  the  City  of  the  Graces,  from  a  temple  consecrated  to  them.  Clicerone'a 
was  the  birth-place  of  Plu'tarcli,  and  the  scene  of  a  noted  victory  gained  by 
Philip  over  the  Atlie'nians  and  IBcEo'tians.  Here,  also,  Archcla'us,  the  gene- 
ral of  Mithrida'tes,  was  vanquished  by  Sylla,  B.  C.  86.  At  Coronas'a,  tlie 
Thebans  were  defeated  by  tlic  Spartans. 

11.  Platse'a  was  memorable  for  the  defeat  of  the  Persians  by  the  Greeks, 
on  the  same  day  that  the  battle  of  Myc'ale  in  lo'nia  was  fought.  At  Leuc' 
tra,  the  Spartans  were  beaten  by  tlic  Thebans  under  Epaminon'das ;  tliis 
victory  put  an  end  to  the  Spartan  rule  in  Greece,  after  it  had  continued  near 
500  years.  Thes'piae  was  sacred  to  the  muses ;  tlie  inhabitants  were  the 
only  people  in  Boeo'tia  who  refused  the  tender  of  earth  and  water  to  Xcixea 
as  a  token  of  submission.    Ascra  was  the  birth-place  of  Hes'iod. 

said  of  the  Castalian  Fountain  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  Doris  ?  What  was  it 
called  ?  6.  What  were  the  Dorians  ?  To  what  countries  did  they  send 
colonies,  &c.?  7.  Describe  Bosotia.  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants? 
What  individuals  were  Boeotians  ?  8.  What  did  Beeotia  comprise  in  early 
times?  What  is  said  of  Cadmus?  What  occurred  after  the  death  of 
Xanthian  ?  What  is  said  of  Epaminondas  and  Pelopidas  ?  9.  Dcscrilie 
the  city  of  Tlicbcs ?  Who  were  natives  of  it?  What  did  Alexander  do? 
10.  Describe  Ori;homenus.     What  is  said  ofChtEronca?     11.  Of  Plattua? 


GRLECE.  87 

V2.  At  Au'lis  tlio  Greek  fleet  were  detained,  previous  to  tlic  sicfjc  of  Troy 
oy  contrary  winds.  De'liuni  was  noted  for  the  defeat  of  the  Athenians  hy 
the  BoBo'tians  :  it  was  in  tiiis  battle  tliat  Soe'rates  saved  the  life  of  Xcn'ophoii. 
Tan'aorra  was  the  birthplace  of  the  [wctcss  Corin'na :  it  was  famed  for  its 
breed  of  fightin/r.cocks:  the  Athenians  were  here  worsted  by  the  Spartans, 
prior  to  tlie  Pcloponnc'sian  war.  This'bc  was  noted  for  its  abundance  of 
wild  f  .gcons. 

meg'aris. 

13.  Meg'aris  lay  between  At'tica  and  Corin'thia.  It  was  long 
attached  to  Athens  ;  but  was  at  length  taken  by  a  Peloponne'sian 
army,  and  was  then  obliged  to  side  with  Sparta.  Though  pos- 
sessing but  an  inconsiderable  force,  the  rivalry  of  the  larger  States 
enabled  the  Megare'ans  to  hve  long  in  peace. 

14.  Mcg'ara,  the  chief  city,  was  nearly  equidistant  from  Corinth  and 
Athen.s,  and  possessed,  at  one  time,  considerable  splendour.  The  Megar'ic 
school  of  philosophy  was  founded  liere  by  Eu'clid,  a  disciple  of  Soe'rates, 
v\lio,  when  the  Athenians  had  forbidden  the  Megare'ans,  on  pain  of  dcatli, 
to  enter  their  city,  travelled  thither  by  night,  disguised  in  women's  clothes, 
iJiat  lie  might  attend  the  lectures  of  his  master. 


Map  No.  3. —  Point  out  Doris.  Pliocis.  Boeotia.  Megaris.  What 
mountains  north  of  Doris?  North  of  Phocis  ?  What  gulf  south  of  Phooia 
and  liffiotia  ?  What  strait  east  of  Bajotia  ?  What  gulf  south  of  Megaris  ? 
Point  out  Mount  Parnassus.  Mount  Helicon.  Mount  Citha^ron.  Mount 
Parnes.  Which  is  the  highest  of  the  first  three  ?  On  what  river  is  Orclio- 
menus  ?  Chteronea  ?  Tanagra  ?  On  what  strait  is  Delium  ?  Aulis  ? 
Anthedon  ?  When  were  battles  fought  at  Chasronca  ?  Corona)  ?  Leuctra  ? 
Platcea  ?     Tanagre  f     Delium  ? 


AT'TICA. 

1.  At'tica  was  the  easternmost  district  of  Hel'Ias,  or  Greece 
Proper :  it  was  hardly  equal  in  dimensions  to  a  moderate-sized 
county,  yet  it  has  eclipsed  the  glory  of  the  greatest  kingdoms.  The 
inhabitants  became  the  most  eminent  of  the  Greeks ;  their  genius 
wa-s  acute,  and  their  wit  was  dehcate  and  poignant ;  the  latter  was 
so  distinguished  and  peculiar  that  it  was  proverbially  called  "Attic 
sit." 


Leuctra?  Thespioe?  Ascra?  12.  What  occurred  at  Aulis?  At  Delium? 
What  is  said  of  Tanagra  ?  Thisbe  ?  1 3.  What  is  said  of  Megaris  ?  What 
was  the  etTect  of  the  rivalry  of  the  larger  States?  14.  Describe  the  chief 
city.  By  whom  was  the  Mcgaric  school  of  philosophy  founded  ?  Wliai 
is  said  of  Euclid  ? 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  Attica?     Of  the  inhabitants  ?     Of  tlieir  genius  and 
wit  ?     What  was  the  latter  proverbially  called  ?     2.  What  is  baid  of  the 


88  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

2.  The  territory  of  At'tica  was  not  fertile  in  grain,  and  was  never  able  to 
furnish  a  supply  for  the  inhabitants:  the  deficiency  was  usually  imported 
from  EuboL-'a  and  Thrace.  Figs  and  olives  were  produced  in  abundance. 
The  oil  of  the  latter  was,  with  tlie  ancients,  the  chief  substitute  for  butter. 
The  wool  was  noted  for  its  fineness,  and  tiie  skill  with  wliicii  it  was  dyed 
of  the  most  beautiful  colours.  I\]ount  Hyniet'tus  was  famous  for  its  lioney  ; 
Lau'rium  for  its  silver  mines ;  and  Mount  Pentel'icus  for  the  fine  marble 
which  it  furnislied  to  the  citizens  of  Athens. 

3.  The  people  of  At'tica  boasted  of  their  ancient  and  unmingled  descent: 
they  believed  that  they  sprung  from  tlie  soil  on  which  they  lived,  and  that 
they  originated  with  the  sun.  The  first  known  inhabitants  were  rude  bar- 
barians.  Ce'crops,  who  arrived  from  Egypt  1550  B.  C,  introduced  the  ele- 
ments  of  civilization ;  he  tauglit  them  a  better  mode  of  living ;  mstructed 
them  in  the  cultivation  of  grain ;  planted  the  olive  tree,  and  established 
wholesome  laws. 

4.  They  were  long  governed  by  kings,  of  wliom  Co'drus  was  the  last : 
after  his  death  royalty  was  abolished,  and  arclions  were  appointed,  whose 
power  was  at  first  perpetual,  then  decennial,  and  lastly,  annual.  At'tica 
was,  in  early  times,  divided  into  four  tribes,  which  were  afterwards  increased 
to  ten,  and  then  to  twelve,  each  having  its  own  chief.  In  its  prosperous 
days  it  was,  for  its  extent,  densely  peopled :  the  population  is  supposed  to 
have  been  about  550,000,  of  whom  400,000  were  slaves. 

5.  Athens,  the  capital  of  At'tica,  was  the  most  important  and 
splendid  city  of  Greece,  It  was  called,  by  the  ancients,  the  eye 
of  Greece,  and  also  of  the  civihzed  world.  It  was  the  great  seat 
of  learning  and  the  arts,  and  was  the  birth-place  of  the  most  eminent 
orators,  plulosophers,and  artists  of  antiquity.  Athens  was  founded 
by  Ce'crops,  and  received,  after  him,  the  name  of  Cecro'pia ;  sub- 
sequently it  was  called  Athens.  It  lay  east  of  the  Saron'ic  Gulf, 
and  between  the  small  rivers  Cephis'sus  and  Ihs'sus :  at  the  time 
of  Its  greatest  extent  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  five  or  six  miles 
m  circuit,  and  to  have  contained  120,000  inhabitants. 

C.  It  consisted  of  two  divisions,  the  Acrop'olis  and  the  Catop' 


The  Acropolis. 


crritory  of  Attica  ?  What  was  produced  in  abundance?  For  what  was 
Mount  Ilymettus  famous  ?  Laurium  ?  Mount  Pcntelicus  ?  3.  Of  what 
did  the  people  of  Attica  boast?  What  did  they  believe?  What  were  tlie 
first  inliabitants  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  Cccrops  ?  Of  tlic  government  of 
Attica  ?  IIow  was  Attica  divided  ?  Wliat  was  the  amount  of  population  '( 
5.  Describe  Athens.  By  whom  was  it  founded  ?  Describe  its  position.  Ex- 
tent.     Population.      G.  Describe  its   divisions,  &.c.      Its  harbours.     Long 


GREECE. 


80 


oils,  01  ihe  upper  and  lower  city,  and  was  distant  five  miles  from 
llie  sea.  Tlie  Pir:x;'us,  Munych  ia  and  Phale'rus  were  harbours, 
connected  witli  the  city  by  walls  of  great  strength  and  extent, 
called  the  long  Avails;  they  were  80  feet  high,  and  so  broad  that 
carriages  could  pass  each  other  on  their  summits.  The  first- 
named  harbour  was  considered  the  most  convenient,  and  was  onu 
of  the  emporiums  of  Grecian  commerce. 

7.  Tlic  Acrop'olis,  or  citadel,  was  built  on  the  top  of  a  rock  that  was 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  circuit;  it  was  accessible  only  on  one  side,  and 
contained  a  number  of  buildings,  some  of  them  the  most  splendid  of  which 
Athens  could  boast.  The  chief  ornament  was  the  Par'thcnon,  or  Temple  of 
Miner  v'u,  a  structure  which,  even  in  ruins,  has  been  the  admiration  of  the 
world,  and  has  served  as  the  model  of  many  of  tlie  finest  buildings  both  in 
the  old  and  the  new  world.  It  was  erected  by  Per'ides,  during  the  classic 
age  of  AthciiS,  of  the  finest  white  marble,  encompassed  with  fluted  columns 
of  the  Doric  order,  and  embellished  with  the  sculpture  of  Phid'ias. 

8.  The  Temple  of  Jupiter  Olym  plus  was  the  pride  of  the  lower  city.  It  was 
from  time  to  time  enlarged  and  beautified,  and  was,  at  length,  finished  by 
the  emperor  A'drian,  700  years  after  its  commencement.  It  was  400  feet  in 
length,  and  171  in  front,  and  was  adorned  by  124  fluted  columns,  60  feet 
liigh,  and  G  feet  in  diameter. 


Temple  of  Theseus  in  its  present  state. 

9.  The  Pan'thcon,  the  O'deon,  the  Prytane'um,  the  Pceci'Ie  Stoa,  or  gal. 
lery  of  paintings,  in  which  were  the  schools  of  the  Stoics,  and  the  Academy 
and  the  Lyce'um,  two  other  celebrated  schools  of  philosophy,  were  a  fi:\v, 
among  the  numerous  objects  of  interest  in  Athens.  The  Temple  of  The', 
ecus  somewhat  resembled  the  Pan'thcon,  and  is,  perhaps,  as  to  its  outline, 
the  most  entire  of  the  Greek  edifices  remaining  in  Athens. 

10.  Northwest  of  Athens  lay  Elcu'sis,  celebrated  for  its  religious  myste- 


walls.  The  first  named  harbour.  7.  Describe  the  Acropolis.  The  Par- 
thenon.  By  whom  was  it  erected,  &.c.  ?  8.  What  is  said  of  the  Temple  of 
J'lpiter  Olympius?  By  whom  was  it  finished?  By  what  was  it  adorned? 
Describe  its  extent.  9.  AVhat  were  some  of  the  objects  of  interest  ir 
Athens?      What   is  said  of  the  Temple  of  Theseus?      10.  Of  Eleusis? 

8* 


50 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


fit's  which  were  considered  so  awful,  that  any  one  of  the  initiated  whu 
d)"ulged  them,  was  put  to  death.  Mar'athon,  which  lay  at  the  base  of 
Mount  Pentcl'icus,  and  20  miles  from  Athens,  is  famed  for  the  brilliant 
victory  gained  by  Milti'adcs.  Here,  11,000  Greeks  defeated  110,000  Per- 
sians. A  soldier  ran  from  the  field  of  battle  to  carry  the  news  to  Athens, 
but  was  so  exhausted  when  he  reached  the  city,  that,  having  uttered  the 
words,  "rejoice,  we  are  victors,"  he  fell  down  and  expired. 

11.  On  tlic  coast,  opposite  to  Eubos'a,  was  Rham'nus,  celebrated  for  a 
temple  of  Ncm'esis,  in  which  was  a  statue  of  the  goddess  made  out  of  a 
olack  of  Pa'rian  marble  tliat  the  Persians  intended  as  a  pillar  to  be  erected 
to  commemorate  the  expected  victory  over  the  Greeks.  Lau'rium,  near  the 
promontory  of  Sn  mum,  was  celebrated  for  its  silver  mines  ;  Panor'mua 
was  the  chiL{  hirl    iir  A  Vthens  on  the  eabt  shore. 


The  Fleet  of  Xerxes  defeated  by  the  Greeks  at  Salamis. 

12.  The  narrow  strait  on  the  east  side  of  the  Island  of  Sal'amis  was  the 
Fccne  of  the  greatest  naval  battle  of  ancient  times.  The  Greeks  had  380, 
and  the  Persians  2000  ships  ;  the  former  lost  40  vessels,  and  the  latter  200, 
but  nearly  all  the  remainder,  soon  afterwards,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Greeks.  Xerx'cs,  seated  on  a  rich  throne,  viewed  the  conflict  from  the  ad- 
jacent coast  of  At'tica,  and  saw,  with  mingled  rage  and  anguish,  the  defeat 
of  his  numerous  fleet. 


Map  No.  3. — What  district  bounded  Attica  on  the  north  ?  On  the  west  T 
What  gulf  on  the  southwest?  Wliat  strait  on  tlie  east?  E.  Point  out 
Athens.  PirfPus.  Phalerus.  Munychia.  On  what  gulf  did  these  three 
towns  lie?  What  two  islands  lay  west  of  Attica?  AVhat  large  island  lay 
partly  east?  In  what  direction  from  Athens  is  Mount  Hymettus  ?  Mount 
Pcntelicus?  Mount  Parnes?  Mount  Cithajron  ?  What  i*  the  foutheri: 
point  of  Attica  ?  Between  what  rivers  does  Athens  stand  7  jWhen  was  the 
battle  of  Marathon  fought  ?     The  battle  of  Salamis  ? 


Marathon?  What  occurred  here  ?  11.  What  is  said  o'*Rhamnus?  Of 
the  statue  of  the  goddess  Nemesis?  Lauriuni?  Panonnus?  12.  What 
took  place  near  Salamis?  How  many  ships  were  engaged  in  it?  WJiat 
was  the  result?     What  is  said  of  Xerxes? 


GREECE.  A 

THE    PELOPONNE'SUS. 

1.  The  Peloponne'sus,  the  most  southern  division  of  Greece, 
is  a  peninsula,  about  equal  in  area  to  the  State  of  Massachusetts. 
It  is  a  mountainous  country,  watered  with  numerous  streams,  and 
its  coasts  are  indented  with  several  deep  inlets.  The  modern 
name,  More'a,  is  said  to  be  derived  from  the  resemblance  of  its 
outline  to  a  mulberry  leaf. 

2.  It  was  at  first  called  A'pia,  and  afterwards,  Pelas'gia,  from 
the  Pelas'gians.  The  term  Peloponne'sus  (island  of  Pe'lops)  was 
derived  from  Pe'lops,  a  Phryg'ian  prince,  who  married  a  daughter 
of  a  king  of  Pi'sa  in  E'lis,  and,  becoming  his  successor,  conquered 
a  considerable  part  of  the  peninsula. 

3.  Tlie  isthmus  of  Corinth,  wliich  unites  the  Peloponne'sus  to  Hel'las, 
was  an  important  pass,  and  formed  a  barrier  against  foreign  invasion. 
Small  vessels  were  oflen  drawn  over  it,  from  one  gulf  to  the  other,  and 
various  attempts  were  made  by  Deme'trius,  Csesar,  Nero,  and  others,  but 
always  without  success,  to  construct  a  canal  across  it :  hence,  to  cut  through 
tlic  Corin'thian  isthmus  has  long  been  a  proverbial  expression  for  aiming  at 
an  impossibility. 

4.  The  chief  products  of  the  Peloponne'sus  were  corn,  wine.and  oil.  The 
inhabitants  were  among  tlie  most  renowned  of  the  Greeks,  and  acted  an 
important  part  in  all  tlieir  national  affairs.  The  population,  when  most 
numerous,  is  supposed  to  have  amounted  to  about  a  million.  The  chief 
divisions  were  Aclia'ia,  Ar'golis,  E'lis,  Arca'dia,  Messe'nia  and  Laco'nia: 
Sicyo'nia  and  Corin'thia  were  generally  included  in  Acha'ia. 

A  C  H  A '  I  A  . 

5.  Acha'ia  comprised  the  most  northern  part  of  the  Peloponne'- 
sus ;  it  was  at  first  called  Egi'alus,  subsequently,  lo'nia,  and  then 
Acha'ia.  At  the  siege  of  Troy  the  AchcC'ans  were  the  most  nume- 
rous and  powerful  of  the  Greek  tribes  engaged. 

6.  The  famous  Achse'an  league  was  formed  about  the  year  287  B.  C,  by 
the  union  of  all  the  Achce'an  cities,  and  also  by  the  States  of  Cor'inth,  Sic'- 
yon,  Ar'golis,  Laco'nia,  Arca'dia,  ftleg'aris,  and  others.  Tiiis  confederacy 
became  formidable  to  tlie  adjoining  nations,  as  well  as  to  the  Romans,  by 
whom,  on  tlie  capture  of  Cor'inth,  it  was  dissolved,  after  an  existence  of  1 30 

Q.  1.  What  was  the  Peloponnesus?  What  is  said  of  its  extent,  (Sec. 7 
Describe  the  country.  What  is  said  of  the  modern  name  ?  2.  Of  its  an 
cient  name  ?  How  was  the  term  Peloponnesus  derived,  &.c.  ?  3.  What  is 
said  of  the  isthmus  of  Corinth  ?  What  attempts  were  made  by  Demetrius 
and  others  ?  Wliat  was  deemed  an  impossibility  ?  4.  What  were  the 
cjiief  products?  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?  The  population  ?  Name 
the  chief  divisions.  5.  What  is  said  of  Achaia  ?  6.  Of  the  AcJifean  league  7 
What  cities  and  States  were  included  in  it  ?    What  did  it  become  ?    Wlien 


92  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

years.  When  annexed  to  Rome,  the  Peloponne'sus  and  Hel'las  were  formed 
into  the  province  of  Acha'ia. 

7.  The  most  important  towns  of  Acha'ia  were  Pelle'ne,  ^Egi'ra,  M'g'mm, 
Pa'trae,  Dy'me,  Pha'rae  and  Trits'a.  Pelle'ne  was  famous  for  its  wool; 
cloaks  made  of  it  were  ^ivon  as  prizes  to  the  riders  at  the  gymnastic  games, 
held  here  in  honour  of  Mercury.  jEgi'ra  was  called,  at  first,  Hypere'sia ;  but 
received  tlie  former  name  from  the  circumstance  of  its  inhabitants  tying 
lighted  faggots  to  the  horns  of  some  goats,  and  thus  protecting  themselves 
against  the  attacks  of  an  enemy. 

8.  At  iE'gium  the  States  of  Acha'ia  held  their  public  meetings ;  hither, 
also,  Agamem'non  assembled  all  the  Greek  chiefs,  prior  to  the  Trojan  war. 
Pa'troB  was  an  important  town ;  it  suffered  severely  in  the  Roman  wars : 
after  the  battle  of  Ac'tium,  Augustus  settled  a  number  of  veterans  in  it,  ajid 
made  it  a  Roman  colony.  Pha'ra;  possessed  an  extensive  forum,  with  an 
image  of  Mercury,  and,  near  it,  an  oracle  of  the  god.  Dy'me,  with  the 
adjacent  country,  was  frequently  laid  waste  during  the  Social  War. 

sicyo'nia. 

9.  Sicyo'nia  was  one  of  the  smallest,  and  it  was  also  one  of  the 
most  ancient  of  the  Greek  States.  For  a  time  it  was  subject  to 
Argos,  but  it  was  usually  reckoned  as  a  part  of  Acha'ia.  About 
the  years  240  to  220  B.  C,  Ara'tus,  an  able  commander,  raised 
Sicyo'nia  to  considerable  power  and  distinction,  but,  after  his  death, 
it  became  of  little  importance. 

10.  Sic'yon,  the  capital,  was  founded  more  than  2000  years  B.  C.  It  was 
once  the  first  school  of  painting  in  Greece  ;  several  noted  artists  were  natives, 
among  whom  was  Lysip'pus.  The  inhabitants  were  luxurious  and  effemi- 
nate, and  hence  the  proverb,  "  Sicyonii  calcei,"  used  in  reference  to  effemi- 
nate gayety.  The  almonds  of  Sic'yon  were  noted ;  also  a  kind  of  shoes 
worn  by  the  voluptuous  and  delicate. 

corin'thia. 

11.  Corin'thia  occupied  the  narrow  isthmus  wliich  joined  the 
Peloponne'sus  to  the  main  land;  its  territory  AAas  one  of  the 
smallest  in  Greece ;  but  commerce  rendered  it  rich  and  powerful. 

12.  Cor'inth,  the  capital,  was  one  of  the  most  splendid,  but,  at  the  same 
time,  most  voluptuous  cities  of  Greece.  It  received  the  cpitliet  Bim'aris, 
from  being  situated  between  two  seas  or  gulfs.  In  its  vicinity  the  Isth'mian 
games  were  celebrated,  in  honour  of  Neptune,  every  five  years.  This  city 
maintained  its  rank  until  it  was  captured  and  destroyed  by  the  Roman 
consul  Mum'mius,  146  years  B.  C.  Julius  Caesar  rebuilt  it,  and  it  became^ 
afterwards,  the  metropolis  of  the  Roman  province  of  Acha'ia. 

was  it  dissolved  ?  What  did  the  Peloponnesus,  &c.  form  ?  7.  Name  the 
most  important  towns  of  Achaia.  *  What  is  said  of  Pellene  ?  ^gira  7 
8.  JEgium  ?  Patraj  ?  Pharas  ?  Dyme  ?  9.  Describe  Sicyonia.  What  is 
said  of  Aratus  ?  10.  What  is  said  of  Sicyon  ?  Of  the  inhabitants,  &-c.  ? 
11.  What  did  Corinthia  occupy  ?  What  is  said  of  its  territory  ?  12.  Of  Cor- 
inth ?  What  epithet  did  it  receive  ?  What  were  celebrated  in  its  vicini'y  7 
What  is  said  of  its  capture  ?    Julius  CiEsar,  &c.? 


GREECE 


^^^'■^ 

The  Aero  Coriiitluis,  with  inoilLru  Lorinth. 

13.  Cor'inth  had  two  ports,  Lcchai'um,  on  tlie  Corinthian,  and  Cenchrte'a, 
on  the  Saron'ic  gulf;  they  were  always  crowded  with  shipping;  the  city 
stood  at  the  base  of  a  liili  2100  feet  high ;  on  the  summit  was  the  Acro-Co- 
rinthus,  the  strongest  fortress  in  Greece ;  the  view  from  hence  is  one  of  tlie 
finest  in  the  world — the  peaks  of  Hcl'icon  and  Parnas'sus,  and  the  Acrop'- 
olis  of  Athens  arc  visible  in  the  distance.     Cor'inth  is  now  a  mere  village. 


Map  No.  3.— What  bounds  the  Peloponnesus  on  the  north  ?  What  sea 
west  ?  '  East  ?  What  gulf  east  ?  Into  what  sea  does  the  Peneus  river 
flow?  TheAlpheus?  TheNcda?  Into  what  gulf  does  the  Pamisus  river 
flow?  The  Eurotas?  What  gulf  bounded  Achaia  on  the  north?  What 
districts  south?  Wiiat  district  east?  What  rivers  in  Achaia  flow  into  tlie 
gulf  of  Corinth  ?  What  gulf  north  of  Sicyonia  ?  What  districts  south? 
What  district  cast?  West?  What  gulf  north  of  Corinth  ?  South?  On 
what  gulf  is  Lechaeum  ?  Cenchrfca  ?  What  mountauis  south  of  Achaia? 
Point  out  PcUene.  Sicyon.  Corinth.  The  other  towns  mentioned  in  the 
text 


AR'GOLIS   AND   LACO'NIA. 

1.  Ar'golis  occupied  the  most  eastern  part  ef  the  Peloponne'- 
6US :  it  was  a  rich,  fertile  district,  and  was  settled  and  cultivated  at 
an  early  period.  In'achus,  about  the  year  1800,  and  Dan'aus, 
about  the  year  1500  B.  C,  came  hither  with  colonists  from  Egypt. 
In  remote  times  it  was  governed  by  one  monarch ;  subsequently 
it  was  divided  into  several  small  kingdoms,  all  of  which  after- 
wards became  free  States.  The  inhabitants  were  called  Ar'gives, 
or  Argi'vi. 

13.  What  is  said  of  the  ports  of  Corinth  ?     Describe  the  position  of  the  city 
What  is  siid  of  Aero-Corinthus  7     What  is  Corinth  at  this  time  ? 

Q.  1.  Describe  Argolis.     What  is  said  of  Inachus?     Of  Danaus?    Of 


94  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

2.  Epidau'rus,  one  of  the  chief  towns,  stood  on  the  coast  of  the  Saron'ic 
gulf;  near  it  was  a  renowned  temple  of  Escula'pius,  much  visited  by  the 
sick.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  vines  and  its  fine  breed  of  horses.  In  the 
vicinity  was  Mount  Araclmse'us,  the  last  station  of  tlie  telegraphic  fire  by 
which  the  capture  of  Troy  was  announced  at  Myce'nie,  the  same  night  it 
was  taken.  Not  far  distant  was  the  peninsula  of  Metl/anaB,  noted  for  ita 
liot  springs  ;  near  it  was  Troeze'ne,  the  birth-place  of  The'seus. 

3.  Myce'nre  was  the  royal  city  of  Agamem'rion,  the  oommander  of  tho 
Greeks  at  Troy :  it  was  at  tliat  time  the  chief  city  in  Ar'golis,  and  superior 
to  Ar'gos.  The  inhabitants  of  the  latter  captured  and  destroyed  it  more 
than  2000  years  ago.  Its  ruins  are  in  nearly  the  same  state  as  when  do- 
scribed  by  ancient  authors.  Nern'ea  had  near  it  a  grove  where  Her'cules 
slew  the  Nem'ean  lion,  in  honour  of  which  exploit  the  Nem'ean  games  were 
celebrated  there  every  three  years. 

4.  Ar'gos,  the  chief  city  of  Ar'golis,  was  one  of  the  oldest  cities  in  Greece 
it  was  strongly  fortified,  and  was  defended  by  two  citadels.  Some  of  the  most 
skilful  sculptors  of  antiquity  were  natives  of  this  city,  and  music  was  ardently 
cultivated.  At  Thyras'a  a  battle  was  fought  between  300  Ar'gives  and  as 
many  Spartans,  in  which  one  of  tlie  latter  was  the  only  survivor.  Nau'plia 
was  the  port  of  Ar'gos,  and  the  naval  station  of  the  Ar'gives.  Ti'ryns  was 
celebrated  as  the  early  residence  of  Her'cules. 

5.  The  island  of  Mgi'na,  lay  east  of  Ar'golis ;  though  of  small  extent,  it 
became  an  independent  State  :  it  was  noted  for  its  ships  and  its  commerce, . 
and  was,  at  one  time,  the  emporium  of  Greece,  .^gi'na  was  the  rival  of 
Athens,  at  sea ;  its  warriors  were  the  most  distinguished  of  the  Greek  allies 
at  the  battle  of  Sal'amis,  and  obtained  the  prize  of  valour.  The  iEgine'tan 
marbles  are  noted  pieces  of  Doric  sculpture,  taken  from  the  temple  of  Ju- 
piter Panhclli'nus  by  some  English  and  German  artists  about  the  year  1811. 
South  of  jEgi'na  was  the  island  of  Calau'ria,  where  Demos'thenes  poisoned 
himself,  to  escape  the  persecutions  of  Antip'ater. 


LACO'NIA, 

6.  Laco'nia,  Laced.e'mon,  or  Sparta,  was  the  largest  of  the 
Peloponne'sian  States  ;  it  was  a  rugged,  barren  country,  and  diffi- 
cult of  culture.  Its  inhabitants  were  reno^vTled  for  their  bravery 
and  love  of  hberty ;  they  were  forbidden  to  exercise  any  mechani- 
cal arts  or  trades,  which,  together  with  the  labours  of  agriculture, 
devolved  on  the  He'lots  or  slaves. 

7.  The  austere  education  introduced  by  Lycur'gus  about  the  year  880 
B.  C.,  rendered  the  Spartans  ambitious  of  glory,  fearful  of  dishonour,  and 
undaunted  in  battle ;  and  to  its  influence  the  achievements  of  Leon'idas  at 
Thermop'ylaj,  and  Pausa'nias  at  Plataj'a,  are  to  be  attributed.     Obedience  ta 


Pelops  ?  How  was  it  divided  in  rem')te  \  inics  ?  What  were  the  inhabitants 
called?  2.  What  is  said  of  Epidir.irus?  Mount  Arachnteus  ?  Of  Mo- 
than®?  Trffizenc?  3.  Mycenaj  ?  Nr.iiea?  4.  Argos,  &.c.  ?  What  oo- 
curred  at  ThyrtEa  ?  What  is  said  o^' I'^auplia?  Of  Tiryns  ?  5.  Describe 
the  island  of /Egina.  What  power  did  it  rival  ?  What  is  said  of  its  war 
riors  7  Of  the  yEginctan  marbles  ?  6.  Describe  Laconia,  Lacedtemon,  or 
Sparta.  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?  What  devolved  on  the  Helots  * 
7.  What  is  said  of  the  education  introduced  by  Lycurgus  ?    Of  obedience. 


GREECE.  95 

superiors,  and  the  endurance  of  hardshii),  were  risforously  inculcated.  To 
inure  the  youth  to  hunger,  tliey  received  but  little  food;  if  they  wantei 
more,  they  were  ohliRi-d  to  steal  it,  and,  if  discovered,  they  were  punished 
net  for  the  thelt,  but  ibr  their  awkwardness. 

8.  At  the  annual  festival  of  Dia'na  Or'tliia,  to  enable  them  to  bear  pain 
they  were  severely  wliipped ;  their  fathers  stood  by,  exhorting  thcni  to  fbrti 
tude,  and  the  youths  endeavoured  to  surpass  each  other  in  firmness.  Who- 
ever uttered  the  least  cry  was  considered  to  be  disgraced.  The  art  of  swim, 
ming  the  Spartans  thought  very  important,  and  the  greatest  reproach  that 
could  be  bestowed  on  a  man,  was  to  say,  "  he  can't  even  swim."  Conciseness 
of  language  was  much  studied,  and  tlie  term  "  laconic"  has  been  long  used 
to  signify  a  short,  pithy  manner  of  speaking. 

9.  The  Sjiartans  exercised,  for  a  period  of  500  years,  a  powerful  influence 
over  the  atVairs  of  Greece.  Tlicir  constant  disputes  with  the  Athenians  • 
involvc-d  all  the  other  States,  and  produced  a  series  of  wars,  in  which  they 
finally  became  predominant ;  but,  intoxicated  by  the  dominion  they  had 
gained,  and  corrupted  by  luxury,  they  departed  from  their  ancient  disci- 
pline, and  lost  their  ascendancy. 

10.  The  chief  city  of  Laco'nia  was  Sparta;  it  stood  on  the  Euro'tas,  the 
most  beautilul  and  limpid  of  all  the  Grecian  streams.  At  tlie  time  of  its 
greatest  extent,  it  was  about  six  miles  in  circuit;  but  it  was  never  equal  in 
splendour  to  some  of  the  other  Grecian  cities.  It  remained  long  without 
walls — the  Spartans  believing  that  a  city's  best  defence  lay  in  the  valour  of 
its  citizens.     It  was,  at  length,  regularly  and  strongly  fortified. 

11.  Gyth'ium,  the  port  of  SpaVta,  was  a  tovm  of  great  strength.  A  short 
distance  east  of  it  was  He'los,  tlie  inliabitants  of  which  were  reduced  to 
slavery  by  the  Lacedasmo'nians,  whence  their  slaves  were  called  He'lots.  At 
Sclla'sia,  tlie  Spartan  monarch  Clcom'cnes  III.  was  defeated  by  Antig'onus 
Doson,  king  of  JMacedonia,  B.  C.  224.     Therap'ne  was  saercd  to  Apollo. 

12.  South  of  Sparta  was  Amvc'laj,  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  in  La- 
co'nia. Zarex  and  Epide'lium  Uiy  on  the  eastern  coast.  Boe'a  stood  not  far 
from  the  island  called  Onigna'thos  (the  Asses  Jaw).  Messa  and  Cajnop'olis 
lay  on  the  gulf  of  Messe'nia  :  the  latter,  called  also  Tajna'rium,  was  noted 
for  its  beautiful  green  marble.  Ma'lea  promontory  or  cape  was  the  soutli- 
east  extremity  of  the  Peloponne'sus  ;  and  Tajna'rium  promontory  the  most 
southern.  Near  the  latter  was  a  cave,  said  to  be  the  entrance  to  Pluto's 
dominions,  by  which  Hercules  dragged  Cer'berus  to  the  upper  regions. 

Map  No.  3.  —  Wliat  sea  lay  southeast  of  Argolis  and  Laconia  ?  What 
gulf  cast  of  Argolis  ?  South  ?  Northeast  of  Laconia  ?  South  ?  What 
islands  south  ?  What  islands  on  the  coast  of  Argolis  ?  What  districts 
north  of  Argolis  ?  What  district  west  ?  North  of  Laconia  ?  West  ? 
What  mountains  in  Argolis  ?  In  Laconia?  What  promontory  formed  the 
Boutheastern  extremity  of  Laconia  ?  .'.The  southwestern?  On  what  river 
was  the  city  of  Sparta  ?  Argos  ?  Point  out  tlie  other  towns  mentioned  in 
the  text.       When  WS3  a  battle  fought  at  Sellasia  ? 

&c.  ?  How  were  the  youth  treated  ?  What  was  done,  if  discovered  7  8. 
What  occurred  at  the  festival  of  Diana  Orthia  7  What  is  said  of  the  art  of 
swimming?  Conciseness  of  language,  &c.  ?  9.  What  did  the  Spartan* 
exercise  for  500  years  ?  What  is  said  of  their  constant  disputes  7  What 
was  the  result  ?  10.  Describe  the  city  of  Sparta?  What  did  the  Spartans 
believe?  11.  What  is  said  of  Gythium  7  Ilelos?  Sellasia?  Therapne  1 
12.  Aroycla;  and  the  other  towns  7  What  is  said  of  Malca  and  Taenarium 
promontory  ?     Of  a  cave  near  the  latter  7 


+ 


CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


38 

E'LIS,  MESSE'NIA,  AND  ARCA'DIA. 

1.  E'lis  or  E'lea  was  the  most  fertile  district  in  the  Peloponne' 
sus  ;  it  was  watered  by  the  Alphe'us,  the  Pene'us,and  other  streams. 
The  inhabitants  were  much  engaged  in  agriculture  and  rural 
pursuits.  The  name  of  this  district  was  derived  from  E'leus,  one 
of  its  first  monarchs.  Salmo'neus,  another  of  its  kings,  was  killed 
by  Jupiter  for  attempting  to  imitate  thunder  and  hghtning. 

2.  E'lis  was  considered  the  holy  land  of  Greece.  The  Olym'- 
pian,  the  most  ancient  and  solemn  of  the  national  festivals,  was  cele- 
brated here.  In  early  times,  when  warlike  bands  traversed  the 
country,  they  dehvered  up  their  arms  on  entering  it,  and  received 
them  again  when  they  quitted  the  frontier.  Subsequently,  how- 
ever, its  territory  was  as  httle  respected  as  that  of  any  of  the  other 
States. 

3.  Olym'pia,  the  most  renowned  city  of  E'lis,  lay  on  the  river  Alphe'us,  a 
short  distance  from  the  sea  :  here  the  Olym'pian  games  were  held  every 
fourth  year,  and  here  the  great  temple  of  Jupiter  was  built  by  the  Elcans, 
but  at  the  expense  of  all  the  other  Greek  States  ;  hence  it  was  considered  as 
a  national  structure.  It  rivalled  the  Pantheon,  in  extent,  and  surpassed  it 
in  grandeur :  within  it  was  placed  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Olym'pian 
Jupiter,  considered  one  of  the  wonders  of  tiie  world  ;  it  was  sixty  fcet  high, 
carved  by  Phidias,  and  was  acknowledged  to  be  tlie  most  perfect  piece  of 
sculpture  that  ever  existed.  There  were  several  other  temples,  besides  many 
monuments  and  statues,  erected. in  honour  of  deities,  heroes,  and  victors  at 
the  games, 

4.  The  city  of  E'lis  stood  on  the  banks  of  the  E'lcan  Pene'us,  (so  called  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  river  Pene'us  in  Thcssaly,)  about  twelve  miles  from 
the  sea  ;  it  consisted,  at  first,  of  several  detached  villages,  which  were  after 
wards  united,  and  became  the  metropolis.  The  port  of  E'lis  was  Cyllc'ne. 
Here  the  Pelas'gi  sailed  on  their  expedition  to  Italy.  Near  to  E'lis  stood 
the  .ancient  city  of  Py'los  :  Nestor,  one  of  the  most  renowned  Grecian  heroes 
of  the  Trojan  war,  was  king  of  Py'los,  but  as  there  were  three  cities  of  tliat 
name  in  the  Peloponnc'sus,  it  is  uncertain  at  which  of  them  he  reigned. 

5..  In  the  vicinity  wag  Bupra'sium ;  it  was  surrounded  by  a  fruitful  and 
well-cultivated  district.  Scil'lus  was  the  dwelling-place  of  Xcn'ophon  :  here 
he  wrote  nearly  all  his  works.  Not  far  from  Olym'pia  was  the  city  of  Pi'sa  ; 
its  inhabitants  long  enjoyed  the  privilege  of  presiding  at  the  Olym'pian 
games;  but  the  people  of  E'lis  envied  them  that  distinction,  and  made  war 
upon  them ;  took  their  city  and  utterly  demolished  it. 


Q.  1,  Describe  Elis.  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?  From  whom  was 
the  name  derived  ?  What  is  said  of  Salmoneus  ?  2.  What  was  Elis  con- 
sidered? What  was  held  here  ?  What  is  said  of  early  times  ?  3,  Describe 
Olympia.  What  is  said  of  the  great  temple,  &c.?  How  did  it  comparo 
with  the  Pantheon  ?  What  was  placed  within  it  ?  Describe  the  statue,  itc, 
4.  Describe  the  city  of  Elis.  The  port  of  Elis.  What  is  said  of  Pylos  ? 
Of  Nestor  ?    5.  Of  Buprasium  ?    Scillus  ?    Pisa  7     6.  Describe  Messenia 


GREECE. 


MESSENIA. 


6.  Messf/nia  was  the  southwestern  division  of  the  Peloponne'- 
BUS.  It  was  in  some  parts  mountainous,  but  abounded  in  rich  and 
well-watered  plains,  furnishing  e.xcellcnt  pasturage  :  hence  its 
possession  was  coveted  by  the  Spartans  ;  and  this  circumstance 
give  rise  to  three  obstinate  wars  between  the  two  nations,  in  which 
the  Messe'nians  were  at  length  subdued,  and  obliged  to  leave  their 
country.  Their  descendants,  however,  in  consequence  of  the 
change  of  circumstances  produced  by  the  victory  at  Leuc'tra,  re- 
turned, about  a  century  afterwards. 

7.  Mcsse'nc,  the  chief  town,  was  founded  by  Epaminon'das  shortly  after 
the  battle  of  Leuc'tra,  with  such  zeal  and  activity,  tliat  its  fortifications  and 
chief  edifices  were  completed  in  85  days.  Itlio'me  was  the  citndcl  of  Me»- 
se'ne ;  it  and  the  Acro-Corin'thus  were  the  two  strongest  places  in  tlie 
Peloponne'sus.  I'ra,  a  mountain-fortress,  was  famous  for  maintaining  a 
siege  against  the  Laceda;mo'nians  for  eleven  years. 

8.  Mctho'ne  was  an  ancient  city,  wliich  received  its  name  from  Mctho'ne, 
daughter  of  iEne'as.  In  the  time  of  the  Romans  it  was  taken  by  Agrippa, 
when  in  command  of  a  Roman  fleet :  he  ibund  here  Boc'chus,  king  of  Mauri- 
ta'nia,  and  put  him  to  death  as  a  partisan  of  Marc  Antony.  Trajan  particu- 
larly favoured  this  city,  and  bestowed  several  privileges  on  the  inhabitants, 

9.  Corypha'sium  and  Py'los  lay  in  a  fine  harbour,  now  the  gulf  of  Nava- 
ri'no.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  naval  conflict  between  the  Athe'nians  and 
Spartans ;  and,  in  our  own  times,  the  great  naval  victory  which  secured 
independence  to  the  modern  Greeks,  was  gained  here.  Py'los  is  supposed  to 
have  been  tlie  capital  of  Nestor's  kingdom,  though  the  honour  was  disputed 
by  two  other  towns.  Phe'rffi  stood  at  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  Mcsse'nia ; 
Stenycla'rus  lay  on  the  Pamis'sus  river ;  in  the  vicinity  was  the  Campus 
Stenyela'rus,  in  which  the  Spar'tans  were  twice  defeated  by  the  Messe'nians. 
Cyparis'sa  gave  its  name  to  the  gulf  on  which  it  stood,  and  also  to  the  adja 
cent  promontory. 

arca'dia. 

10.  Arca'dia,  so  renowned  in  poetrj',  occupied  the  intenor  dis- 
trict of  the  Peloponne'sus,  and  was  enclosed  on  every  side  by  the 
adjacent  States.  Being  elevated  and  mountainous,  it  was  well 
adapted  to  pasturage,  and  was  consecrated  by  the  ancients  to  Pan, 
the  god  of  shepherds.  The  inhabitants  were  devoted  to  a  pastoral 
life  ;  they  were  strongly  attached  to  liberty,  and  were  noted  for 
their  love  of  music. 

What  gave  rise  to  three  wars  between  the  Spartans  and  MesseniansT 
What  was  the  result?  What  occurred  about  a  century  afterwards? 
7.  What  is  said  of  Messenc  ?  Of  Itliome  ?  Ira  ?  8.  What  is  said  of  Me- 
thonc  ?  What  occurred  in  tlie  time  of  the  Romans  7  What  is  said  of  Tra- 
jan? 0  Of  Coryphasiuni  and  Pylos?  Wliat  occurred  in  our  own  times  J 
VVhat  is  said  of  Pylos  ?  Phera;  ?  StcnyClarus?  Cyparissa?  10.  Wha, 
is  said  of  Arcadia?  For  what  was  it  well  adapted?  To  what  god  was  it 
consecrated  ?  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ? 
9  G 


98  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

11.  Arca'dia  never  contained  any  great  cities,  and  it  was  long  before 
towns  began  to  be  erected  ;  among  the  latter  was  Cli'tor,  remarkable  for  a 
fountain  whose  waters  gave  those  who  drank  them  a  distaste  for  wine ;  it 
stood  on  a  stream  of  the  same  name,  tlie  fish  of  which  are  stated  to  have 
sung  like  thrushes.  Orchom'enus  was  an  ancient  town ;  it  sent  120  sol- 
di srs  to  Tliermop'ylffi,  and  600  to  Platas'a.     Herse'a  was  a  city  of  some 

mpoftance,  tlie  possession  of  whicii  was  frequently  contested  by  the  E'le- 
ans  and  Arca'dians.  Gor'tys  or  Gorty'na  was  celebrated  for  a  beautifri 
temple  dedicated  to  Escula'pius.  At  Mantine'a,  Epaniinon'das,  the  notei 
I'lieban  general,  gained  a  victory  over  the  Lacedsemo'nians,  in  which  h' 
lost  his  life. 

12.  Megalop'olis,  the  largest  Arca'dian  city,  was  founded  by  the  advice 
of  Epaminon'das  after  the  battle  of  Leuc'tra ;  it  was  the  birth-place  of  Philo- 
psB'men,  and  Polyb'ius,  the  historian.     At  Te'gca  the    gigantic  bones  of 

Ores'tes  were  found  bu- 
ried :  the  celebrated  Ata- 
lan'ta  was  a  native  of  tliia 
place :  it  was  famed  for  a 
temple  of  Mincr'va,  the 
most  splendid  in  the  Pelo- 
ponne'sus. 

13.  Pallan'tium  was  tlie 
city  of  Evan'der.  At  Phi- 
ga'lia  was  a  beautiful  tcm- 
pie  of  Apollo  Epicu'rius  : 
it  still  exists,  though  much 
dilapidated  :  some  beauti- 
ful   pieces    of    sculpture. 


Temple  of  Apollo  Epicurius. 
taken  from  it,  are  in  the  British 
Marbles. 


luseum,  and  are  called  the  Phiga'iian 


Ma-p  No.  3. —  What  sea  lay  west  of  Elis  and  Messenia  ?  What  gulfs  on 
the  west?  What  promontories  or  capes?  What  islands?  What  rivers 
flowed  through  Elis,  Messenia, and  Arcadia  ?  VVhat  gulf  south  of  Messe- 
nia? What  river  flowed  into  it?  Wliat  mountain  lay  north  of  Elis? 
North  of  Arcadia  ?  Between  Messenia  and  Laconia  ?  In  the  southern 
part  of  Messenia  ?  Point  out  the  towns  mentioned  in  the  text,  in  Elis.  In 
Messenia.  In  Arcadia.  When  was  the  battle  of  Mantinea  fought  ?  What 
is  the  height  of  the  Taygetus  mountains  ?  Of  the  Cyllene  ?  The  length  of 
Ac  AJpheus  river  ? 

39 


THE   GREEK   ISLANDS 

I.  The  islands  attached  to  Greece  comprised,  several  groups 
l!ie  greater  part  of  which  lay  in  the  JEge'an  sea.     They  were  first 

II.  What  is  said  of  the  cities  and  towns  ?  For  what  was  Clitor  remark- 
able? What  is  said  of  the  stream  of  the  same  name?  Of  Orchomcnus? 
Heraja?  Gortys?  Mantinea?  12.  What  is  said  of  Megalopolis  ?  Wliat 
was  found  at  Tegea  ?  Who  was  a  native  of  that  place  ?  For  what  was 
it  famed  ?     13.  What  is  said  of  Pallantium  7     The  temple  of  Phigalia  ? 

Q.  1.  Wliat  is  said  of  the  Greek  islands  ?    By  whom  were  they  first 


GREECE.  99 

peopled  by  the  Phocnic'ians,  Ca'riuns  and  Pclas'gians,  aftenvards 
I'ley  were  occupied  by  the  Helle'nes,  and,  until  Athens  estabhshed 
her  sovereignty  over  the  seas,  each  consisted  of  one  or  more  free 
States.  The  Romans,  in  the  time  of  Vespa'sian,  formed  them  all 
mto  one  province. 

2.  Cre'ta  or  Cre'te  was  the  largest  Greek  island,  and  was  sur- 
named  Hecutom'polis,  from  its  hundred  cities ;  it  was  noted  as  the 
birth-j)lace  of  Ju'i)iter,  and  for  the  wise  laws  which  the  renowned 
Minos  established.  In  the  centre  stood  Mount  I'da,  where  Ju'piter 
was  nursed.  The  principal  city  was  Gnos'sus,  or  Gno'sus,  where 
Mi'nos  reigned,  and  where,  it  is  supposed,  the  celebrated  labyrinth 
was  constructed.  The  other  cities  were  Lyc'tos,  Gorty'na  and 
Cydo'nia. 

2.  The  Cre'tans  were  skilful  archers,  and  hired  themselves  to  any  State 
tiiat  needed  mercenary  soldiers.  In  tlie  earlier  period  of  their  existence, 
tliey  were  a  wise  and  just  people,  but  they  degenerated  so  far  as  to  be 
charged  witli  the  grossest  vices.  St.  Paul  quotes  one  of  their  own  poets,  in 
evidence  of  their  bad  character. 

4.  EuBOJA  was  next  to  Cre'te,  in  extent ;  it  was  separated  from  the  main 
land  by  tlic  strait  Euri'pus,  which  was  said  to  ebb  and  flow  seven  times 
each  day  and  each  niglit  It  was  a  rich  and  fertile  island,  and  tiie  Athe- 
nians drew  their  chief  supplies  from  it.  The  principal  towns  were  Chal'cis 
and  Ere'tria ;  tlie  first  was  joined  to  Boso'tia  by  a  fortified  bridge. 

5.  O'reus  was  noted  for  its  vines ;  near  it  the  battle  of  Artemisi'um  was 
fought,  in  which  the  Greeks  defeated  tlie  fleet  of  Xcrx'es,  at  the  same  time 
tliat  his  army  was  repulsed  at  Thermop'ylaj.  /E'ga,  Cerin'thus  and  Carys'- 
tus,  were  also  towns  in  Eubee'a ;  the  latter  was  noted  for  its  beautiful  green 
marble ;  near  it,  at  Caphare'um  promontory,  the  Greek  fleet  was  wrecked, 
on  its  return  from  Troy, 

().  The  TiiKAciAN  Islands,  Tha'sos,  Samothra'ce,  Im'bros  and  Lemnos,  lay 
m  tlic  northern  part  of  the  .Ege'an  sea.  Tha'sos  was  noted  for  its  wine  and 
its  marble.  Samothra'ce  was  called  after  the  island  of  Sa'mos,  to  which  the 
epithet,  Thrace,  was  added  by  way  of  distinction.  'I'he  worship  of  Cyb'ele 
originated  here ;  whence  the  island  was  regarded  as  sacred,  and  became 
an  asylum  for  criminals.  Im'bros  was  consecrated  to  Ce'res  and  Mer'cury, 
and  to  tiie  deities  called  Cabiri. 

7.  Lem'nos  was  called  Diop'olis  from  its  two  towns,  Hephaes'tia  and 
M\-ri'na ;  in  the  forum  of  the  latter  was  the  famous  statue  of  the  ox,  made 
by  My'ron,  on  which  the  ancients  affirm  Mount  A'thos,  45  miles  distant, 
threw  its  shadow,  at  the  time  of  the  winter  solstice.  This  island  contained 
a  volcano  fabled  to  be  the  workshop  of  Vulcan.  Here  the  women  once 
naaesacred  all  the  male  inhabitants  :  certain  Pclas'gians,  also,  nmrdered 
omc  wonjer.  and  children  which  they  had  carried  away  from  Attica.    From 


peopled  ?  By  what  people  were  they  afterwards  occupied  ?  Of  what  did 
each  consist  ?  Into  what  did  the  Romans  form  them?  2.  Describe  Crete, 
Name  the  principal  cities.  3.  What  is  said  of  the  Cretans  ?  4.  Of  Euboea  ? 
NamQ  the  principal  towns.  5.  What  is  said  of  Oreus  ?  What  took  place 
near  it  ?  What  is  said  of  ^ga,  &,c.  ?  6.  Which  were  the  Thracian 
Wands  ?     What  is  said   of  Thasos  ?     Samothrace  ?     7.  Lemnos  7     What 


lOO 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHV. 


tliese  atrocities,  the  Greeks  gave  the  epithet  "  Lem'nian"  to  any  horrible 
murder. 

8,  The  Thessa'lian  Islands  were  Halonne'sus,  Scy'atlius,  Scop'elos,  Pre- 
pare'thus  and  Scy'ros.  '  The  women  of  Halonne'sus  are  said  to  have  repelled 
alone  an  invasion  after  all  the  men  were  slain.  Prepare'thus  was  celebrated 
for  its  wines  and  olives.  Scy'ros  was  tlie  country  of  the  king  Lycome'- 
des :  here  Achil'les  disguised  himself  in  the  habit  of  a  girl,  to  escape  going 
ti>  the  Trojan  war. 

9,  The  Cyc'lades  lay  southeast  of  Attica,  and  received  their  name  be 
cause  they  surrounded  De'los  as  with  a  circle.  They  were  noted  for  thci. 
fine  marble,  and  the  excellence  of  their  wines,  the  reputation  of  which  is  not 
yet  entirely  lost.  De'los,  though  one  of  the  smallest  islands,  was  tlie  most 
distinguished  of  the  whole  group.  It  was  famed  for  its  temple  and  altar  of 
Apollo,  and  as  the  birth-place  of  Apollo  and  Diana.  It  is  said  to  have  floated 
about,  under  the  surface  of  the  sea,  until  made  to  appear  and  stand  firm  by 
order  of  Neptune. 

10,  De'los  was  a  place  of  great  sanctity,  and  was  famed  all  over  the 
ancient  world  ;  even  the  Hyperbo'reans  sent  offerings  to  its  temple.  It  was 
noted  for  the  skill  of  its  artists,  the  fineness  of  its  silver,  and  the  excellence 
of  its  bronze.  Nax'os  was  sacred  to  Bacchus.  Pa'ros  was  celebrated  for  its 
marble,  and  also  as  the  birth-place  of  the  renowned  sculptor  Praxit'eles. 

11,  The  inhabitants  of  Myc'onos,  who  were  avaricious  and  rapacious,  lost 
their  hair  at  an  early  age  :  hence  the  epithet  "  Myco'nion"  was  proverbially 
applied  to  a  bald  person.  Te'nos  was  noted  for  the  number  of  its  springs ; 
the  waters  of  one  of  which  would  not  mix  with  wine.  The  giants  who  had 
been  conquered  by  Hercules,  were  said  to  lie  buried  under  the  island. 
Nax'os,  the  largest  and  most  fertile  of  the  Cyc'lades,  is  about  60  miles  in 
circuit.  It  was  sacred  to  Bacchus,  who  was  said  to  have  been  born  there. 
Nax'os  had  a  city  of  the  same  name. 

12,  An'dros  was  fertile  and  well  cultivated.     The  inhabitants  of  Ce'oa 

were  noted  for  their  mo- 
desty and  sobriety,  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  Chi'ans ;  hence 
the  adage,  "Ceus  non  Clii- 
us,"  Ce'os  is  not  Chi'os,  Se- 
ri'phus  and  Gy'arus  were 
used  by  the  Romans  as 
places  of  banishment :  on 
tlie  former,  Cas'sius  Seve'rus 
died  in  exile,  Cyth'nus  was 
noted  for  its  cheese ;  Oli'ar- 
OS  or  Anti-Paros  for  its  grot- 
to, or  rather,  scries  of  grot- 
toes, the  roof,  the  floor,  and 

the   sides  of  which  are  eu. 

did  this  island  contain  7  8,  Which  were  the  Thessalian  islands  ?  What 
did  the  women  of  Halonesus  do?  What  is  said  of  Preparethus  ?  Scyros? 
9.  Describe  the  Cyclades.  10.  What  is  said  of  Delos  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  Hyperboreans?  For  what  was  Delos  distinguished  ?  What  is  said  of 
Naxos?  Pares?  11.  Of  the  inhabitants  of  Myconos  ?  For  wJiat  was  Tenos 
noted  ?  What  is  said  of  the  giants  ?  Of  Naxos  ?  12.  Of  Andres?  ^  The 
inhabitants  of  Coos  ?  For  what  purpose  were  Seriphus  and  Gyarus  used  7 
For  what  was  Cytlmus  noted?  Oliaros?  For  what  was  Melos  mcmora 
ble  ?     Name  the  principal  islands. 


Grotto  of  Anti-Paros. 


GREEPIJ.  :0I 

Jrcly  covered  with  a  dazzling  encrustation,  as  wliite  as  enow.  Me'los  waa 
iiifiiiorablc  lor  the  sutlerings  of  its  inliabitants  lor  want  of  food,  wiicn  be- 
sieged by  tlic  AlJienians,  wlience  a  "Mele'an  famine"  beeame  a  proverb. 
The  other  prineipal  islands  were  Cimo'las,  Polyoe'gos,  Scy'ros  and  Rhcne'a. 

Map  No.  2.  —  What  islands  lie  north  of  Crete?  What  island  due  east?  : 
tVliat  part  of  Asia  Minor  northeast  ?  '  To  what  part  of  the  United  States  do 
these  islands  correspond  in  latitude  ?  How  long  is  Crete  ?  How  wide  ? 
What  mountains  in  Crete  1'  What  mountain  in  tlie  centre  ?  IIow  liigh  is 
it  ?  Which  is  the  most  eastern  promontory  ?  Western  ?  ''  Southern  ? 
What  islands  on  the  coast  of  Crete  1     Point  out  the  cities  named  in  tiie  text. 

Map  No.  3. — In  what  direction  does  Euboja  lie  from  Hellas  ?  Wliat  strait 
separated  it  from  Locris,  Bocotia,  and  Attica  ?  What  gulf  separated  it 
from  Thcssaly  ?  What  is  the  length  of  Euljcea,  by  the  scale?  The  great- 
est breadth  ?  The  smallest  ?  The  average  ?  What  mountains  in  Euboca? 
What  towns?  What  islands  lay  nortiieast?  Soutlieast  ?  Point  out  the 
lliracian  islands.  What  towns  in  Thasos  ?  Samothrace  ?  Imbros? 
Towns  in  Lemnos  ?  Point  out  the  Thessalian  islands.  What  distance,  by 
tiie  scale,  is  the  nearest  from  Thessaly  ?  The  most  distant?  Point  out tlio 
Cyclades.  What  sea  on  the  northwest ?  Northeast?  South?  Which  ia 
the  largest  of  the  Cyclades?  tThe  most  northern?  Southern?  Eastern? 
Western  ?  '  What  island  lay  west  of  Delos  ?     Northeast  ? 

40 

THE   GREEK   ISLANDS— [CONTINUED.] 

1.  The  Spor'ades  laj'- east  and  south  of  the  Cyc'lades.  They 
received  their  name  from  being  scattered  or  sown  along  the  coast 
of  Asia  Minor,  and  over  the  adjacent  seas.  Part  of  them  were 
mcluded  in  Asia,  and  ])art  in  Europe.  The  principal  of  the  Eu- 
ropean islands  were  The'ra,  Pholegan'dros,  Sici'nus,  I'os,  Amor'- 
gos,  Anaphe,  AstypaloB'a,and  Car'pathus. 

2.  The'ra  was  fabled  to  have  been  formed  of  a  clod  of  earth  thrown  from 
the  ship  Argo  :  Cyre'ne,  in  Africa,  was  settled  by  a  colony  from  hence.  Fos 
was  the  burial-place  of  Homer;  his  mother  was  a  native  of  the  island. 
Anior'gos  was  the  birth-place  of  the  poet  Simon'ides.  Car'pathus  gave 
name  to  the  Carpa'thian  sea. 

3.  The  Spor'adf.s  belonging  to  Asia,  were  Ten'edos,  Lcs'bos,  Chi'os, 
Sa'mos,  Ica'ria,  Patmos,  Cos,  Rhodes,  and  some  smaller  islands.  Ten'edos. 
was  sacred  to  Apollo:  here  the  Greeks  retired  when  they  pretended  to  raise 
the  siege  of  Troy.  Lcs'bos  was  famed  for  the  noted  writers  to  which  it 
gave  birth,  as  well  as  for  its  wine.  The  inhabitants  were  celebrated  for 
tlieir  skill  in  music.  Mitylc'ne  and  Metliym'na  were  the  chief  towns. 
Farther  to  the  south  was  Chi'os,  whose  wines  were  deemed  the  best  in  tlio 
ancient  world.     It  also  contained  quarries  of  excellent  marble. 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  the  Sporades  ?  The  European  islands?  2.  Of 
Thcra  ?  Wliat  colony  was  settled  from  tiicnce  ?  What  noted  poet  waa 
buried  at  los  ?  Who  was  born  there?  At  Amorgos  ?  To  wliat  did  Car 
p:ilhus  give  name?  3.  What  were  the  Asiatic  Sporades?  What  is  said 
of  Tcnedos  ?  For  what  was  Lesbos  famed  ?  For  what  were  the  inhabit- 
ants  celebrated  ?     Name  the  chief  towns.     What  island  lay  south  ?    What 


10-^  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

4.  Sa'moa  was  sacred  to  Ju'no,  and  was  the  birth-place  of  the  philosopher 
Pythag'oras.  Ica'ria  gave  name  to  the  Ica'rian  sea.  In  Pat'inos  St.  John 
wrote  the  Revelation.  Cos  was  the  native  place  of  the  celebrated  physician 
Hippoc'rates,  where  a  venerable  plane-tree  is  still  exhibited,  under  which  he 
is  said  to  have  lectured.  Rhodes  was  celebrated  for  its  raisins,  oranges.and 
roses  ;  also  for  its  Colossus  and  its  extensive  commerce.  Its  maritime  laws 
were  so  esteemed,  that  they  were  adopted  by  the  Romans,  from  whose  code 
some  of  them  have  been  incorporated  into  the  commercial  regulations  of 
modern  times. 

5.  The  Io'nian  Islands  lay  in  the  lo'nian  sea.  In  the  prosperous  t.mna 
of  Greece,  each  island  formed  a  separate  State.  Alexander  the  Great,  and 
subsequently  the  Romans,  conquered  them  ;  afterwards,  they  formed  a  part 
of  the  Byzan'tine  empire.  Corcy'ra,  Leuca'dia,  Ith'aca,  Cephalle'nia,  Za- 
cyn'thus  and  Cythe'ra  were  the  largest  islands. 

6.  Corcy'ra  was  celebrated  for  its  riches  and  fertility ;  also  for  the  ship- 
wreck of  Ulys'ses,  and  the  gardens  of  Alein'ous.  Leuca'dia  was  at  first  a 
peninsula,  but  was  separated  from  the  main  land  by  the  Corinthians,  to 
facilitate  navigation.  Leuca'te  promontory  was  called  the  Lover's  Leap : 
here  Sap'plio,  the  poetess,  and  other  disappointed  lovers,  threw  themselves 
into  the  sea.     Ith'aca  was  the  birth-place  of  Ulys'ses. 

7.  Cephalle'nia,  called  anciently  Sa'me,  from  its  chief  town,  was  less 
fertile  than  the  other  islands.  Zacyn'thus,  with  a  capital  of  the  same  name, 
was  a  productive  island :  it  contained  springs  of  bitumen,  which  are  still 
abundant.  In  Cythe'ra,  Venus  was  received,  when  she  rose  from  the  sea ; 
and  hence  that  island  was  sacred  to  the  goddess.   It  was  famed  for  its  fertility 

GREEK     COLONIES. 

8.  The  Greeks,  being  a  maritime  people,  established  colonies 
on  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  the  Eux'ine,  the  Propon'tis,  and 
the  Pa'lus  Mseo'tis.  These  colonies  were  designed  to  extend  com- 
merce, rather  than  conquest :  many  of  them  became  independent, 
and  some  not  only  equalled,  but  even  surpassed  the  parent  Stales 
in  wealth  and  power, 

9.  The  jEo'lian  colonies  of  Asia  Minor  lay  on  the  western  coast,  and  in 
the  islands  of  Les'bos  and  Ten'edos.  The  lo'nians  established  themselves 
on  the  coasts  of  Lyd'ia  and  Ca'ria,  and  in  the  islands  of  Sa'mos  and  Chi'os. 
The  Do'rians  settled  on  the  coast  of  Ca'ria,  and  in  the  islands  of  Cos  and 
Rhodes. 

10.  The  colonies  on  the  Propon'tis,  the  Eux'ine  and  the  Pa'lus  MaDo'tis, 
were  established  chiefly  by  tlic  Mile'sians.  On  the  Propon'tis  were  Lamp', 
sacus,  Cyz'icus,  Hcracle'a,  Byzan'tiura  and  Chalce'don  ;  on  the  Euxine 
vere  Heracle'a  Pon'tica,  Ami'sus,  Trapc'zus,  Pha'sis,  and  Dioscu'rias :  on 

is  said  of  it  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  Samos  ?  Of  Icaria  ?  Patmos  ?  Of 
whom  was  Cos  the  native  place,  «&c.  ?  For  what  was  Rhodes  celebrated  ? 
What  is  said  of  its  maritime  laws?  5.  Of  the  Ionian  islands?  By  whom 
were  they  conquered,  «&c.  ?  Name  the  largest  islands.  6.  What  is  said  of 
Corcyra  ?  Leucadia  ?  Leucate  promontory,  »Si.c.  ?  7.  Of  Cephallenia  / 
Zacynthus?  Cythera?  8.  Where  did  the  Greeks  establish  colonies? 
What  is  said  of  them  ?  9.  Of  the  iEolian  colonies  ?  The  lonians  ?  The 
Dorians  ?  10.  Where  did  the  Milesians  settle  colonies  ?  What  colonies  on 
the    Fropontis?     On   the    Euxine?     Palus    Mtcotis?      In   Thrace?      In 


ITALY.  103 

the  Pa'lus  Mtco'tis  was  Tan'ais.  In  the  Chcrsone'sus  Tau'rica  were  CJier- 
■one'sus,  Eupato'ria  and  Panticapa.''uni  ;  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  IJorya'- 
thencs  stood  Olbia  :  the  last  two  were  important  towns.  In  Thrace,  Ses'tos, 
Car'dia,  /E'gos  Pot'amos,  Abdc'ra  and  Marone'a  ;  and,  in  Maccdo'nia,  Am. 
phip'olig,  Chal'eis,  Olyn'thus  and  Potidia'a,  were  the  most  important  colo- 
nies. 

11.  The  Greek  colonies  of  southern  It'aly  were  numerous  and  importarxt; 
hence  that  regfion  received  the  name  of  Mag'na  Grte'cia,  or  Great  Greece; 
among  these  Tarcn'tum,  Heraelc'a  and  Brundu'sium  were  of  Do'rian  ;  Syb'. 
aris,  Croto'na,  Metapon'lum,  Pajs'tum,  &,c.,  of  Achie'an;  and  Rhe'gium, 
E'lea,  Neap'oHs,  &lc.,  of  lo'nian  origin. 

12.  In  Sicily,  Messa'na,  Syr'aeuse,  Hybla,  Ge'la,  Agrigen'tum,  and  other 
flourishing  cities,  were  founded  by  the  Do'rians;  and  Njixus,  Cat  ana,  and 
Ilim'era  by  the  lo'nians.  There  were  also  Greek  colonies  in  Cor'sica  and 
Sardin'ia  ;  in  Gaul,  Massil'ia ;  in  Spain,  Sagun'tum  ;  and  in  Africa,  Cyre'ne. 

Map  No.  2.  —  Wliere  is  the  island  of  Tcnedos ?  Lesbos?  Chios?  Sa- 
nies ?  learia  ?  Patmos  ?  Calymna  ?  Cos  ?  Rhodes  ?  Which  island  was 
the  most  northern  of  the  Sporades  ?  The  most  eastern  ?  Near  what  part 
of  tlie  coast  of  Asia  Minor  did  each  of  tliese  islands  lie  ?  Which  were  the 
five  largest  of  the  Sporades  ? 

Map  No.  3.  —  Point  out  Thera.  Pholegandros.  Sicinus.  los.  Amor- 
gos.  Anaphe.  Astypaleea.  Carpathus.  (The  latter  will  be  found  in  Map 
No.  2.)  What  groui)  lay  immediately  north  of  tliese  islands  ?  What  sea 
lay  south  ?  Point  out  Corcyra.  Leueadia.  Ithaca.  Cephallenia,  Zacyn- 
thus.  Cythera.  Paxus  Islands.  The  Strophades.  (These  were  the  islands 
of  the  fabled  Harpies.)  Which  was  the  most  northern  of  the  Ionian  islands? 
The  most  soutlicrn  ?     What  towns  were  in  the  Ionian  islands  ? 


41 


ITALIA,  OR   ITALY. 

« 

1.  Italy  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  countries  in  the  world 
and  still  retains  its  ancient  name  and  limits.  Under  the  dominior 
of  the  Romans,  it  was  a  well-cuhivated  and  fertile  r  "gion,  and 
is  believed  to  have  contained  a  more  numerous  population  than  ic 
our  days. 

2.  It  was  called  Hespe'ria,  by  the  Greeks,  on  account  of  being 
situated  westward  of  Greece  ;  and,  in  remote  ages,  it  was  known 
by  the  names  of  Satur'nia,  Auso'nia,  and  ^no'tria.  The  term 
Italy  was  not  generally  adopted  until  about  the  commencement 

Macedonia?  11.  What  is  said  of  the  Greek  colonies  of  southern  Italy? 
Which  were  Dorian?  Ionian?  12.  What  colonies  in  Sicily?  In  what 
other  regions  were  colonics  established  ? 

Q.  1.  What  is  Italy  ?  What  does  it  still  retain  ?  What  was  it  under  tho 
Romans  ?  2.  What  was  it  called  by  the  Greeks,  and  why  ?  By  what 
names  was  it  known  in  remote  ages  7     What  is  said  of  the  term  ?     3.  Of 


104  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

of  the  Christian  era :  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  derived  from 
It'alus,  one  of  tlie  ancient  monarchs  of  the  country. 

3.  The  settlement  of  Italy  commenced  at  an  early  period,  but  of  the  date 
and  circumstances  of  that  event  there  is  no  authentic  account.  Rome  was 
founded  by  Romulus,  twenty-six  centuries  ago ;  at  which  time  the  adjacent 
country  was  inhabited  by  the  Etrus'cans,  the  Lat'ins,  the  Sa'bines,  tiie 
Sam'nites,  and  some  other  tribes.  Among  these  the  Romans  sprang  up, 
rather  as  a  band  of  refugees,  than  as  a  regular  State.  In  process  of  time, 
however,  they  subjected  first  the  neighbouring  districts,  then  the  whole  of 
Ilaly:  afterwards,  they  crossed  the  Alps,  and  the  seas,  to  conquer  all  the 
known  world. 

4.  The  first  influence  of  Roman  conquest  was  unfavourable  to  civilization  ; 
but  an  acquaintance  with  tlie  matchless  eloquence  and  philosophy  of  Greece, 
produced,  in  time,  a  love  of  learning,  and  a  desire  to  rival  that  distinguislieu 
nation.  During  tlie  Augustan  age,  poetry  and  the  fine  arts  were  pursued 
with  ardour  by  the  Romans,  and  carried  to  a  high  state  of  perfection.  The 
wealth  accumulated  at  Rome  by  the  spoils  of  so  many  nations,  at  length 
introduced  an  unbounded  luxury,  whicli  vitiated  tlie  simplicity  of  ancient 
manners,  and  the  oppressive  government  of  successive  tyrants  paralyzed  the 
energies  of  the  State,  and  paved  the  way  for  its  final  overthrow. 

5.  The  decline  of  the  Roman  power  was  attended  with  the  most  dreadful 
calamities  to  Italy,  as  well  as  to  mankind.  The  barbarians  of  the  north  and 
the  east,  allured  by  the  reputed  wealtli  and  weakness  of  the  empire,  forced 
the  barriers  which  the  legions  could  no  longer  defend,  and  ravaged  the 
beautiful  and  cultivated  districts.  Rome  itself,  the  imperial  capital  of  the 
world,  became  the  prey  of  barbarians,  and  was  successively  occupied  by  the 
Goths,  under  Al'aric,  and  the  Van'dals,  under  Genes'eric. 

6.  Italy  forms  a  large  peninsula,  lying  between  the  Adriat'ic  and 
Tyrrhe'num,  Tyrrhe'nian, or  Tuscan  seas:  the  continental  part  is 
about  equal, in  extent,  to  the  States  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania; 
but,  with  the  islands  usually  considered  to  belong  to  it,  the  area  is 
one-fourth  greater.  In  ancient,  as  in  modem  times,  its  terrestrial 
boundary^was  chiefly  the  Alpes,  or  Alps,  which  separated  it  from 
Transal'pine  Graul,  Helve'tia,  Nor'icum,  and  Illyr'icum.  The 
Apenni'nus,  or  Apennines,  extend  through  the  whole  length  of  the 
peninsula. 

7.  The  chief  rivers  were  the  Pa'dus,  or  Erid'anus,  called,  by  some  of  the 
ancients,  the  king  of  rivers.  Its  early  name  was  Bodin'cus,  said  to  signify 
bottomless.  Tlie  Ath'esis,  Medo'acus,  Pla'vis,  Ar'nus,  and  Ti'ber,  were  the 
neit  most  important  streams  ;  the  smaller  rivers  are  very  numerous. 


the  settlement  of  Italy  ?  By  whom  was  Rome  founded,  &c.  ?  By  wha 
tribes  was  the  adjacent  country  inhabited?  What  is  said  of  the  Romans? 
What  occurred  in  process  of  time?  4.  What  is  said  of  the  first  influence 
of  Roman  conquest  ?  Of  Greece  ?  What  occurred  during  the  Augustan 
age  ?  What  was  the  etTcct  of  the  wealth  accumulated  at  Rome,  &.c.  ?  The 
government  of  successive  tyrants  ?  5.  With  what  was  the  decline  of  the 
Roman  power  attended  ?  What  followed  ?  What  occurred  to  Rome  itself? 
6.  What  does  Italy  form?  What  is  said  of  the  continental  part?  The 
islands?  Of  its  terrestrial  boundary?  From  what  countries  did  this  sepa- 
rate Italy  ?     What  is  said   of  the  Apennines  ?     7.  Of  the  chief  rivers  1 


ITAI.Y.  105 

8.  The  lakes  La'rius,  Verba'nus,  Scvi'nus,  and  Rcna'cus,  at  the  base  of 
the  Alps,  have  been  famous,  in  all  ages,  for  their  natural  beauties.  In  tlio 
centre  were  the  lakes  Trasinic'iius,  Vulsinieu'sis,  and  Fuci'nus.  The  latter 
had  no  outlet,  and  was,  therelbre,  subject  to  inundations  ;  to  obviate  wliich 
tlie  emperor  (."Iciu'dius  employed  30,UU0  men,  for  three  years,  in  cuttin^r  an 
outlet  to  tiic  Ll'ris  river.  On  the  completion  of  tliis  work,  a  real  Nau- 
niach'ia,  or  navai  battle  was  exhibited  on  the  lake,  in  the  presence  of 
Cluu'dius  and  Agrip'pa,  and  an  immense  multitude  of  spectators. 

9.  Ancient  Italy  comprised  three  great  divisions,  viz.,  Ita'lia  Gal'lica 
Ita'lia  Me'dia,  and  Magna  Graj'cia :  the  first  comprised  Northern  Italy ;  i  • 
h'as  called  Gal'lia  Cisalpi'na  (C'isal'pine  or  hither  Gaul,  or  Gaul  within  the 
Alps) :  the  second  comprised  Central  Italy  ;  it  was  called  Ita'lia  Propria 
(Italy  Proper),  from  being  inhai)ited  by  nations  deemed  purely  Italian:  the 
third  coni])rised  southern  Italy;  it  was  culled  Magna  Gra-'cia  (Great  Greece), 
from  the  number  and  fame  of  the  Greek  colonies  there  established. 

gal'lia     cisalpi'na,     or     CISAL'pINE     GAUL. 

10.  GiL'LiA  Cisalpi'na  lay  directly  south  of  the  Alps :  it  ex 
tended  from  Gaul  to  lUyricum,  and  was  inhabited  by  a  portion  of 
the  Gallic  nation.  These  people  were,  for  a  long  period,  formi- 
dable to  the  Romans:  they  once  took  Rome  itself;  but  the  for- 
tune of  the  latter  prevailed,  and  the  last  of  the  Italian  Gauls  was 
subjected  about  the  close  of  the  second  Punic  war. 

11.  When  firmly  attached  to  the  sway  of  Rome,  this  region  became  the 
best  cultivated  and  most  populous  part  of  Italy  ;  it  was  noted  for  the  abun- 
dance of  its  wine,  grain,  fruits, and  wool.  Cic'ero  styled  it  "the  flower  of 
Italy,  the  support  of  the  empire,  and  the  ornament  of  its  dignity." 

12.  Cisal'pinc  Gaul  was  divided  by  the  river  Pa'dus  into  two  separate  ter- 
ritories.  Gal'lia  Transpada'na  lay  north,  and  Gal'lia  Cispada'na  south  of 
that  stream  :  Gal'lia  Toga'ta  (Cloaked  Gaul)  was  another  name  bestowed  on 
northern  Italy,  after  the  inhabitants  liad  adopted  the  Roman  dress  and  man- 
ners,  and  wote  the  cloak  or  toga.  Ligu'ria  was  a  district  in  the  southwest, 
and  Vene'tia  another  in  the  northeast  part  of  Cisal'pine  Gaul.  His'tria  was 
the  smallest  and  most  eastern  division. 


Map  No.  A.  —  Point  out  the  Adriatic  sea.  The  Tyrrhenum  sea.  The 
Alps.  The  Apennines.  Gallia  Transpadana.  Gallia  Cispadana.  Liguria. 
Venetia.  Histria.  The  rivers  mentioned  in  the  text.  The  lakes.  How 
many  statute  mib.  is  Italy  in  length,  by  the  scale  ?  Roman  miles  ?  What 
is  its  greatest  breadth  ?  From  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  northeast  ?  From 
the  gulf  of  Terina  to  the  Scylacian  gulf?  With  what  part  of  the  United 
States  does  Italy  in  N.  lat.  44°  correspond  ?  In  lat.  42°  ?.  Lat.  40°  ?  LaU 
38°  ?     With  which  of  the  States  does  Sicily  correspond  in  latitude  ? 

8.  Of  the  lakes  at  the  base  of  the  Alps?  In  the  centre?  Lake  Fucinus  7 
The  emperor  Claudius  ?  What  was  exhibited  there  ?  9.  What  did  ancient 
Italy  comprise  ?  Northern  Italy,  &lc  ?  Central  ?  Southern  ?  10.  Describe 
tlie  position  of  Gallia  Cisalpina.  IJy  wliom  was  it  inhabited  ?  What  is  said  of 
these  people  ?  When  was  tlie  last  of  the  Italian  Gauls  subjected  ?  1 1.  What 
did  this  region  become,  under  the  sway  of  Rome  ?  For  what  was  it  noted  ? 
What  did  Cicero  style  it?  12.  How  was  it  divided  by  the  Padus  7  What 
Other  name  was  bestowed  ?     Where  was  Liguria  >.     Venetia  ?     Ilistria  7 


106 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY 


42. 


GAL'LIA  CISxiLPl  NA  —  [CONTINUED.] 

1.  IV]  ediola'jvum,  now  Milan',  was  the  most  important  city  north 
of  the  Pa'dus  ;  it  was  at  first  the  capital  of  the  Insu'brian  Gauls ; 
under  the  Romans  it  ac(|uired  fame  and  prosperity,  and  was  sur- 
named  Novee  Athe'noe  (New  Athens),  from  the  liberal  arts  being 
there  highly  cultivated.  In  the  dechne  of  the  empire,  when 
.he  emperors  left  Rome,  it  was  chosen  as  the  capital;  it  was  after- 
wards taken  by  the  Goths  and  Burgun'dians,  when  300,000  of  the 
inhabitants  were  put  to  the  sword. 

2.  North  of  Mcdiola'nuni  lay  the  Rau'dii  Campi  (Raudian  Plains),  famous 
for  the  overthrow  of  the  Cim'bri  by  Ma'rius :  westward  was  the  Tici'nus 
river,  where  Han'nibal  obtained  his  first  vietory  overtlie  Romans.  Augusta 
Pra;to'ria  was  built  in  honour  of  Augustus.  Not  far  from  hence  Han'nibal 
passed  the  Alps,  and  entered  Italy,  where,  for  sixteen  years,  he  maintained 
himself  against  tlie  power  of  Rome. 


Hannibal  crossing'  the  Alps. 

3.  Augusta  Taurino'rum,  the  capital  of  the  Tauri'ni,  was  burnt  by  Han  ni- 
bal  because  the  inhabitants  opposed  him.  Here,  several  centuries  after- 
wards, Constantino  defeated  Magnen'tius.  Co'mum  was  the  birth-place  of 
the  younger  Pliny.  Crcmo'na,  which  still  retains  its  ancient  name,  was  a 
town  of  some  note.  Sir'mio  was  the  favourite  residence  of  Catul'lus.  Man'- 
tua  was,  in  ancient  times,  a  considerable  city ;  it  still  exists :  near  it  was 
the  village  of  Andes,  where  Virgil  was  born.     Bedri'acum  was  noted  for  two 


Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  Mediolanum  ?  What  was  its  surname  ?  What 
occurred  in  the  decline  of  the  empire  ?  Afterwards  ?  2.  What  lay  north 
of  Mediolanum  ?  What  took  place  there  ?  AVcstward  ?  What  is  said  of 
Augusta  Proetoria  ?  Of  Hannibal  ?  3.  Of  Augusta  Taurinorum  ?  Wliat 
occurred  there  several  centuries  afterwards  ?  Who  was  born  at  Comu!n  7 
What   is  said  of  Crunona?     Sirmio  ?     Mantua?     Andes  7     Bcdriacum? 


ITALY.  107 

battles,  in  one  of  which  Gal'ba  was  overcome  by  O'tho,  and,  in  the  other, 
Vitel'Iius  defeated  O'tho. 

4.  Vkne'tia  was  a  district  which  lay  at  the  head  of  the  Adriat'ic 
Sea,  the  inliabitants  of  whicli  were,  from  an  early  period,  friendly 
to  the  Komans.  The  soil  and  climate  were  excellem,  and  the 
cattle  and  horses  were  very  superior ;  the  latter  often  gained  prizes 
in  the  races  of  the  Grecian  games.  His'tria,  or  Is'tria,  lay  east  of 
Vene'tia  :  it  was  once  a  part  of  lUyr'icum,  but  was  added  to  Cisal'- 
pine  Gaul  by  Augustus.  The  inhabitants  were  for  a  long  time 
noted  pirates. 

5.  Among  the  chief  towns  of  Vene'tia  were  Pata'vium,  the  birth-place  of 
I, ivy;  Voro'na,  the  birth-place  of  Catul'lus  and  Pliny  the  naturalist;  A'dria, 
troni  which  the  Adrial'ic  sea  received  its  name ;  and  Alti'ninn,  noted  for  its 
wool.  Ju'liuni  Car'nicum  was  the  chief  town  of  the  Car'nii.  Nore'ia  was 
famed  for  its  gold  mines,  and  for  the  defeat  of  Cnc'ius  Carbo  by  the  Cim'bri. 

6.  Aquile'ia  was,  from  its  splendour,  sometimes  called  Roma  Secun'da;  it 
was  strongly  fortified,  and  was  long  the  cliief  defence  of  Italy  in  this 
quarter.  It  withstood  a  siege  against  Maximi'nus,  A.  D.  238,  who,  on 
account  of  his  cruelly,  was  slain  by  his  own  soldiers  before  its  walls.  At'- 
tila,  A.  D.  452,  took  and  razed  it  to  the  ground.  Terges'te  was  a  Roman 
colony,  and  gave  its  name  to  the  gulf  on  which  it  stood.  In  His'tria  were 
^gi'da,  Paren'tium,and  Pola ;  the  latter  contained  a  Roman  amphitheatre 
of  sufficient  size  to  accommodate  20,000  spectators.  It  still  exists,  and  is  in 
tolerable  preservation. 


Amphitheatre  of  Pola. 


7.  Ligii'ria  lay  along  the  Ligus'tic  gulf,  from  the  river  Va'rus  to 
tlie  Ma'cra.  The  inhabitants  were  long  determined  enemies  of 
Home,  and  joined  the  arms  of  Han'nibal,  after  he  had  crossed  the 
Alps.     They  were  only  subdued  by  the  Romans  after  a  Avar  of  80 


4.  Describe  the  position  of  Vcnctia.  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?  The 
soil  and  climate?  The  cattle,  &c.  ?  Describe  the  position  of  Ilistria. 
What  was  it  added  to  ?  By  whom  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  Patavium  ?  Ve. 
rona?  Adria?  Julium  Carnicum  ?  G.  What  was  Aquilcia  sometimes 
called,  <Lc.?  Against  whom  did  it  stand  a  siege?  What  was  his  fate? 
What  did  Attila  do  ?  What  is  said  of  Tergcste  ?  Name  the  chief  towns  in 
Ilistria.  What  did  Pola  contain?  7.  Describe  the  position  of  Liguria. 
\\hat  is   said  of  the   inhabitants?     What  did   the  Ligurians  possess? 


108  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY 

years'  duration.  The  Ligu'rians  possessed  all  the  courage  and 
hardihood  usual  with  mountaineers,  but  were  said  to  be  vain  and 
deceitful. 

8.  On  the  coast  of  Ligfu'ria  lay  Nicrc'a,  a  IMilcsian  colony  ;  Por'tus  Her'culis 
Monos'ci,  fjunded  by  Her'cules;  Al'biuni  Inteme'lium,  the  chief  town  of  the 
Inteme'Iii,  and  Arbium  Ingau'num,  tlie  chief  town  of  tlie  Ingau'ni.  Gen'ua, 
at  the  head  of  the  Ligus'tic  gulf,  was  burnt  by  Mago  during  the  second  Puni 
war,  but  was  rebuilt  by  the  Romans :  it  is  now  Genoa,  noted  as  the  birth 
place  of  Columbus. 

9.  North  of  tlic  Apennines  was  Augusta  Vagicnno'rum,  the  chief  town 
of  the  Vagie'ni,  and  Ceba,  noted  for  its  cheese.  Pollen'tia  was  famous  for  its 
wool :  here  the  Romans,  under  Stil'icho,  were  defeated  by  the  Goths.  Al'ba 
Pompe'ia  was  tlie  birth-plice  of  the  emperor  Per'tinax.  Derto'na  and  Forum* 
Ful'vii  were  Roman  colonies.  PLicen'tia  was  burnt  by  Hamil'car,  at  the 
end  of  the  second  Punic  war.  In  its  vicinity,  on  the  banks  of  the  Tre'bia, 
Hannibal  gained  his  second  victory  over  the  Romans. 

10.  Par'nia  was  famous  for  its  wool :  here  Cas'sius  Seve'rus,  the  poet,  and 
Macro'bius,  the  critic,  were  born.  At  Mu'tina,  D.,  Brutus  was  closely  be- 
sieged by  Antony,  until  the  latter,  on  his  defeat  at  Forum  Gallo'rum,  raised 
the  siege.  Forum  Gallo'rum  was  noted  for  two  battles  on  the  same  day 
fought  near  it,  one  of  which  was  between  Antony  and  the  consul  Pansa, 
advantageous  to  tlie  former ;  in  the  second,  Antony  was  defeated  by  the 
consul  liir'tius.  Bono'nia  suffered  much  in  the  civil  wars,  but  was  after- 
wards restored  by  Augustus. 

11.  At  Rc'gium  Lep'idi  the  elder  Brutus  was  put  to  death,  after  his  sur- 
render, by  Pompcy.  At  Faven'tia,  Carbo's  party  was  defeated  by  Syl'la's. 
Spi'na  was  once  rich  and  flourishing,  and  presented  more  valuable  offerings 
at  Del'phi  tlian  any  otlier  city.  Raven'na  became  the  cliief  naval  station  on 
the  Adriat'ic,  until  Augustus  constructed  a  new  station,  called  Por'tus  Clas'sis. 
When  Rome  was  occupied  by  the  barbarians,  Raven'na  became  the  resi- 
dence of  the  emperors  of  the  west. 

Map  No.  4. —  Point  out  the  towns  mentioned  in  the  text  north  of  the 
Padus  river.  The  towns  in  Venetia.  In  Histria.  The  towns  south  of  the 
Padus.  What  towns  lay  on  the  Ligustic  gulf?  On  the  Adriatic  sea? 
Point  out  the  Raudian  Plains.  Ticinus  river.  Trebia  river.  When  were 
battles  fought  at  those  places  ?  Also  at  Augusta  Taurinorum  ?  Pollentia  ? 
Bedriacum  ?  Verona  ?  Over  what  part  of  t!ie  AJps  did  Hannibal  pass  ? 
At  what  period  ?  How  many  years  since  that  time  ?  Name  the  heights 
of  the  different  sections  of  the  AJps  —  as  the  IMaritime  Alps,  &c.  The 
Apennmes.  What  is  the  length  of  lake  Verbanus  ?  Larius  ?  Scvinus  ? 
Benacus  ?  What  is  tlie  length  of  the  Padus  river  ?  The  Athcsis  ?  Name 
the  chief  tributaries  of  the  Padus. 


8.  What  towns  lay  on  the  coast  of  Liguria  ?     What  is  said  of  Genoa 

9.  What  towns  lay  north  of  the  Apennines  ?  What  is  said  of  Alba  Ponv. 
peia?  Dcrtona  and  Forum  Fulvii  ?  Placentia?  What  took  place  on  tlie 
banks  of  the  Trebia?  10.  What  is  said  of  Parma?  Mutina?  Forura 
Gallorum  ?  Bononia  ?  11.  What  occurred  at  Regiuni  Lepidi  ?  Faventia  ? 
What  is  said  of  Ravenna? 

•  Forum  was  a  name  given,  in  Roman  geography,  to  various  places  where  a  public  market 
was  established,  or  where  the  Praetor  held  a  court  ofjustico.  It  Beeins  to  hare  been  nearly  oqui- 
f  atent  to  ou;  term  County  Town. 


ITALY.  109 


43 


ITALY   PROPER. 

1  Italy  Proper  extended  southward  from  C4arj:a  Cispada'na 
to  tiie  rivers  Silau'ris  and  Freiito.  Its  divisions  were  Etru'ria, 
Latium,  Um'bria,  Pice'num,  Campa'nia,  Sam'nium,  and  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Sabi'ni,  or  Sa'bines.  In  remote  times  it  was  inhabited 
by  various  nations,  who  were  nearly  always  at  war  with  each 
other;  but,  in  process  of  time,  they  all  became  incorporated  with 
the  Roman  people. 

etru'ria. 

2.  Etru'ria,  now  Tus'cany,  the  countiy  of  the  Etrus'cans,  was  a 
highly  cultivated  district.  The  inhabitants  were  distinguished  for 
their  early  civilization ;  ar.d,  at  the  time  when  the  surrounding 
nations  were  sunk  in  barbarism,  they  had  attained  a  respectable 
eminence  in  the  arts  and  sciences. 

3.  The  Etrus'cans  formed  a  confederation  of  twelve  cities,  each  of  wliich 
was  a  republic  within  itself  By  their  skill  in  war  and  navigation  they 
gained,  for  a  time,  a  great  ascendancy  over  the  neighbouring  States ;  but, 
becoming  at  Icngtli  disunited,  they  were  overpowered  by  the  Romans. 
Many  of  their  sculptured  gems,  vases,  and  paintings,  still  exist :  they  arc 
highly  prized  by  artists  and  antiquaries,  and,  in  some  respects,  have  never 
been  surpassed. 

4.  In  the  eastern  part  of  Etru'ria,  on  the  banks  of  lake  Trasime'nus,  Han- 
nibal  vanquished  the  consul  Flamin'ius.  Near  the  coast  was  lake  Pri'lis,  not 
far  from  which  the  Gauls  and  Ges'atiB  were  defeated  by  the  Romans.  Lu'na 
•was  famous  for  its  cheese  and  its  fine  marble.  Pi'sa;  was  celebrated  for  its  hot 
spruigs.  Volater'ra;  was  the  birtli-place  of  the  satirist  Per'seus.  Near  the 
latter  the  Etrus'cans  were  defeated  by  the  Romans  :  the  city  afterwards  sus- 
tained a  two  years'  siege  against  Syl'la. 

5.  Populo'iiium  was  the  cliief  naval  arsenal  of  Etru'ria.  Tarquin'ii  was  the 
birth-place  of  Tarquin'ius  Pris'cus.  Caj're,  or  Agyl'la,  was  noted  for  the  hos- 
pitality  shown  by  tiic  inhabitants  to  those  who  {led  hither  from  Rome,  when 
it  was  besieged  by  the  Gauls.  At  Peru'sia  Lu'cius  Antonius  was  besieged, 
and  finally  starved  out  by  Augustus.  Clu'sium  was  the  caj)ital  of  Porsen'na, 
king  of  Etru'ria.     Veii  sustained  a  siege  of  ten  years  against  tiie  Romans. 

6.  Fale'rii  was  taken  by  Camil'lus  :  during  the  siege  he  won  tiie  confidence 

Q  1  How  far  did  Italy  proper  extend  southward  ?  What  were  its  divi. 
sions  ?  How  was  it  inhabited  in  remote  times?  2.  Describe  Etruria. 
What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?  3.  What  did  the  Etruscans  form  ?  What 
did  they  gain  by  their  skill  in  war,  &c.  ?  What  was  their  fate  ?  What  is 
Baid  of  their  sculptured  gems,  fee.  1  4.  Wiiat  occurred  on  the  banks  of 
lake  Trasimenus  ?  Near  lake  Prilis  ?  What  is  said  of  Lana  7  Pism  ? 
V'olaterraj  ?  What  took  place  near  the  latter  city  ?  5.  What  was  Populo- 
nium?  Tarquinii?  What  is  said  of  Cierc  7  Pcrusia  7  Clusium  7  G.  By 
whom  was  Falcrii  taken  7     What  occurred  clurmg  the  siege  7     What  is 


no 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


of  the  inhabitants  by  placing  in  their  hands  a  treacherous  preceptor,  who 
offered  to  deliver  to  the  Romans  the  sons  of  the  principal  men  of  tlie  city, 
who  were  his  pupils.  At  Pisto'ria,  Cat'iline  was  defeated  and  killed.  Off 
the  coast  of  Etru'ria  was  the  island  of  Ilva,  famous  for  its  iron  mines,  and 
known,  in  modern  limes,  as  the  place  to  which  the  emperor  Napoleon  was 
exiled.  Capra'ria  was  noted  for  its  goats.  To  Plana'sia,  Pos'thumus  Agrippa 
was  banished  by  Augustus.  Urgos  and  Igil'ium  were  islands  that  belonged 
to  Etru'ria. 


UM    BRIA. 

7.  Um'bria  derived  its  name  from  the  Um'bri,  who  are  supposed 
to  have  been  amongst  the  earhest  inhabitants  of  Italy,  and  are 
beheved  to  have  been  of  Celtic  origin.  The  Etrus'cans,  Sa'bines 
and  Latins,  were  their  descendants.  The  Sen'ones,  a  Gal'hc  tribe, 
drove  the  Um'brians  into  the  mountains,  but  the  Romans  finally 
conquered  the  district. 


Caesar  crossing  the  Rubicon,  B.  C.  49. 

8.  Among  the  principal  places  in  Um'bria  were  Sar'sina,  where  Plau'tus, 
the  comic  poet,  was  born,  and  Arim'inum,  the  first  city  taken  by  CjEsar 
after  he  passed  the  Ru'hicon.  It  was  by  crossing  this  stream,  the  boundary 
of  his  government,  with  an  armed  force,  that  Ctesar  disobeyed  the  commands 
of  tlie  Senate,  and  began  the  war  between  himself  and  Pompey,  which 
resulted  in  his  acquiring  the  supreme  authority  in  Rome. 

9.  Some  of  the  other  towns  were  Nucc'ria,  famed  for  its  manufactures  of 
wooden  vessels.  Mcva'nia,  the  birtli-placc  of  Propcr'tius,  a  noted  ])oet,  and 
Intcram'na,  where  the  historian  Tac'itns,  and  also  tlie  cni])cror  of  tlic  same 
name,  were  born.  Near  Forum  Senipro'nii,  As'drubal,  the  brother  of  Han'ni- 
bal,  then  in  command  of  a  strong  reinforcement,  was  defeated  and  slain  by 
the  Romans,  B.  C.  207.  His  head  was  severed  from  his  body,  and  was 
thrown,  a  few  days  afterwards,  into  his  brother's  camp. 


said  of  Camillus  ?  Pistoria  ?  Ilva  ?  Capraria  ?  Planasia  ?  7.  From  whom 
did  Umbria  derive  its  name  ?  What  is  said  of  their  origin  ?  Descendants  ? 
The  Sennones?  8.  Who  was  born  at  Sarsina?  What  is  said  of  Arimm 
um  ?    Of  Ccesar  crossing  th 3 Rubicon?    9. OfNuceria?     Mcvania?     Inter 


ITALY.  Ill 

sabi'ni  or   sa'bines. 

10.  TiiK  Sabi'ni,  or  Sa'bines,  derived  tli«ir  name  from  tlic  jod 
Sa'bus,  their  first  leader  or  proj^enitor.  Their  country  lay  north 
east  of  Home,  and  between  the  Apcnninc  mountains  and  the 
Tiber  river;  it  -was  fertile  in  pasturage  as  well  as  in  oil,  fruits, and 
wine. 

11.  These  people  were  brave  and  liardy,  and  were  noted  for 
iheir  honesty  and  simplicity  of  manners.  They  were  among  the 
lirst  who  took  up  arms  against  the  Romans,  which  they  did  to 
avenge  the  rape  of  their  women.*  The  Sa'bines  had  subsequently 
many  contests  with  them,  but  they  were  at  length  conquered  by 
the  Koman  general  Cu'rius  Uenta'tus,  B.  C.  292. 

12.  Aniong^  the  towns  of  the  Sa'bines,  Nur'sia  was  noted  for  the  coldness 
of  its  situation,  and  Cutil'ia?  for  its  mineral  waters.  Rea'te  was  situated  in  a 
pleasant,  fertile  valley  ;  its  luxuriant  meadows  bore  the  name  Ro'sei  Camj)!, 
and  arc  still  called  La  Rose.  Cu'res  was  the  birth-place  of  Nu'ma  Pompil'ius. 
Nomcn'tum  was  famed  for  its  \vinc.  Near  it  was  the  little  river  Al'lia, 
where  the  Gauls  defeated  tiie  Romans,  and  then  took  Rome. 

13.  Fidc'ntE  was  remarkable  for  its  perseverance  in  resisting  the  Roman 
yoke.  Aquae  Al'buloe  was  noted  for  its  sulphur  springs.  Cornic'ulum  was 
the  supposed  birth-place  of  Ser'vius  Tul'iius.  Antcm'nffi  was  one  of  the  first 
towns  that  resisted  the  rape  of  the  Sabine  women.  Near  it  was  Mo«nt 
Sa'cer,  whither  the  Roman  populace  retired,  in  a  turmoil  which  caused  the 
election  of  the  tribunes. 


Map  No.  A. — Point  out  the  Macra  river.  The  Rubicon.  Silauris.  Frento. 
These  rivers  were  the  north  and  south  boundaries  of  Italy  Proper,  on  the 
Adriatic  and  Tyrrhenum  seas.  Where  is  Etruria  ?  Latium  ?  Umbria  ? 
Piceimm?  Campania?  Sanmium  ?  Sabini  ?  Point  out  the  Arnus  river. 
The  Umbro.  I'iber.  Clanis.  Wiiere  is  lake  Trasimenus?  Lake  Prilis  ? 
Lake  Fucinus?  Point  out  the  towns  in  Etruria  mentioned  in  the  text. 
Point  out  Pistoria.  Fa;sulce.  Piste,  Florentia,  Volaterra?,  Arretium, 
Cortona,  Clusium.  Pcrusia.  Vulsinii.  Faltrii.  Veil.  These  weie  the 
twelve  confederated  cities  of  Etruria.  Point  out  the  towns  in  Umbria  men- 
tioned in  the  text  In  Pieenum.  In  tlie  Sabini  territory.  When  were 
battles  fought  at  lake  Trasimenus  ?     Pistoria  ?     Forum  Semprouii  ? 

amna?  What  occurred  near  Forum  Sempronii  ?  10.  From  whom  did  the 
Sabini  or  Sabines  derive  their  name  ?  Describe  the  position  of  their  coun- 
try. 11.  What  was  the  character  of  these  people  ?  What  were  they  among 
tlie  first  to  do?  What  is  said  of  the  Sabines  and  Romans?  12.  What  is 
said  of  Nursia  ?  Cutilioj  ?  Reate  ?  Nomentum  ?  Wliat  occurred  at  the 
river  Allia  ?  13.  Wliat  is  said  of  Fidenaj?  Aquae  Albulce  ?  Corniculum  ? 
Anternnce  ?     Mount  Saeer  ? 

•  At  first,  the  Romans  were  without  wives,  a  deficiency  which  Roiniilus  resolved  to  supply  by 
dratagern  ;  accordingly,  he  invited  llie  neiijhlnnirint!  Sabines.  with  their  wives  and  daugbters,  to 
a  feast,  to  which  Ihoy  cnine  unarmed.  In  (he  mid.-il  of  the  festival,  the  Konians  rusheil  upon  ihe 
women,  and  each  one  provided  himself  with  a  fumale  companion.  'I'his  rude  wooing  was  called 
Ihe  "  rape  of  the  Sabines ;"  it  produced  a  war  between  the  two  States,  but  it  was  soon  lornii- 
Dated  by  the  entreaties  of  the  abducted  wumcu,  who  had,  in  Uio  uican  time,  become  the  wivu« 
of  tiie  Koinang. 


112  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY, 


44 


PICE'NUM,  SAM'NIUM,  AND  CAMPA'NIA. 

1.  Pice'num  lay  southeast  of  Um'bria,  and  between  the  Ap'en 
nines  and  the  Adriat'ic  sea.  It  was  inhabited  principally  by  the 
Pice'ni  or  Piccn'tes,  a  branch  of  the  Sa'bine  nation,  who  gave 
their  name  to  the  country.  It  was  one  of  the  most  fertile  regions 
of  Italy :  the  northern  districts  were  famous  for  apples,  and  the 
southern  for  wine. 

2,  Anco'na,  which  retains  its  ancient  name,  was  the  chief  town  of  Pice' 
num  ;  it  was  a  great  naval  station  of  the  Romans.  The  liarbour  was  im- 
proved by  Tra'jan  ;  and  the  grateful  citizens  erected  to  liim,  in  return,  a 
triumphal  arcli,  wliich  is  still  standing.  As'culum  Pice'num  was  an  im- 
portant town,  and  was  taken  by  Pompey,  after  a  long  siege :  it  was  cele- 
brated for  its  temple  of  Venus,  and  its  manufacture  of  purple  dye.  Ha'dria 
was  mucli  esteemed  for  its  wine.  Sul'mo  was  the  birth-place  of  Ov'id,  and 
Amiter'num,  of  Sal'lust.  Corfin'ium  was  the  capital  of  the  Pelig'ni. 
Among  the  other  towns  were  Fir'mium,  Atern'um,  Lari'nuni,  &c. 


SAM    NIUM. 

3.  Sam'nium  lay  in  the  interior  of  Italy,  east  of  La'tium  and 
Campa'nia ;  it  was  the  country  of  the  Sam'nites,  a  people  similar 
to  the  Sa'bines.  They  bore  an  inveterate  hatred  to  the  Romans, 
but  were  finally  conquered  by  them,  in  the  time  of  Syl'la,  after  a 
war  of  70  years'  duration. 

4.  The  Sam'nites  cultivated  various  arts  and  manufactures,  which  they 
borrowed,  as  well  as  their  laws,  from  the  Greeks.  Their  form  of  govern- 
mcnt  was  democratic ;  and,  at  the  commencement  of  a  war,  they  were 
accustomed  to  choose  a  common  general  to  conmiand  the  armies  of  the  dif- 
ferent tribes. 

5.  Among  the  towns  of  the  Sam'nites  were  Sam'nis,  the  capital,  and  Bene 
ven'tum,  near  which  Pj'r'rhus,  king  of  Epi'rus,  who  came  to  assist  tlie 
Sam'nites  against  the  Romans,  was  totally  defeated,  B.  C.  274.  Alli'fje  was 
noted  for  its  pottery.  Cau'dium  gave  name  to  the  Fur'caj  Caudi'nce  (Cau'- 
dine  Forks),  a  narrow  dctile  between  two  mountains  :  here  a  Roman  army 
was  compelled  to  pass  under  the  yoke,  by  the  Sam'nites,  and  the  Roman* 
were,  in  consequence,  obliged  to  make  a  disgraceful  peace,  B.  C.  321. 


Q.  1.  Describe  Picenum.  The  inhabitants.  Its  fertility.  2.  What  is 
eaid  of  Ancona?  The  inhabitants  ?  Asculum  Picenum?  Iladria?  Sul- 
mo  ?  Amiternum  ?  Name  the  other  towns.  3.  Describe  tiie  position  of 
Samnium,  &e.  Wliat  were  the  feelings  of  the  Samnitcs  towards  the  Ro 
mans  ?  Wiiat  occurred  to  them  ?  4.  What  did  they  cultivate  ?  Wliat  di(* 
they  borrow  from  the  Greeks  ?  What  was  their  form  of  government  ? 
What  did  they  do  at  the  commencement  of  a  war  ?  5.  What  town  was 
their  capital  ?     What  is  said  of  Benevcntum  7     AllifiE?     Caudiujn  ?     6.  Da 


I  T  A  L  Y  . 


113 


campa'nia. 

6.  Campa'nia  lay  along  the  coast  of  the  Tyrrhe'num  sea,  frora 
♦.he  river  Li'ris  to  the  Sil'arus  ;  it  was  a  beautiful  and  fertile  dis- 
tiict,  and  is  sti.'l  described  as  the  most  charming  ])rovince  of  Italy. 
Ahiny  of  the  most  distinguished  Romans  resorted  thither  and  built 
Uiemselves  splendid  country  houses. 

7.  It  underwent  more  frequent  cIkiii;,''cs  of  inliabitants,  in  early  liniou 
(lian  any  oIIut  part  of  tlie  peninsula.  Attracted  by  the  fertility  of  tiiu  soil 
the  beauty  of  the  climate,  and  its  coniniodidus  havens,  successive  invaders 
poured  in  and  dispossessed  each  other,  until  tJio  superior  ascendancy  of 
Koine  Ictl  her  the  undisputed  mistress  of  this  g^arden  of  Italy. 

8.  Cap'ua  was  the  cliief  city  of  Cam{)a'iiia  ;  it  declared  in  favour  of  Han'- 
riil)al;but  its  volu[)tuous  j)lcasures  ruined  his  veteran  soldiers,  after  they 
had  vanquished  all  the  armies  of  Rome.  On  its  subsequent  submission  to 
the  Romans,  many  of  the  citizens  were  punished  witii  death,  or  sold  into 
slavery.  Close  to  Cap'ua  was  Casili'num,  which  endured  such  extreme 
famine  during-  its  siege  by  Hannibal,  that  a  mouse,  it  is  said,  sold  tor  2U0 
denarii — about  $30  of  our  money. 

9.  Vena'frum  was  famed  for  its  olives,  and  Mount  Mas'sicus  for  its  wine : 
near  it  were  the  vineyards  wjiich  produced  the  renowned  Faler'nian  wine, 
so  boasted  of  by  the  voluptuous  poets  of  Rome.  At  Litcr'num,Scip'io  Afri- 
ca'nus  lived  in  exile.  Eai'aj  was  noted  for  its  warm  springs  and  baths ;  the 
Romans  viewed  it  as  the  most  enchanting  spot  on  earth  :  it  was  crowded 
with  tlie  villas  of  their  great  men.  Here  was  tiic  academy  of  Cic'ero,  the 
favourite  haunt  of  Vir'gil,  and  the  palace  of  Lucul'lus. 

10.  Neap'olis,  or  Parthen'ope,  was  a  beautiful  city,  of  Greek  origin;  tlic 
inhabitants  were  etlliiunate  and  luxurious.  Near  the  city  was  the  tomb  of 
Vir'gil,  whose  remains  were  brought  hence  from  Ikundu'sium,  where  he 
died.  A  few  miles  from  Neap'olis  was  Mount  Vesu'vius,  the  only  volcano 
in  continental  Europe,  and  one  of  the  most  active  in  the  world,  flercula'- 
neum  and  Pompe'ii,  cities  whieii  lay  at  the  base  of  the  mountain,  were  both 


Pompeii. 


scribe  the  position  of  Campania.  What  is  said  of  it  ?  What  is  its  present 
description?  Wliat  did  many  of  the  Romans  do?  7.  What  is  said  of  ita 
changes?  What  attracted  invaders?  What  is  said  of  Rome?  8.  Of  Ca- 
pua ?  Hannibal,  &c.  ?  What  occurred  on  its  subsequent  submission  ? 
What  is  said  ofCasilinum?  9.  Of  Venatrum  ?  Mount  Massicus  ?  Liternum  ? 
I'aitE  ?  10.  Describe  Neapo'''s  and  its  inhabitants.  What  was  near  the  ciiy  ? 
Whatissaidof  Mount  Vesuvius?  Of  Ilcrculancum  and  Pomoeii  ?  11.  How 
10*  H 


114  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

ovcrwnelmcd  by  an  eruption  of  ashes  and  lava,  A.  D.  79.     The  elder  Pliny, 
at  the  same  time,  lost  his  life  by  venturing  too  near  the  volcano. 

11.  These  cities  remained  unknown  for  more  than  sixteen  centuries,  but 
were  at  length  discovered,  Ilercula'neum  in  1713,  and  Pompe'ii  in  1750; 
the  latter  has  been  nearly  ail  uncovered,  and  travellers  may  now  walk 
through  a  great  extent  of  tliis  ancient  town.  It  exhibits  the  full  picture  of 
what  a  Roman  city  was,  habitations,  temples,  baths,  the  sliops  of  tlie  differ- 
ent  trades,  the  implements  they  used,  and  even  the  materials  on  which  they 
Were  employed. 

12.  No'la  was  a  strongly  fortified  city ;  here  Han'nibal  was  repulsed  by 
Marcel'lus,  and  here,  subsequently,  Augustus  died.  Bells  were  said  to  have 
been  invented  and  first  used  in  No'la.  Saler'num  was  an  ancient  city ;  the 
hills  in  the  vicinity  were  famed  for  their  wine.  Off  the  coast  lay  the  island 
^Ena'ria,  named  from  tlie  earthen  casks  made  in  it.  Ca'pruaj  was  tlie 
scene  of  the  infamous  debaucheries  of  Tibe'rius  It  is  now  a  great  resort 
for  quails,  and  is  called  the  bishopric  of  quails. 


Map  No.  4.  —  What  sea  bounded  Picenum  on  the  east  Tr-^What  mountains 
on  the  west  l-  What  river  formed  its  north  boundary  ?  Southern ?,'-  Point 
out  Ancona.  Asculum  Picenum.  Hadria.  Sulmo.  Amitcrnum.  Cor- 
finium  and  tlie  other  towns.  What  districts  lay  west  of  Samnium  ? 
East?  What  river  separated  Samnium,  in  part,  from  Campania?.  Point 
out  Samnis.  Beneventum.  Allifaj.  Caudium.  What  sea  bounded  Cam 
pania  on  the  west?'  What  river  separated  it  from  Latium  ?.  From  Luca- 
nia  ?  What  river,  in  part,  from  Samnium  ?  What  islands  lay  oft'  the  coast 
ofCampania'f  Where  is  Mount  Vesuvius?  How  liigh  is  it  ?-  Where  is 
Mount  Massicus  ?  Where  is  Capua  ?  Venafruni  ?  Liternum  1  Baiee  7 
Neapolis  ?  Hcreulancum  ?  Pompeii?  Nola?  Salernum  ?  On  what^-, 
gulf  are  Neapolis,  Herculaneum,  and  Pompeii  ?  .  On  what  gulf  is  Salernum  r"'^Uv^ 


LA'TIUM. 

1.  La'tium  lay  on  the  west  side  of  Italy,  between  the  rivers 
Tiber  and  Liris ;  in  early  times  it  was  inhabited  by  the  Lat'ins, 
Au'sones,  Ru'tuli,  Sa'bines,  Vol'sci,  and  other  petty  tribes.  The 
name  was  derived  from  Lati'nus,  one  of  its  first  monarchs.  It  was 
tlie  original  country  of  the  Romans,  and  contained  the  metropolig 
of  their  empire  ;  it  varied  in  extent,  at  different  times,  but  it  pro- 
bably never  exceeded,  in  area,  the  State  of  Rhode  Island. 

2.  The  empire  of  Rome  was  the  most  potent  that  ever  existed 
ib  power  was  feared  by  all  the  surrounding  nations,  and  the  title 

long  did  these  cities  remain  unknown  ?  When  were  they  discovered  ? 
What  is  the  present  state  of  Pompeii  ?  12.  What  is  said  of  Nola  ?  Of  Saler- 
num 7     The  island  of  iEnaria?     Capreae  ? 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  Latium  ?  The  early  inhabitants  ?  The  name  ? 
Of  what  people  was  it  the  original  country  ?  What  did  it  contain  ?  AV'hal 
was  its  extent  ?     2.  What  was  the  empire  of  Rome  ?     What  is  said  of  its 


ITALY.  115 

of  a  Koman  citizen  uas,  for  hundreds  of  years,  regarded  as  a  high 
and  envied  distinction.  The  foundation  of  the  empire  commenced 
with  the  building  of  the  city  of  Rome  by  Rom'ulus,  B.  C.  75;}. 
It  flourished  first  as  a  kingdom,  for  a  period  of  2-1-1  years  ;  secondly, 
as  M  republic,  for  479  years ;  and  then  as  an  einjjire,  for  500 
years.  Its  duration  was  1229  years,  ending  A.  D.  470,  with  the 
extinction  of  the  western,  or  Roman  empire  proper. 

3.  The  eastern,  Byzan'tine  or  Lower  Greek  empire,  was,  in  reality,  a 
continuation  of  tiic  Roman  dominion,  but  with  diminished  extent  and  power. 
The  Adriatic  Sea  was  its  western  limit,  and  its  capital  was  Constantinojtle. 
It  commenced  A.  D.  395,  when  Tiicodo'sius  divided  the  Roman  empire 
between  his  two  sons,  Arca'dius  and  Hono'rius :  tiie  first  became  emperor 
of  the  east,  and  the  other  of  the  west.  The  eastern  empire  continued  until 
A.  D.  1453.  Constantinople  was  then  captured  by  tlic  Turks,  and  a  new 
State  was  founded  on  the  ruins  of  the  former. 

4.  The  authority  of  Rom'ulus  extended,  at  first,  only  about  five  miles 
from  the  walls  of  the  city  he  had  built:  but  he  and  his  successors  soon  en- 
larged their  territories.  During  the  republic,  the  bounds  of  the  State  were 
rapidly  increased  by  the  conquests  of  its  victorious  generals,  and  finally,  u. 
large  portion  of'tlie  known  world  was  subjected  to  the  sway  of  Rome. 

5.  Under  Augustus,  the  empire  had  reached  the  summit  of  its  power  ;  but, 
in  the  time  of  Trajan,  it  was  still  farther  enlarged  in  extent.  It  then  com- 
prised the  finest  portions  of  the  eastern  continent,  including  all  Europe,  from 
l!ie  Atlantic  to  the  Eux'ine  sea,  scutli  of  the  Rhine  and  tlie  Danube  ;  in  Asia, 
the  entire  region  from  the  Cau'easus  mountains  and  the  Eux'ine  to  the  Red 
sea,  and  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  river  Tigris  ;  in  Africa,  Egypt,  and 
all  the  other  countries  north  of  the  great  desert,  besides  every  island  in  the 
Mediterranean  sea.  Tlie  whole  was  nearly  equal,  in  extent,  to  modern 
Europe,  with  a  popukilion  estimated  at  120  millions ;  but  the  latter  was 
probably  much  greater. 

6.  The  warlike  character  of  the  Romans,  for  which  they  were  distin- 
guished  from  their  first  origin,  contributed  to  their  success  as  conquerors. 
Unrivalled  skill  in  military  exercises,  and  pre-eminent  ability  in  their  com- 
manders, served  to  render  them  superior  to  the  nations  around  them.  War 
and  agriculture  were  their  chief  employments.  A  large  portion  of  the  people 
was  directly  engaged  in  the  military  service.  The  proportion  of  soldiers, 
compared  with  the  whole  population,  was  often  as  jiigh  as  one  to  eight. 

7.  The  most  esteemed  reward  of  a  victorious  Roman  general,  was  a  trium. 
pluil  procession.  It  formed  a  splendid  sjjectacle,  consisting  of  the  senate, 
tlie  citizens,  and  the  victorious  army,  which,  marching  through  the  princi- 
pal streets,  proceeded  up  the  Via  Sacra,  or  Sacred  Way,  to  tiie  capitol.  The 


poA-er  ?  The  title  of  a  Roman  citizen  ?  When  did  the  empire  commenec, 
«:.c.  ?  What  was  it  at  first  ?  Secondly  7  Thirdl)'  ?  What  is  said  of  it« 
duration  ?  When  did  it  end  ?  3.  Describe  the  eastern  empire.  Its  west- 
ern limits,  Sec.  When  did  it  commence  ?  Who  was  emperor  of  the  east? 
Of  the  west?  WJicn  did  the  eastern  empire  terminate?  What  then  oc- 
curred ?  4.  What  is  said  of  the  authority  of  Romulus  ?  Of  the  republic  ? 
5.  Of  tlie  empire  under  Augustus  ?  Trajan?  Wiiat  did  the  empire  then 
comprise?  What  is  said  of  its  extent  ?  Population  7  6.  What  is  said  of 
the  Romans  7  Their  skill,  &c.  ?  Their  employments?  What  proportion 
were  Boldiers  7     7.  What  is  said  of  a  triumphal  procession  ?     Describe  it. 


116 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


victor,  plainly  but  richly  dressed,  rode  in  a  gilded  chariot,  drawn  by  while 
horses.  In  the  procession  were  borne  the  spoils  and  emblems  of  the  con. 
qaered  pro\niccs  and  cities,  followed  by  tiic  c.ipti\e  princes  and  f^tnerals  in 
chains  E^erj.  Roman  comnni  e'er  T^piud  lo  the  honour  of  a  triumph,  and 
considered  it  the  highest  ('i  1  ti        i    t  i  bt  thought  \\orthy  of  it. 


Triumphal  Procession. 

8.  The  Romans  were,  after  the  manner  of  the  Athenians,  separated  into 
Beveral  classes.  Rom'ulus  divided  them  into  three  tribes;  1.  the  Romans; 
2.  the  Sabines  ;  3.  the  other  foreigners.  Ser'vius  Tul'lius  aft,erwards  divided 
the  citizens  into  six  classes,  according  to  amount  of  property.  These  classes 
were  subdivided  into  193  centuries.  In  order  to  preserve  this  distribution,  a 
census  and  valuation  was  taken  every  five  years. 

9.  Each  of  these  classes  had  arms  peculiar  to  itself,  and  a  certain  place 
in  the  army  according  to  the  valuation  of  their  fortunes.  Those  of  the  first 
class  were  called  Clas'sici ;  all  the  others  were  said  to  be  infra  Clas'sem 
hence  Clas'sici  auctores  for  the  most  approved  authors.  The  first  class  com- 
prised 100  centuries,  and  furnished  more  men  and  money  for  the  public  ser- 
vice than  all  the  rest  of  the  State  besides.  They  had  likewise  a  predomi- 
nant influence  in  the  assemblie?  of  the  people. 

10.  Another  division  of  the  Romans  was  into  Patricians  and  Plebeians. 
The  former  comprised  the  most  wealthy  and  powerful  famiii-s,  and  were  the 
descendants  of  the  senators  or  fathers  (Patres,  hence  Patricians)  appointed 
by  Romulus.  At  first,  the  Senators  amounted  to  100  in  number,  al^erwarc's 
200,  then  300-  On  the  fall  of  the  republic,  the  Senate  consisted  of  1000 
members,  but  the  emperor  Augustus  reduced  it  to  600.  The  Plebeians 
comprised  the  farmers,  mechanics,  merchants  and  soldiers,  as  well  as  the 
poor,  who  lived  principally  by  the  largesses  made  by  the  State,  or  by  tlio 
rich.  The  Plebs  rustica  comprised  the  agricultural  classes ;  the  Plebs  uli 
bana,  the  lesidents  of  cities  and  towns. 

Tlie  victoi,  &c.  8.  How  were  the  Romans  divided  by  Romulus?  By 
Servius  Tullius  ?  Wliat  were  the  subdivisions,  &c.  ?  How  was  the  order 
preserved  ?  9.  What  is  said  of  the  arms  and  position  of  each  chiss  ?  What 
was  tlie  first  called  ?  The  others  ?  What  did  the  first  comprise  ?  Wliat 
did  they  furnish?  What  is  said  of  their  influence?  10.  What  otlicr 
division  existed  ?  Wliat  did  the  first  comprise  ?  How  many  senators  were 
tlicre  at  first?  Afterwards  ?  What  did  Augustus  do  ?  What  did  the  Pie 
beians  comprise  ?     The  Plebs  rustica  ?     The  Plebs  urbana  i 


ITALY. 


117 


Map  No.  4. — What  sea  bounded  Latium  on  the  west  and  south  ?  VVh.il 
river  separated  it  from  Etruria ?>  ^  From  Campania?  .Wliat  islands  l:iy 
soutliwest  ?  Wl:2t  mountains  on  the  cast  ?  Wliat  promontory  or  cape 
south  ?.'  Where  arc  tlie  Pontine  marshes  ? -Many  attempts  have  been  made, 
witiiin  the  last  i^OOO  years,  to  drain  these  marshes  by  tlie  construetion  of 
canals,  6cc.  throut^h  them,  but  they  still  retain  their  ancient  character.  See 
Map  Vicinity  of  Rome.  Point  out  tiie  Via  Appia.  Via  Latina.  Aurelia. 
Claudia,  &c.  Thet-e  were  the  via;  or  roads  constructed  by  tlie  Romans  :  they 
commenced  at  tiie  Forum,  in  tlie  centre  of  Kome,  were  carried  throughout 
Italy,  and  thence  branchinjif  out  in  all  directions,  were  extended  to  tiie  fron- 
tiers of  the  empire.  They  were  of  great  solidity,  and  had  mile-stones  placed 
on  them.  These  roads  wore  among  tlic  most  useful  and  remarkable  works 
of  ancient  times. 


4G 


LA'TiUM  — [CONTINUED.] 


The  Coliseum  at  the  present  day. 

1.  The  city  of  Rome  was  the  capital  of  the  Roman  empire;  it 
Ts  often  called  the  Eternal  City,  and  was  for  2000  years,  more  or 
less  connected  with  ever}'thing  great  and  memorable  enacted  in  the 
civiHzed  world.  In  its  days  of  prosperity,  its  magnificence  and 
luxury  were  unrivalled  ;  it  was  enriched,  by  its  generals,  with  the 
spoils  of  a  hundred  nations,  and  the  wealth  of  the  most  potent 
monarchs  was  poured  into  its  coffers. 

2.  Rome  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  Tiber  river,  15  miles  from  the  sea;  it 
was  built,  at  first,  on  two,  but  afterwards,  chiefly  on  seven  hills;  hence  it 
was  called  SeplicoUis,  or  city  of  the  seven  hills.  The  city  was  surrounded 
hy  walls,  first  by  Romulus,  then  by  Ser^-ius  Tullius,  and  afterwards  by  Au- 
relius  and  Honorius.  The  walls  of  the  second  were  probably  about  nine, 
and  those  of  the  latter  thirteen  miles  in  circumference.  The  gates  of  the 
city  were  thirty  in  number.     The  suburbs,  beyond  the  walls,  were  extcn- 


Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  the  city  of  Rome,  (fcc.  ?  What  was  it  for  2(100 
years?  What  is  said  of  ils  days  of  prosperity  ?  By  whom  and  in  wlrit 
way  was  it  enriched  ?  2.  Describe  its  position.  On  what  was  it  first  built  ? 
Afterwards  what  was  it  called?  Who  surrounded  it  with  walls?  What 
ujiii  tLeir  circumference  ?    What  is  said  of  the  suburbs  ?     The  circuit  of 


118  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

?ive,  and  densely  peopled.  The  circuit  of  the  city  and  its  environs,  about 
the  year  A.  D.  250,  was  estimated  at  50  miles,  and  the  population  at  froju 
three  to  four  millions. 

3.  Rome,  at  this  time,  contained  amon^  its  public  buildings  420  temples, 
five  theatres,  two  amphitheatres,  seven  circuses,  of  vast  rxtcnt,  and  sixteen 
public  baths,  built  of  marble.  Some  of  the  latter  were  i.Jimense  structures, 
were  furnished  with  every  convenience,  and  could  accommodate  3000  bathers 
dt  the  same  time.  From  the  aqueducts  a  prodigious  number  of  fountains 
were  supplied  with  water;  many  of  these  were  remarkable  for  their  arclii- 
tectural  beauty.  The  palaces,  triumphal  arches,  columns,  porticoes,  and 
obelisks  were  almost  without  number,  and  were,  for  the  most  part,  elegant 
specimens  of  art. 

4.  The  architectural  splendour  of  this  great  city  properly  dates 
from  the  reign  of  Augustus,  who  boasted  that  he  found  it  "brick, 
and  left  it  marble."  The  chief  aim  of  Augustus  and  the  empe- 
rors, his  successors,  in  the  construction  of  the  splendid  buildings 
which  they  erected  for  public  amusement,  seems  to  have  been  to 
compensate  the  people  for  the  loss  of  liberty  by  the  magnificence 
of  their  shows  and  entertainments. 

5.  Among  the  chief  ornaments  of  Rome  was  the  Capitol;  it  was  built  on 
the  Capitoline  hill,  the  highest  part  of  the  city,  and  was  approached  from  t!;e 
Forum  by  100  steps.  The  gates  were  of  brass,  gilded,  and  the  whole  build- 
ing was  so  copiously  adorned  in  the  same  way,  that  tlie  Romans  called  it 
the  Golden  Capitol.  On  the  southwest  side  of  the  hill  is  the  Tarpeian  rock. 
Notorious  criminals  were  often  put  to  death  by  being  hurled  from  its  sum- 
mit. The  Forum  was  the  chief  place  of  public  assembly ;  in  it  were  the 
temple  of  Janus  and  tlie  Senate-House.  The  gates  of  the  first  were  never 
closed  during  war,  and  so  incessant  were  the  contests  in  which  the  Romans 
were  engaged,  that  they  were  shut  only  three  times  in  the  course  of  eight 
hundred  years. 

6.  The  Senate-House  was  the  grand  legislative  hall  of  the  nation ;  it  was 
copiously  adorned  with  the  statues  of  eminent  warriors  and  statesmen. 
H«re,  at  the  foot  of  Pompey's  statue,  Julius  Cassar  was  killed  by  Brutus, 
Cassms.  and  other  conspirators,  E.  C.  44,  in  the  56th  year  of  his  age.  This 
great  general,  historian,  and  statesman,  though  he  usurped  the  supreme 
power  and  overthrew  the  liberties  of  his  country,  was  the  ablest  ruler  who 
ever  wielded  the  destinies  of  Rome. 

7.  The  Colise'um,  an  immense  building,  though  much  dilapidated,  still 
remains ;  it  is  a  third  of  a  mile  in  circumference,  is  more  than  a  hundred 
feet  high,  and  had  room  for  100,000  spectators.  In  the  arena  were  exhibited 
the  cruel  fights  of  gladiators,  in  which  the  Romans  took  a  pleasure,  equally 

the  city  and  environs?  Population  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  the  public  build, 
ings?  The  baths?  How  many  could  bathe  at  the  same  time?  What  is 
eaid  of  the  aqueducts?  Palaces?  'J'riumi)hal  arches,  &c.  ?  4.  From  what 
lime  does  its  architectural  splendour  datv.?  Of  wliat  did  Augustus  boast? 
What  was  his  chief  aim,  &c.  ?  5.  Dc:  cribc  the  capitol.  Its  gates,  «fcc.  The 
Tarpeian  rock.  What  was  the  Forum  '  What  did  it  contain?  What  is 
said  of  the  temple  of  Janus  ?  6.  Ol  the  senate-house  ?  Wiiat  occurred  at 
the  foot  of  Pompey's  statue?  When  did  this  event  take  place?  How  old  was 
Ccesar?  What  is  said  of  him  ?  7.  Describe  the  Coliseum.  For  how  many 
epcctators  had  it  ro<-'n  ?     What  was  exhibited  tlicrc  7     8.  Describe  the  Pan. 


ITALY. 


119 


The  rantheoii. 


.nfiimous  and  cxlravapant,  togitlicr  with  races,  exhibitions  of  strange  am 
rials  and  combats  of  wild  beasts. 

8.  Tlic  Paii'tlicoii,  or  tcmjjlL'  of 
ail  the  gods,  is  now  a  Christian 
clmroii;  it  is  tlie  best  preserved 
aneient  building  in  Rome,  and  is 
universally  admired  for  its  fine 
dome  and  its  bcautifid  columns. 
It  is  150  feet  high,  with  walls  18 
feet  thick  ;  there  are  no  windows, 
but  an  opening  in  the  roof,  25  feet 
in  diameter,  serves  to  light  the 
interior. 

9.  Os'tia,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tiber,  was  the  port  of  Rome. 
Southward,  on  the  coast,  were  Laurenti'num  and  Lauren'tum  ;  the  latter 
received  its  name  from  its  groves  of  bay  trees.  Lavin'ium  was  founded  by 
/Ene'as,  and  was  named  after  his  wife  Lavinia.  Ar'dea  was,  in  early 
times,  the  chief  city  of  the  Ru'tuli ;  here  Camil'lus  remained  in  exile  till 
the  siege  of  Rome  by  tiie  Gauls,  under  Bren'nus,  when  he  so  nobly  contri- 
buted to  tiie  delivery  of  liis  country. 

10.  Lanu'vium  was  the  birth-place  of  the  three  An'tonines,  of  the  actor 
Ros'cius  and  others.  Alba  Longa  lay  on  the  east  side  of  lake  Alba'nus  ;  it 
was  long  tlie  rival  of  Rome,  but  was  destroyed  by  Tul'lus  Ilostil'ius ;  the 
soil  around  it  was  celebrated  for  its  fertility.  Vel'itra;  was  the  birth-place 
of  Augustus,  and  Tus'culum  of  the  elder  Cato.  Many  of  the  wealthy  Ro- 
mans had  villas  at  this  place,  among  which  the  villa  Tuscula'nuni  of  Cicero 
may  be  named. 

11.  At  Ga'bii  Rom'ulus  and  Re'mus  were  educated;  near  it  the  Gauls 
were  defeated  by  Camil'lus,  after  they  had  sacked  Rome.  Colla'tia  is  memo- 
rable  for  tiic  death  of  Lucre'tia.  Tibur  was  a  favourite  place  of  residence 
with  the  Romans,  who  used  it,  at  one  time,  as  a  place  of  banishment.  Sy' 
I)iiax  died  here  in  captivity,  and  here  Zeno'bia,  queen  of  Pahny'ra,  spent 
the  latter  years  of  her  life. 

12.  Aqui'num  was  celebrated  for  its  purple  dye;  it  was  the  birth-place 
of  Ju'venal  and  the  emperor  Pcseen'nius  Niger.  Terraci'na  was  a  noted 
naval  station  ;  in  the  vicinity  the  emperor  Galba  was  liorn.  For  mitE,  in 
the  southern  part  of  La'tium,  was  a  favourite  residence  of  Cicero,  and  liere 
he  was  murdered  by  order  of  Antony.  An'tium  was,  at  first,  a  Volscian 
city ;  it  was  the  residence  of  Coriola'nus,  after  he  left  Rome.  In  the  time 
of  the  emperors  it  was  a  noted  town  ;  Augustus,  Tiberius  and  Calig'ula  all 
resided  lierc  for  a  time,  and  it  was  the  birtli-place  of  Nero.  Arpi'nurn  was 
tlic  native  town  of  both  Marius  and  Cicero;  the  latter  often  ahudes  to  it  in 
his  letters.  

Map  No.  4. —  Plan  of  Ancient  Rome.  —  Point  out  the  Aventine.  Capito- 
hne.     Coelian.     Esquiline.     Palatine.     Quirinal  and  Viminal  hills.7  These 

theon.  9.  What  was  Ostium  ?  What  is  said  of  Laurentum  ?  Of  Lavi- 
nium  ?  Ardea?  10.  Who  were  born  at  Lanuvium  ?  What  is  said  o'f  Alba 
Longa?  Velitras?  Tusculum  ?  11.  Wlio  were  born  at  Gabii  ?  What 
occurred  near  it  ?  What  is  said  of  Collatia  ?  Of  Tibur  ?  W'ho  died  there  / 
What  queen  resided  there?  12.  What  is  said  of  Aquinum?  Tcmcina? 
FormicE,  &,c.  ?     Antium,  &.c  ?     Arpinuai  ? 


120  CLASaiCAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

are  the  seven  iiills  on  which  Rome  was  chiefly  built.  Point  out  tlie  Tar 
peian  rock.  Tlie  walls  of  Servius  Tullius.  Of  Aurelius  and  Honorius, 
Where  is  the  Coliseum?  The  Pantheon?  The  Forum?  The  Circus 
Maximus?  Of  Nero?  Of  Adrian  ?  The  baths  of  Diocletian  ?  Of  Titus? 
Of  Antoninus  Caracalla  ?  The  mausoleum  of  Augustus?  Of  Adrian? 
The  column  of  Trajan  ?  Of  Antonine  ?  Where  is  the  Campus  Martius 
(Field  of  Mars)  ?  Here  the  military  reviews,  the  election  of  the  magistrates, 
and  the  registration  or  census  of  the  people  were  held.  Is  Rome  in  north 
or  south  latitude  ?  \Vliich  of  our  large  cities  is  very  nearly  on  the  same 
parallel  ?  See  Map  Vicinity  of  Rome.  Where  is  Ostium  ?  Laurentinum 
and  the  other  towns  mentioned  in  tiie  text  ?  See  Latium.  Point  out  Aqui- 
num.    Terracina.     Formice.     Antium.     Arpinum. 

47 


MAG'NA    GRiE'CIA. 

1.  The  southern  part  of  Italy  was  settled  at  an  early  period  by 
colonies  from  Greece,  who  brought  with  them  the  arts  and  institu- 
tions of  that  country ;  hence  it  was  called  Mag'na.  Grte'cia  (Great 
Greece).  Its  divisions  were  Apulia,  Cala'bria,  Luca'nia,  and  Brut' 
tia.  It  was  long  the  seat  of  learning,  industry  and  wealth,  but  it 
is  now,  for  the  most  part,  sunk  in  ignorance  ;  the  interior  districts 
are  almost  unknomi,  and  the  inhabitants  are  amongst  the  most 
barbarous  in  Europe. 

apu'lia. 

2.  Apu'lia  lay  on  the  Adriatic  Sea,  and  south  of  the  river 
Frento  ;  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  named  after  Ap'ulus,  an  an- 
cient monarch  of  the  country.  It  comprised  two  divisions,  viz., 
Dau'nia,  in  the  north,  and  Peuce'tia,  in  the  south:  tl:ie  whole 
region  was  famous  for  its  wool. 

3.  Among  the  towns  of  Apu'lia  was  Can'noe,  noted  for  the  victory  gained 
by  Hannibal  over  the  Romans  ;  the  latter  lost  50,000  men.  After  the  battle, 
the  gold  rings  of  the  fallen  Roman  knights  were  collected,  and  several 
bushels  of  them  sent  to  Carthage.  Canu'sium  was  famous  for  its  manu- 
factures of  cloth  ;  hither  the  remnant  of  the  Roman  army  fled,  after  the 
defeat  at  Can'na;.  Venu'sia  was  the  native  town  of  Horace.  Near  this 
place  Marcellus  was  killed  in  a  skirmish  against  Hannibal.  Lucc'ria  wa« 
noted  for  its  fine  wool.  At  As'culum,  surnamed  Ap'ulum,  a  severe  battla 
was  fought  between  Pyr'rhus  and  the  Romans.  North  of  Apu'lia  lay  the 
Diomede'tE  islands;  to  one  of  these,  called  Trem'iti,  Augustus  banished  his 
granddaughter  Julia,  who  died  there. 


Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  the  southern  part  of  Italy,  Scc.l  What  was  it 
called  ?  Its  divisions  ?  What  was  it  once  ?  What  is  it  now  ?  2.  Do 
scribe  the  position  of  Ajmlia,  &c.  What  did  it  comprise?  What  was  it 
famous  for  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  Cannoe  ?  What  occurred  after  the  battle? 
For  what  was  Canusium  famous  ?     What  is  said  of  Vcnusia  ?     Luceria  ? 


iTALy.  m 


CALA  BRIA. 


4.  Cala'«ria,  called  also  Jajiyii'ia  and  Messa'pia,  occupied  the 
casteniinosl  porlioii  of  Italy  ;  it  was  lerlile,  abounded  in  cattle, 
fruits  of  various  kinds,  and  excellent  honey.  The  early  inhabit- 
ajats  were  the  Cal'abri,  the  Messa'pi,  and  the  Jap'yges. 

5.  Taren'tum  was  once  the  most  important  city  in  Mag'na  Grce'cia ;  the 
people  were  wealthy  and  luxurious.  Their  wars  with  the  Romans  brought 
Pyr'rhus  from  Greece  into  Italy  as  their  ally.  This  place  was,  for  a  time, 
the  residence  of  Pytlfhg'orag,  who  inspired  the  inhabitants  with  a  love  of 
virtue,  and  thus  made  them  superior  to  their  neighbours.  Hydrun'tum  was 
the  nearest  town  to  Greece.  Here  Pyr'rhus,  and  afterwards  Varro,  medi- 
tated the  building  of  a  bridge  across  the  Adriatic,  here  47  miles  in  breadth. 

G.  Brundu'sium  was  a  naval  station  ;  from  hence  the  Romans  generally 
etnbarkcd  for  Greece.  Dyrrach'ium,  on  the  opposite  coast,  and  100  miles 
distant,  was  tlic  chief  point  of  intercourse.  Virgil  died  at  Brundu'sium, 
wlicn  on  his  journey  from  Athens  to  Rome.  At  Mandu'ri»,  Archid'amus, 
king  of  Sparta,  was  killed  in  a  battle  between  the  Tar'entincs  and  Luca'- 
nians.  Ru'dia?  was  the  birtli-placo  of  En'nius,  the  friend  of  Scip'io  Africa', 
nus,  and  the  father  of  Latin  poetry. 

luca'nia. 

7.  Luca'nli  lay  south  of  Apulia ;  it  derived  its  name  from  the 
Luca'ni,  a  Samnite  tribe,  who  overcame  the  Greek  colonists  pre- 
viously settled  in  that  part  of  Italy,  and  gave  their  name  to  the 
country.  After  the  Roman  conquest,  it  is  said  to  have  been  less 
flourisking  than  previous  to  that  event. 

8.  IVIctapon'tum  was  one  of  the  principal  cities.  Pythag'oras  is  supposed 
to  have  died  here.  At  Pando'sia,  Pyr'rlius  gained  his  first  victory  over  the 
Romans.  Syb'aris  was  noted  for  the  wealth,  luxury,  and  voluptuousness  of 
the  inhabitants.  It  was  demolislied  and  rebuilt  five  dillercnt  times,  but  it 
was  at  length  destroyed  by  the  people  of  Croto'na.  The  term  Syb'arite  is 
still  used  to  denote  an  efleminate  voluptuary.  Syb'aris  lay  between  the 
rivers  Cra'this  and  Syb'aris ;  the  waters  of  the  former  were  said  to  give  a 
yellow  colour  to  the  hair  and  beard  of  those  who  drank  them. 

9.  Paes'tum  or  Posido'nia  was  famed  for  its  beautiful  roses,  which  bloomei 
twice  a  year.  Not  far  distant  was  E'Ica,  the  city  of  Parmen'ides  and  Ze'na 
The  school  of  philosophy  which  tliey  founded  was  called  the  Eleat'ic.  At 
Numis'trOiMarcel'lus  defeated  Hannibal.     At  lieracle'a  the  congress  of  the 


Asculum,  &c.  ?  4.  Describe  tlie  position  of  Calabria,  &c.  Name  the 
early  inhabitants.  5.  What  is  said  of  Tarcntum,  &,c.  ?  Who  resided  there  7 
What  is  said  of  Hydruntum,  &c.  ?  G.  What  was  Brundusium  ?  Dyrra- 
cliium  ?  Who  died  at  Brundusium  ?  Who  was  killed  at  Manduriaj  ? 
Who  was  born  at  Rudia:  ?  7.  Describe  the  position  of  Lncania,  &c.  Its 
condition  after  the  Roman  conquest.  8.  What  is  said  of  Metapontuni,  &c.? 
Pandosia  ?  Sybaris  ?  How  often  was  it  demolished  and  rebuilt  ?  By 
whom  was  it  finally  destroyed  ?  What  docs  the  term  Sybarite  denote  7 
Where  did  Sybaris  lie  ?  What  is  said  of  the  water  of  the  Crathis  ?  9. 
What  is  said  of  Fajstura  ?  Elca?  Numistro  ?  Heraclea?  Siris?  Pyxis? 
11 


122  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

Italo-Grcek  colonies  assembled.  Near  Si'ris  a  battle  was  fought  between 
Pvr'riius  and  the  Romans.  Pyx'us  was  founded  by  a  colony  from  Mes&a'na. 
At  Poten'tia  Tibe'rius  Grac'chus  was  treacherously  slain. 

BRUT'tI  A. 

10.  Brut'tia  or  Brut'tium  formed  tlie  southernmost  division  of 
l:aly.  The  inhabitants  were  called  the  Bru'tii  or  Brut'tii ;  they  wcie 
suid  to  have  been  slaves  and  shepherds  of  the  Luca'nians,  who,  in 
process  of  time,  became  sufficiently  powerful  to  subdue  the  Greek 
colonists.  * 


School  of  Pythasoraa. 

n.  Croto'na  was  the  most  famous  city  in  their  part  of  Italy  ;  it  was  long 
tiie  residence  of  Pytliag'oras,  and  here  he  established  his  school  of  philoso. 
phy.  It  was  the  birth-place  of  the  physician  Dcmoce'des,  and  of  Milo,  the 
wrestler;  the  latter  was  famous  for  his  prodigfious  strenj^th.  Near  Cau'lon 
the  Croto'nians  were  defeated  by  the  Lo'crians.  Tcm'esa  was  noted,  in 
early  times,  for  its  copper  mines.  Scyla'cium  gave  name  to  the  Scyla'cian 
gulf:  on  the  opposite  coast  was  the  gulf  of  Terina :  the  space  between  the 
two  gulfs  was  tlie  narrowest  part  of  Italy;  Han'nibal  entrenched  himself 
here  against  the  Romans.  Conscn'tia  was  the  capital  of  the  Brut'tii.  Seyl'la 
stood  at  the  entrance  of  the  strait  between  Sicily  and  Italy;  near  it  was  the 
rock  Seyl'la,  so  dreaded  by  ancient  mariners.  Rlie'gium,  an  important 
city,  was  founded  700  years  B.  C,  by  the  Greeks :  it  was  often  seriously 
injured  by  earthquakes,  to  which  its  neighbourhood  was  subject. 

Map  No.  4.  —  What  districts  lay  north  and  west  of  Apulia  t'  AVhat  sea 
cast  of  A])ulia  and  Cabibria?  What  sea  we?t  of  Lueania  and  Bruttia  ? 
Wliat  gulf  between  Lueania  and  Calabria?.  What  sea  east  of  Bruttia?. 
What  mountains  in  Apulia  eastward  of  the  Apennines  ?     On  what  river  was 


Potentia?  10.  What  is  said  of  Bruttia?  What  were  the  inhabitants 
called?  Wliat  is  said  of  tlicm  ?  11.  What  is  said  of  Crotona  ?  Wlio 
lived  there,  &c  ?  Who  was  born  there  ?  What  was  tae  latter  ?  What  is 
said  of  Caulon?  Temcsa?  Scylacium,  &c.  ?  Consent' a  ?  Scylla?  Rhe- 
pium  7 


ITALY.  123 

TanncD  ?  Between  wliat  rivers  was  Sybaris  7  Wliat  river  separated  Luca- 
nia  and  Calabria?  '  What  promontories  or  capes  on  tlio  coast  of  Apuha  7. 
Calabria?  Lucania  ?  BruUia?  Which  was  the  most  southern  cape  of 
Italy?  Southeastern?  Wiiat  towns  lay  on  the  gulf  of  Posstum  ?  Laiis  7 
Tcrina  ?  Tarentum  ?  Scylacian  gulf?  Where  are  Cannaj  and  the  other 
chief  towns  of  Apulia  ?  Point  out  the  chief  towns  of  Calabria.  Lucania. 
Bruttia.     When  were  the  Romans  defeated  at  Cannae  7     At  Pandosia? 


48 


ITALIAN   ISLANDS. 

1.  Sicily  is  the  largest  of  the  Italian  islands;  it  is  also  the 
largest  in  the  INIediterra'nean  sea :  from  its  triangular  shape  it  was 
called  Trina'cria :  it  was  celebrated  for  its  fertihty,  and  was  ac- 
counted one  of  the  granaries  of  the  Roman  empire.  The  Phoeni- 
cians, and  then  the  Greeks,  settled  various  colonies  on  its  shores. 
The  Carthaginians  afterwards  became  its  masters ;  but  the  Romans, 
during  the  Punic  wars,  drove  them  out,  and  retained  possession 
of  it  tnitil  the  downfall  of  their  empire. 

2.  Sicily  is  separated  from  Italy  by  the  Fre'tum  Sic'ulum  or  Sicilian 
strait,  in  which  were  tlie  whirlpool  Charyb'dis  and  the  rock  Scyl'la,  the  terror 
of  tlie  ancient  mariners;  but  they  are  not  now  reckoned  dangerous.  In  the 
eastern  part  of  the  island  is  the  noted  volcanic  mountain  JEt'na,  the  fabled 
forge  of  Vulcan,  and  where  he  employed  the  Cyclops  in  forging  thunder- 
bolts for  Jupiter.  The  giant  Typhoc'us  was  fabled  to  be  buried  under  Sicily, 
his  liands  being  kept  dov/n  by  the  promontories  Pelo'rum  and  Pachy'num, 
his  feet  by  LilybtE'um,  whilst  Mount  yEt'na  pressed  upon  his  head. 

3.  Syracuse,  the  ancient  metropolis  of  Sicily,  was,  at  one  time,  accounted 
the  largest  city  in  the  world ;  it  was  founded  by  the  Corinthians  B.  C.  732 ; 
it  consisted  of  five  distinct  sections,  and  hence  it  was  called  Pentap'olis  (the 
five  cities).  Though  its  territory  was  circumscribed,  its  influence  over  the 
neighbouring  States  was  extensive.  The  Roman  general  Marccl'lus  cap- 
tured it,  after  a  siege  of  three  years,  B.  C.  212.  Several  distinguished  men 
were  born  here,  among  whom  was  Archimc'des,  a  most  profound  genius, 
and  the  most  renowned  of  the  ancient  geometricians.  During  the  siege  he 
constructed  various  machines  by  which  the  Syracusans  greatly  annoyed  the 
Romans. 

4.  In  the  northeast  was  Messa'na,  the  birth-place  of  the  historian  Euhe'. 
mcrus.  Leonti'ni  was  noted  for  its  wine;  Hyb'la,  for  its  honey.  Ge'la 
was  the  birth-place  of  the  poet  Apollodo'rus ;  near  it  jEs'chylus  was  killed 
by  an  eagle  letting  fall  a  tortoise  on  his  head.  Agrigen'tum  was  a  renowned 
city,  and  once  contained  200,000  inhal)itants ;  it  was  the  residence  of  the 
tyrant  Phal'aris.     Heracle'a,  surnamed  Mino'a,  was  the  reputed  birth-place 


Q.  1 .  Wliat  is  said  of  Sicily,  Sec.  ?  Of  the  Phoenicians  and  Greeks  ?  Car- 
thaginians ?  Romans?  2.  What  separates  Sicily  from  Italy?  WJKit  is 
paid  of  Charybdis  and  Scylla?  What  noted  mountain  ?  What  is  said  of 
Typhoeus  ?  3.  Describe  Syracuse.  By  whom  and  when  was  it  founded  7 
Of  what  did  it  consist,  &c.?  What  is  said  of  its  capture?  Of  Archimedes  1 
4.  What  is  said  of  Mcssana  ?     Leontini?     Hybla?     Gck?     Agrigentum? 


124  CLASSICAL   GEOGKAPHY. 

of  the  painter  Zeu'xis.     Seli'nus  was  a  large  and  flourishing  city ;  it  derived 
its  name  from  the  parsley  which  grew  there  in  abundance. 

5.  Lilybse'um  was  a  noted  stronghold  of  the  Carthaginians ;  it  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Romans  for  ten  years,  during  the  first  Punic  war.  At  Drep'- 
anum  Anchi'ses  died  ;  near  it  Adher'bal  defeated  a  Roman  army.  Panor'- 
mus  was  one  of  the  Carthaginian  strongholds ;  here  As'drubal  was  defeated 
by  Metel'lus.  In  My'lae  Por'tus  or  bay  the  Carthaginians  were  defeated  by 
tlie  Roman  consul  Duil'ius.  In  the  centre  of  the  island  was  Agyr'ium,  th 
native  town  of  Diodo'rus  Sic'ulus. 

6.  North  of  Sicily  were  the  ^o'lian  or  Vulca'nian  islands,  the  fabled 
domains  of  iE'olus,  tlic  god  of  tlie  winds.  Lip'ara,  the  largest,  was  noted 
for  its  fine  fruits  and  its  mineral  waters.  Near  Drep'anum  were  the  JEgu'- 
dcs  islands  ;  liere  the  Romans  defeated  the  Carthaginians  in  a  great  naval 
engagement,  which  put  an  end  to  the  first  Punic  war.  North  of  Hyc'cara 
is  Usti'ca  or  Oste'odcs,  so  called  from  the  bones  of  6000  mercenaries,  abaiu 
doned  there  by  the  Carthaginians  to  starvation  because  they  were  clamorous 
for  pay. 

7.  Southward  of  Sicily  was  Mel'ita,  famous  for  its  wool,  and  its  cotton  and 
linen  fabrics;  here  St.  Paul  was  cast  away,  thougli  some  are  of  opinion  that 
Mel'ita  on  the  lllyr'ian  coast  was  the  scene  of  the  Apostle's  shipwreck. 
Near  Melita  lay  the  island  of  Gau'los. 

8.  Corsica  and  Sardinia  were,  next  to  Sicily,  the  largest  Ita- 
lian islands ;  they  were  both  settled,  at  an  early  period,  by  Greek 
colonies  ;  the  Carthaginians  afterwards  acquired  possession  of  them, 
and  subsequently,  the  Romans  ;  the  latter  used  Corsica  as  a  place 
of  exile,  and  Sen'eca  was,  for  a  time,  banished  thither. 

9.  Corsica  was  called  Cyr'nos,  by  the  Greeks,  and  also  Cor'si,  whence  its 
name ;  it  was  noted  for  its  extensive  woods,  and  its  bitter  honey ;  the  bees 
derived  the  latter  from  tlie  yew  trees,  with  which  the  island  abounded.  Tiie 
longevity  of  the  inhabitants  was  ascribed  to  their  using  this  honey  as  part 
of  their  food.  In  the  time  of  Pliny,  Corsica  was  prosperous  and  well  peo- 
pled.  Maria'na  and  Ale'ria  were  the  chief  towns;  some  of  the  others  were 
Pal'lae,  Centuri'num  and  Urcin'ium ;  the  latter  is  now  Ajaccio,  the  birth- 
place of  the  Emperor  Napoleon. 

10.  Sardinia  was  a  rich  and  fertile  island;  it  yielded  large  quantities  of 
grain,  wool,  and  salt.  The  climate,  except  among  the  mountains,  was  con- 
sidered so  unliealthy  that  the  Romans  seldom  kept  a  standing  force  tliere  for 
any  length  of  time.  A  species  of  wild  parsley  grew  in  abundance,  whicli, 
if  eaten,  contracted  the  nerves  of  the  face,  producing  painful  and  involuntary 
fits  of  laughter,  and  often  causing  death;  hence  the  expression  Sardonicua 


Heraclea  ?  Selinus  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  Lilybteum  ?  What  occurred  at 
Drepanum  ?  What  is  said  of  Panormus  ?  What  took  place  in  Mylce  For. 
tus  ?  Who  was  born  at  Agyrium  ?  6.  What  islands  north  of  Sicily  ? 
What  is  said  of  Lipara  ?  The  ^gades  ?  Ustica?  7.  What  lay  south  of 
Sicily  ?  For  what  was  it  famous  ?  What  occurred  there  ?  What  is  tlie 
opinion  of  some  ?  8.  Describe  Corsica  and  Sardinia.  Their  settlement, 
&.C.  Who  was  banished  to  Corsica?  9.  What  was  it  called?  For  what 
was  it  noted  ?  Wliat  is  said  of  the  inhabitants?  Of  the  island  in  the  time 
of  Pliny?     Mariana,  &.c  ?     10.  Describe    Sardinia.     The  climate.     Wlmt 

Ercw  tliere  ?     What  was  its  effect    if  eaten  ?     What  did  the  Greeks  c»M 
ardinia  ?     What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?     Name  the  chief  towns. 


SPAIN.  125 

ri.^us,  or  Sardonic  grin,  for  a  horrible  or  hideous  laugh.  The  Greeks  calico 
(his  island  Ichnu'sa  or  Sandalio'tis,  from  the  resemblance  of  its  outline  to 
the  shape  of  a  foot  or  sandal.  The  inhabitants  were  the  Sar  <iii  or  Sardo'nii, 
and  gave  name  to  the  island.  Car'alis,  Ol'bia,  and  Tur'ris  Ijibis'sonis  were 
tlie  chief  towns. 


Map  No.  A.  —  Point  out  the  western  cape  of  Sicily.  The  northeastern. 
Southeastern.  What  small  islands  lay  north  ?  South  ?  West  ?  What 
two  large  islands  northwest?  What  mountains  in  the  western  part  of 
Sicily  ?  In  the  eastern  ?  What  noted  volcano  ?  How  high  is  it  ?  VVhero 
is  Syracuse  ?  Messana  and  the  other  towns  mentioned  in  the  text  ?  When 
was  Asdrubal  defeated  at  Panormus?  The  Carthaginians  at  the  vEgades 
inlands  ?  Wlien  was  Syracuse  taken  ?  What  strait  separates  Sicily  from 
tlic  continent  ?  Where  is  Charybdis  ?  Seylla?  Wliat  parallel  of  latitude 
ptisscs  througli  the  northern  part  of  Sicily  ?  To  which  of  our  States  does 
the  northern  part  of  the  island  correspond  ?  The  soutliern  ?  How  long  and 
wide  is  Sicily  ?  What  strait  separated  Corsica  and  Sardinia  ?  Wiiat  paral- 
lel of  latitude  passes  through  Corsica?  Sardinia?  To  what  part  of  our 
Union  does  Corsica  correspond  ?  The  northern  part  of  Sardinia  ?  The 
southern?  What  mountains  in  Sardinia?  Corsica?  How  high  are  they? 
What  is  the  length  and  width  of  Sardinia  ?     Of  Corsica  ? 

HISPA'NIA. 

1.  Hispa'nia  or  Spain  included  the  whole  of  the  large  pertinsula 
occupied  by  modem  Spain  and  Portugal.  It  was  called  Ibe'ria 
from  the  river  Ibe'rus,  and  Hespe'ria  Ultima  (the  far  west)  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  Italy,  which  had  once  been  called  Hespe'ria.  The 
name  is  supposed  to  ^e  derived  from  the  Phoenic'ian  word  for 
rabbit,  because  great  numbers  of  those  animals  were,  at  first,  found 
here. 

2.  The  first  known  inhabitants  were  Celts  and  Ibe'rians,,  toge- 
ther with  the  Celtibe'rians,  a  mixed  race,  descended  from  both 
nations.  The  whole  were  divided  into  numerous  tribes,  all  of 
whom  were  noted  for  their  indomitable  courage.  At  a  remote 
period  the  Phosnic'ians,  and  aftenvards  the  Carthaginians,  estab- 
lished colonics  in  Spain ;  and  the  latter,  in  process  of  time,  ac- 
quired possession  of  nearly  the  whole  region.  The  Greeks  also 
planted  several  colonies. 

3.  During  the  second  Punic  war,  the  Romans  drove  out  the  Carthaginians, 
and  divided  the  country  into  the  two  great  provinces,  Hispa'nia  Cite'rior  and 
Hispa'nia  Ulte'rior  (Hither  and  Further  Spain).  Hence  this  country  was 
Bomctimes  called  tlie  Two  Spains. 

Q.  1.  Wliat  did  Hispania  include?  What  was  it  called,  .So;.  ?  From 
what  was  tlic  name  derived  ?  2.  Who  were  the  first  known  inhabitants  ? 
What  were  they  noted  for?  What  nation  cstablislicd  colonies  in  Spain? 
What  did  the  latter  acquire  ?     Tlic  Greeks  ?     3.  What  occurred  during  tho 

u* 


128 


CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


4.  In  the  time  of  Augustus,  Hispa'nia  Cite'rior  received  the  name  of  Tar- 
raconen'sis ;  the  other  province  was  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Bce'tica 
and  Lusita'nia.  The  first  took  its  name  from  Tar'raco,  the  capital ;  the 
second,  from  the  river  Ete'tis ;  and  the  third,  from  the  Lusita'nii,  one  of  its 
principal  tribes.  Hispa'nia  was  famous  for  its  silver,  which  was  so  abun- 
dant  that  the  most  common  utensils  were  made  of  it.  During  the  times  of 
the  Romans,  40,000  men  were  employed  in  the  mines. 

5.  Spain  was  tne  first  country  beyond  Italy  that  submitted  to  the  Romans, 
but  its  final  conquest  baflled  the  efforts  of  the  ablest  commanders  for  almost 
Haifa  century.  Under  the  sway  of  Rome  it  became  populous,  and  the  pco. 
pie  cultivated  learning  and  the  arts  with  success.  The  Sen'ecas  (father  and 
son),  Mar'tial,  Quintil'ian,  Lu'can,  Mela,  and  other  learned  men,  were 
Roman  Spaniards. 

6.  Tar'raco  was  the  capital  of  Roman  Spain ;  it  was  greatly  improved  by 
the  Scipios.  Iler'da  was  noted  for  its  brave  defence  against  Csesar  by  Afra- 
riius  and  Petro'nius,  the  lieutenants  of  Pompey.  At  Bil'bilis  the  poet  Mar' 
tial  was  born.  Os'ca  was  noted  for  its  public  schools,  established  by  Serto'- 
riu3 :  here  the  latter  was  assassinated  by  Perpen'na  and  others,  E.  C.  73. 
Numan'tia,  though  without  walk,  and  with  a  very  inferior  force,  bravely 
withstood  the  Romans  for  fourteen  years. 

7.  Calagur'ris  was  besieged  by  Pompey  during  the  Serto'rian  war,  when 
the  inhabitants  were  forced  to  feed  on  their  women  and  children ;  whence 
tlie  Romans  were  wont  to  call  any  grievous  famine  Fames  Calagurrita'na. 
Quintil'ian  was  born  here.  Sagun'tum,  a  Greek  colony,  was  noted  for  its 
clay,  of  which  beautiful  cups  were  made.  The  inhabitants  were  strongly 
attached  to  Rome,  and  withstood  a  siege  of  eight  months  against  Han'nibal, 
till,  urged  by  famine,  they  destroyed  themselves  in  a  general  conflagration, 
B  C.  219.     This  siege  was  the  cause  of  the  second  Punic  war. 


Roman  AqULiIuct  at  Stgovia. 
8.  At  Sego'bia  a  fine  aqueduct  was  built  by  the  Romans ;  it  still  remains 

second  Punic  war  ?  How  was  the  country  divided  ?  4.  What  was  Hispa^ 
nia  Citerior  called?  How  was  the  other  province  divided?  From  what 
did  the  first  take  its  name  ?  The  second  ?  Tliird  ?  For  what  was  Hispa- 
nia  famous?  How  many  men  were  emplo3'ed  in  the  mines?  5.  What  is 
said  of  the  submission  of  Spain  ?  What  did  it  become,  &,c.  ?  Who  wore 
Roman  Spaniards?  6.  What  is  said  of  Tarraco  ?  Ilcrda  ?  Bilbilis  ? 
Osca?  Numantia?  7.  What  is  said  ofCalagurris?  Who  was  born  there  ? 
For  wliat  was  Saguntum  noted  ?  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants?  What 
did  this  siege  cause  ?     8.  What   is   said  of  Segobia  ?     Carthago   Nova  ? 


SPAIN.  127 

and  is  one  of  the  best  preserved  ancient  structures  extant.  It  consists  of 
159  arches,  is  half  a  mile  long,  and  94  feet  high.  Cartha'go  Nova  was 
founded  by  As'drubal;  from  hence  Hannibal  set  out  with  his  army,  B.  C. 
218,  on  his  celebrated  Italian  expedition.  Man'tua  is  now  Madrid,  the 
capital  of  Spain.  From  Cal'le,  or  Portus  Cal'le,  the  name  of  Portugal  is  said 
to  be  derived. 

9.  Cor'duba  was  the  capital  of  Baetica ;  the  two  Sen'ecas,  and  also  Lu'can, 
were  natives  of  this  place  ;  it  was  famed  for  its  excellent  oil.  At  Cas'tulo- 
Iiiiirco,  tlie  wife  of  Han'nibul,  was  born.  Ital'icus  was  the  native  town  of 
tlie  emperors  Tra'j an  and  A'drian,  and  the  poet  Sil'ius  Ital'icus.  Uis'palis 
was  a  Roman  colony.  Ga'dcs,  on  an  island  of  tlie  same  name,  was  founded 
by  the  I'yr'ians,  1500  years  B.  C,  and  became  a  great  commercial  emporium  : 
it  full  into  the  hands,  first,  of  the  Carthajrinians,  and  tiicn  of  the  Romans. 
Cal'pe,  a  rock,  now  Gibraltar,  was  one  of  the  columns  or  pillars  of  Her'cu. 
les ;  Ab'yla,  the  other,  stood  on  the  opposite  coast  of  Africa.  At  Mun'da 
tJacsar  obtained  a  victory  over  Labie'nus  and  t!ie  two  sons  of  Pompey.  It 
was  tlic  last  battle  in  which  Cffisar  commanded. 

10.  In  Lusita'nia  was  Olisip'po,  now  Lisbon,  the  capital  of  Portugal 
Emer'ita  Augusta,  the  capital  of  Lusita'nia,  was  founded  by  Augustus,  and 
settled  by  discharged  veterans  :  it  was  famous  for  its  scarlet  dye,  and  its 
excellent  olives.  At  Nor'ba  Ctesare'a  was  a  fine  bridge  over  tiie  Ta'gus, 
dedicated  to  Tra'jan.  Some  of  the  other  towns  in  this  province  were  Sala- 
man'tica,  La'nia,  Conim'briga,  Scal'abis,  Cetob'rigo,  Mirob'riga,  Pax  Ju'- 
lia,  and  Osson'aba,  6cc. 

11.  The  Balea'res  Insulfc,  or  Balcar'ic  Isles,  were  included  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tarraconen'sis.  The  inhabitants  were  noted  for  their  skill  as 
slingers.  To  render  their  youth  also  expert,  their  food,  it  is  said,  was  with 
held  from  them  in  the  morning,  until  they  had  hit  a  certain  mark  with  a 
stone.  Ma'jor  and  Mi'nor  arc  now  Major'ca  and  Minor'ca ;  I\la'go,  the 
chief  town  of  the  latter,  was  named  after  Ma'go,  tiie  brother  of  Hannibal. 
1'he  Pityu'saj  islands  were  so  called  from  their  pine  trees  j  Eb'usus  was 
famous  for  figs;  Ophiu'sa  was  infested  with  serpents. 


Map  No.  5. — What  ocean  lies  west  of  Spain  ?  What  sea  north  ?  East  ? 
What  separates  Spain  from  Mauritania?  What  mountains  from  Gaul'i 
Point  out  the  five  largest  rivers.  Their  lengths.  In  what  direction  do  they 
fiow  ?  What  mountains  on  the  north  coast?  On  the  south?  In  the  inte- 
rior ?  State  the  heiglits  of  those  that  have  figures  attached  to  them.  Which 
was  the  most  northern  promontory  ?  Northwestern?  Western?  Southern? 
Eastern  ?  Southeastern  ?  WJiich  was  the  largest  province  ?  T.  The 
smallest?  B.  Point  out  the  provincial  capitals.  The  towns  mentioned  in 
the  text.  What  islands  lie  cast  of  Spain  ?  What  town  corresponded  to  the 
present  capital  of  Spain  ?  Of  Portugal  ?  Wiiich  of  our  large  cities  is  on 
nearly  the  same  parallel  as  Mantua  ?  What  part  of  our  coast  corresponds 
in  latitude  to  southern  Spain  ?  What  part  to  the  straits  of  Gadcs  or  Hereu-* 
1(8  ?  When  did  the  siege  of  Saguntum  occur  ?  Of  Numantia  ?  The  battia 
of  Munda? 

Callc?  9.  What  is  said  of  Cordnba,  &.C.?  Castulo?  Italicus?  Gades, 
A:c.?  Calpe?  Abyla?  What  took  place  at  Munda?  10,  What  is  said 
of  Olisippo?  Emcrita  Augusta?  Norba  Crcsarca  ?  Name  the  other 
towns?  11.  What  is  said  of  the  Baleares  Insula-?  Of  the  inhabitants? 
Their  youlli?  ^.lajor  and  Minor  ?  Mago  ?  The  Pjtyusx>  islands  ?  Ebu- 
8US  ?     Opliiusa  ? 


128  CL A salC A L   GEOGRAPHY. 


50. 


GAUL   OR   GAL'LIA. 

1.  Gaul  or  Gal'lia  extended  from  the  Rhine  to  the  Pyrenees, 
and  from  the  Bay  of  Biscay  to  the  Alps.  It  inchaded  the  whole 
of  what  is  now  France  and  Belgium,  with  parts  of  Holland,  Prus- 
sia, Bavaria, and  Switzerland,  and  was  of  greater  extent  than  mo- 
dern Gaul  or  France  has  ever  been,  except  when  under  the 
dominion  of  Napoleon. 

2.  By  the  Greeks  this  country  was  termed  Celto-Gala'tia,  to 
distinguish  'X  from  Gaia'tia  in  Asia  Minor.  The  Romans  called 
it  Transalpine-Gaul  (Gaul  beyond  the  Alps),  in  contradistinction 
to  Cisalpine-Gaul  (Gaul  within  the  Alps),  wliich  occupied  the 
northern  part  of  Italy. 

3.  The  earliest  inhabitants  were  Celts ;  they  were  divided  into  three  great 
tribes  ;  the  Bel'gaj,  in  the  north ;  the  Cel'tsB,  in  the  centre  ;  and  the  Aquita'- 
ni,  in  the  south.  These  were  again  subdivided  into  many  smaller  tribes  or 
clans.  They  called  themselves  Gael ;  whence  the  name  Gaul  or  Gal'lia  was 
derived.  The  Bel'gcB  were  intermingled,  to  some  extent,  with  the  Germans 
of  the  opposite  side  of  the  Rhine:  they  were  noted  for  their  prowess,  and 
were  the  most  valiant  of  all  the  Gallic  nations. 

4.  The  Gauls  were  a  warlike  and  enterprising  people  ;  they  once  possessed 
the  whole  of  northern  Italy,  sacked  Rome  itself,  and  penetrated  into  Greece 
and  Asia  Minor.  Though  subdued  by  Cassar,  the  greatest  of  Roman  con- 
querors, they  made  a  long  and  obstinate  resistance  to  his  arms,  and  were  not 
entirely  subjected  until  after  a  war  of  ten  years'  duration,  and  the  loss  of 
half  a  million  of  lives. 

5.  When  first  known  to  the  Romans,  the  Gauls,  though  still,  in  many 
respects,  barbarous,  had  made  some  steps  towards  civilization,  and  knew 
something  of  the  arts.  They  were,  in  form  and  complexion,  like  the  other 
Cel'tic  nations,  and  wore  their  hair  of  great  length ;  lience  the  country  was 
often  called  Gal'lia  Coma'ta  (Long-haired  Gaul).  At  first,  the  Gauls  dis- 
dained the  use  of  defensive  armour,  as  being  incompatible  with  true  courage, 
and  even  sometimes  engaged  in  battle  divested  of  clothing. 

6.  Under  the  Romans,  Gaul  comprised  four  great  districts  or  provinces, 
called  the  Four  Gauls;  namely,  (ial'lia.Bel'gica,  Gal'lia-Lugdancn'sis  ne 
Cel'tiea,  Gal'lia- Aquita'nia,  and  Gal'lia-Narbonen'sis.  These  were  divided 
into  seventeen  smaller  provinces.* 


Q.  1.  IIow  far  did  Gaul  extend?  What  did  it  include,  «&.c.7  2.  V/luit 
was  it  called  by  the  Greeks,  and  why  ?  What  did  the  Romans  call  it,  and 
why  ?  3.  Who  were  the  earliest  inhabitants  ?  IIow  were  tlicy  divided,  &.c.  ? 
Wliat  did  they  call  themselves  7  What  is  said  of  the  Belgsc  ?  4.  Describe 
the  Gauls.  Vviiat  did  they  possess  ?  Who  subdued  them  ?  IIow  long  did 
they  resist?  How  many  lives  were  lost?  5.  What  was  the  condition  of  the 
Gauls  when  first  known  to  the  Romans  ?  What  is  said  of  their  form,  coin- 
plexion,  6cc.  ?  What  was  the  country  oflcn  called  ?  Wliat  did  the  Gauls 
^ibduin  I     G.  Wlial  did  Gaul  comprise,  under  the  Romans  ?     How  were  the 


G  A  U  L  129 

7.  The  eastern  part  of  Bcl'jrica  was  called  Gcrina'nia  Cisrhcna'na  (Ger. 
many  within  the  Rliiric),  to  distiiiguisli  it  from  Gernia'nia  Transrliena'na  or 
Magna  (Germany  beyond  tlie  liliiue  or  Great  Germany)  ;  Gal'lia  Narboncn'- 
Bis  was  also  culled  Gal'lia  Braeca'ta  (Hrceclied  Gaul),  because  the  inhabitant* 
wore  a  kind  of  leggings  or  breeches  made  of  a  striped  or  checkered  stuff,  like 
tlie  tartan  of  the  Scots  Highlanders. 

8.  The  chief  towns  in  Bel'gica  were  Lugdu'num,  surnamed  Batavo'rum, 
to  distinguish  it  from  another  city  of  the  same  name,  Augusta-Trevcro'runi, 
Moguntiacum,  Noviom'agus,  Veson'tio,  and  Colo'nia-Agrippi'na.  It  iua. 
Tortus  was  the  place  at  which  Caesar  first  embarked  for  Britain.  Gesori'a^ 
cum  or  Bono'nia  was  one  of  the  nearest  ports  to  the  same  country,  whence 
ships  were  constantly  sailing. 

!).  Lugdu'num,  now  Lyons,  was  the  principal  city  in  the  province  of  the 
same  name:  it  was  long  an  important  place.  Aii^ii:  I'dii'iium  was  celcs- 
brated  for  its  schools,  in  which  the  Gallic  nobles  were  eduit..led.  AJe'sia 
was  noted  fa  its  siege  by  Ciesar.  Lute'tia,  afterwards  I'aris'ii,  a  small 
village  on  an  island  in  the  Seq'uana  river,  is  now  Pari.s,  the  renowned  capi- 
tal of  France.  Near  Durocatalau'num  a  sanguinary  battle  was  fougiil 
between  the  allied  Goths  and  Romans,  and  the  Iluns,  under  At'tila. 

10.  Burdig'ala,  the  capital  of  Aquita'nia,  was  the  birth-place  of  the  poet 
Auso'nius.  UxcUodu'num  was  the  last  city  in  Gaul  that  held  out  against 
the  Romans.  Avar'icum,  Argentom'agus,  Lapur'dum,  Clim'berris,  Limo'. 
num,  Mediola'num,and  Gergo'via,  were  all  towns  of  note;  the  latter  long 
resisted  the  attacks  of  Ctesar. 


11.  Nar'bo  was  tlie  capital  of  Narboncn'sis,  and  also  of  the  whole  of  Ro- 
man  Gaul.  Northeast  was  Nemau'sis,  now  Nismes,  a  noted  city ;  in  the  vici- 
nity is  a  Roman  aqueduct,  called  the  Pont  du  Gard  ;  it  passes  over  the  small 
river  Gar'don,  and  consists  of  three  tiers  of  arches,  in  good  preservation  ;  the 
upper  tier  is  near  900  feet  long  ;  the  whole  is  157  feet  high.  Massil'ia  and 
Nicco'a  were  Greek  colonies ;  the  former,  now  Marseilles,  was  a  celebrated 
commercial  emporium,  A'quaj  Sex'tiis  was  noted  for  its  mineral  waters,  md 
also  for  a  great  victory  gained  by  tlie  Roman  general  Ma'rius  over  the  C'im 
bri   and  the  Teu'tones. 


districts  divided  ?  7.  What  was  the  eastern  part  of  Belgica  called,  &e. 
Gallia  Narbonensis  ?  8.  Name  the  cliicf  towns  in  Belgica.  Wliere  diil 
Cajsar  embark  for  Britain  ?  What  is  said  of  Gcsoriacum  ?  9.  What  was 
Lugdunum  ?  Augustodunum?  Alesia?  Lutetia  ?  WJiat  ocurred  near 
Ourocatalaunum  ?  10.  What  was  Rurdigala?  Uxellodunurn  ?  Avaricum 
&.C.  7  11.  What  was  Narbo  ?  What  is  near  Ncmausis?  Describe  the 
Font  du  Gard.     What  were  Massilia  and  Niea;a  ?     For  what  was  Aquas 


130  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

12.  Vienna,  Arel'ate,  Arau'sio,and  Fo'rum  Ju'lii  were  Roman  colonies ;  to 
t!ie  first  named,  king  Arckcla'us,  surnamed  Herod,  was  banished  by  Angustua 
for  his  cruelties  ;  and,  at  the  last,  the  emperor  Agric'ola  was  born.  Tolo'sa, 
now  Toulouse,  was  surnamed  Palla'dia  because  learning  was  there  greatly 
cultivated.  From  Gene'va  the  Murus  Ca3saris  (Csesar's  wall)  commenced. 
It  was  built  to  restrain  the  incursions  of  the  Helve'tii.  It  extended  west- 
ward about  twenty  miles.  At  Mons  Seleu'cus  the  tyrant  Magnen'tius  was 
efeated  by  Constantius. 

Map  No.  5.—  What  sea  lay  west  of  Gaul  ?  South  ?  What  strait  sepa- 
rated Gaul  from  Britannia  ?  What  river  from  Germania  ?  What  moun- 
tains formed  the  southern  boundary  ?  What  mountains  lay  near  the  river 
Rhenus?  Near  the  Rhodanus  ?  What  province  lay  in  the  north  ?  West? 
What  two  in  the  south  ?  Which  were  the  five  chief  rivers  ?  State  the 
length  of  each  ?  Which  of  these  flowed  south  ?  In  what  direction  did  tlie 
others  flow  ?  Point  out  the  islands  Riduna,  Sarnia,  and  GfEsarea.  These 
are  now  called  the  Norman  islands.  Though  very  near  the  coast  of  France, 
they  belong  to  Great  Britain.  What  islands  lay  on  the  west  coast  ?  Point 
out  the  towns  mentioned  in  the  text  in  Belgica.  In  Lugdunensis.  Aquitania. 
Narbonensis.  When  were  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones  defeated  at  AquEE  Sex 
taa  7     When  was  Attila  defeated  at  Durocatalaunum? 


BRITISH   ISLANDS. 

1.  The  British  islands  comprised  Britan'nia  and  Hiber'nia  (now 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland),  with  the  smaller  islands  attached  to 
them.  Britan'nia  was  called,  at  first,  Al'bion,  signifying  the  white 
island,  and  afterwards,  Britain.  It  was  the  largest  island  known  to 
the  ancients,  and  was  noted  for  its  tin.  It  was  considered,  by  the 
Romans,  as  a  distinct  world  by  itself. 

2.  Britan'nia  was  inhabited  by  Cel'tic  tribes,  who  resembled  the 
Gauls  in  their  manners,  laws  and  religion.  They  subsisted  mostly 
by  hunting  and  raising  cattle,  and  clothed  themselves  in  sldns.  To 
add  to  the  ferocity  of  their  appearance,  they  painted  their  bodies 
of  a  bluish  colour.  Their  habitations  were  huts  made  of  wicker 
work,  and  covered  with  rushes. 

3.  The  Britons  were  remarkable  for  their  stature,  exceeding,  it  was  said, 
the  tallest  persons  at  Rome  by  half  a  head.  They  had  blue  eyes,  and  their 
hair,  like  that  of  the  Gauls,  was  generally  of  a  yellow  or  reddish  hue.  Their 
priests  were  Druids,  whose  persons  were  held  sacred.     The  bards  and  pro- 

ScxtoB  noted,  «fcc.  ?  12.  What  were  Vienna,  Arelate,  Arausio,  &c.  Who 
was  banished  to  Vienna?  Who  was  born  at  Forum  Julii  ?  What  is  said 
of  Tolosa  ?     The  Murus  Caesaris  ?     What  occurred  on  Mons  Sclcucus  ? 

Q.  1.  Describe  the  British  islands.  What  was  Britannia  first  called  ? 
Afterwards?  What  was  it  noted  for,  &.c. ?  2.  By  whom  was  Britannia 
inhabited,  &c.  ?  How  did  the  Britons  subsist,  «fec.  ?  What  is  said  of  their 
habitations  7     3.  Describe  t'-e  Bnunis.     What  is  said  of  the  Druids,  &c.  ? 


BRITISH    ISLANDS.  131 

phots  were  also  highly  respected  ;  tlie  former  composed  heroic  songs  in 
[liaise  of  the  chief  warriors  ;  and  tlic  latter  foretold  future  events.  Besides 
tliu  ordinary  implements  of  war,  the  Britons  had  armed  chariots,  which 

t)icy  nuuKii,^cil  w  ith  .<;-rc;it  dc.\l. 


4.  Britain  was  not  known  to  the  Romans,  except  by  report,  until  the  time 
cf  Cae'sar.  That  conqueror  landed  an  army  on  its  shores  in  the  year  55  B. 
C,  and  defeated  the  inhabitants  in  several  battles.  He  soon,  however,  left 
the  ishind  ;  but  succeeding  generals  subdued  the  whole  region,  as  far  north 
OS  the  PViths  of  Forth  and  Clyde.  The  Romans  maintained  their  pre-emi- 
nence until  tlie  fillh  century,  when  the  decline  of  their  power  obliged  them 
to  withdraw  their  forces  from  the  island,  to  defend  the  more  vital  portions 
of  their  empire. 

5.  In  Cffi'sar's  time  the  Britons  were  united  in  a  political  union,  of  which 
Cassivclau'nus  was  tlic  head.  Subsequently,  Carac'tacus  and  Queen  Boadice'a 
endeavoured  to  throw  oft'  the  yoke  of  their  conquerors ;  but  though  they 
Ibught  with  a  courage  worthy  of  success,  they  could  not  resist  the  disci- 
plined legions  of  Rome. 

G.  The  Romans  called  that  part  of  the  island  under  their  government, 
Brilnn'nia  Romano'rum  (Roman  Britain),  and  the  more  northern  part  Britan'- 
nia  Bar'bara  (Barbaric  Britain).  To  resist  the  invasions  of  the  northern 
tribes  tliey  constructed,  at  different  periods,  three  fortified  walls,  or  lines  of 
torts,  across  the  island.  The  most  northern  was  built  by  Antoni'nus,  A.  D. 
140,  and  was  forty-two  miles  long.  The  others  were  only  a  few  yards 
apart,  and  were  sevent3'-six  miles  long,  A'drian's  was  built  A.  D.  120,  and 
that  by  Seve'rus,  the  most  southern,  A.  D.  210. 

7.  Of  the  thirty  tribes  of  barbarians  among  whom  Roman  Britain  was 
divided,  the  most  considerable  were  the  Brigan'tcs,  Dam'nii,  and  Gade'ni,  in 
the  north  ;  the  Coiita'ni,  Ice'ni,  Corna'vii,Catieuchla'ni,  and  Trinoban'tes,  in 


What  did  the  Britons  use  with  dexterity  ?  4.  When  did  Britain  become 
ki;own  to  the  Romans?  What  is  said  of  Cffisar?  Of  succeeding  gene 
r.ils  ?  The  Romans?  5.  Wliat  is  said  of  the  Britons  in  Csesar's  time? 
\\'lio  endeavoured  to  throw  olf  tlic  yoke  ?  What  was  the  result  7  G.  What 
ciid  the  Ronians  call  that  part  of  Britain  under  their  government  ?  The  more 
northern  part  ?  What  was  done  to  recist  invasion  7  What  is  said  of  the 
most  northern  wall?    The  others?     7.  Which  were  Ihe  most  cons iderable 


i32  CI,  ASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

the  ccnlrc;  the  Caii'tii,  Atrcba'tii,  Bcrfffe.and  Dumno'nii,  in  the  south;  and 
the  Orduv'ices  and  Silu'rcs  in  Cam'bria. 

8.  All  these  tribes  acquired,  under  the  sway  of  Rome,  a  considerable  dc- 
grce  of  civilization ;  but  tJicy  had  beconic  so  unwarlike,  that  when  the  Ro- 
mans left  the  island,  A.  D.  448,  they  were  unable  to  defend  themselves  against 
the  assaults  of  the  Scots  and  Picts.  To  maintain  their  position,  the  Britona 
invited  to  their  aid  the  An'gli  or  Angles  and  Saxons,  two  renowned  Germaji 
nations,  who  repelled  the  invaders,  but  seized  on  tlie  country  for  thcmsulvca 
and  drove  the  Britons  into  the  mountainous  districts  of  Cam'bria  or  Wales 
They  then  established  the  seven  distinct  kingdoms  called  the  Heptarchy,  al 
of  which  were  united  A.  D.  827,  under  Egbert,  king  of  England. 

9.  Roman  Britain  was  first  divided  into  two,  but  afterwards  into  five  pro- 
vinces :  1.  Valen'tia;  2.  Ma.x'ima  Cajsarien'sis ;  3.  Fla'via  Caesarien'sis ; 
4.  Britan'nia  Pri'ma ;  and  5.  Britan'nia  Secun'da.  The  first  comprised  Scot- 
land as  far  north  as  the  Fritlis  of  Forth  and  Clyde;  tlie  second,  third  and 
fourth,  the  northern,  central  and  southern  districts  of  England ;  and. the  fifth 
comprised  Cam'bria. 

10.  When  the  Britons  were  invaded  by  the  Romans,  their  few  towns  con- 
sisted of  irregular  collections  of  small  wicker  cottages,  enclosed  by  ram- 
parts of  logs,  and  surrounded  by  a  ditch.  Londin'ium,  now  London,  was  the 
largest  town  :  in  the  days  of  Tac'itus,  A.  D.  60,  it  was  noted  for  its  com- 
merce.    In  the  third  century  it  was  considered  the  metropolis  of  Britain. 

11.  Ebor'acum  was  an  important  military  post;  it  was,  for  a  time,  the 
capital  of  Roman  Britain,  and  also  the  residence  of  the  emperors  A'drian, 
Seve'rus  and  Constanti'nus  Chlo'rus :  the  two  latter  died  here.  Rutu'pice 
was  the  chief  landing-place  from  Gaul;  it  was  famous  for  its  oysters,  which 
were  sent  even  to  Rome.  At  Por'tus  Lema'nis  Cifi'sar  landed,  when  he  in- 
vaded Britain.  Du'bris,  situated  near  the  narrowest  part  of  the  Gal'lic  strait, 
is  now  Dover. 

12.  Camulodu'num  was  the  first  colony  which  the  Romans  established  in 
Britain  ;  it  had  a  theatre  and  a  temple  dedicated  to  the  emperor  Clau'dius. 
Queen  Boadice'a  was  defeated  there  by  Sueto'nius  Pauli'ims,  A.  D.  61. 
De'va,  now  Chester,  was  a  military  station ;  the  Roman  walls  and  fortifica- 
tions still  exist.     A'qutE  So'lis,  now  Bath,  was  noted  for  its  mineral  waters. 

13.  The  Cassiter'ides  or  Tin  Islands  were  noted  for  their  trade  in  tin, 
which  was  brought,  most  probably,  from  the  adjacent  shores  of  Britain. 
The  Romans  banished  many  criminals  hither.  The  boats  of  the  islanders, 
in  which  they  braved  the  roughest  seas,  were  of  wicker-work,  and  covered 
with  skins  or  leather.  Mo'na  Tac'ita,  now  Anglesey,  was  the  chief  seat  of 
the  Druids.  Mo'na  Cajs'aris  or  Monoe'da  was  nearly  equidistant  from 
Britain  and  Hiber'nia.  Vec'tis  In'sulte,  now  the  Isle  of  Wight,  was  resorted 
to  for  tin,  in  which  the  natives  traded. 

tribes  in  the  north  ?  Centre  ?  Soutli  ?  In  Cambria  7  8.  What  did  tla 
tribes  acquire?  What  did  they  become?  What  did  the  Britons  do? 
What  is  said  of  the  Saxons  ?  Of  the  Heptarchy,  &.c.  ?  9.  How  was  Roman 
Britain  divided?  What  did  the  first  comprise?  Second?  Tliird  ?  Fourth? 
Fifth?  10.  What  is  said  of  the  towns  ?  Which  was  the.  largest?  When 
was  it  considered  tlie  metropolis  ?  11.  Wliat  is  said  of  Eboracum  ?  Who 
died  there?  What  is  said  of  Rutupiie  ?  Portus  Leniaiiis  ?  12.  Name  the 
first  colony  established  by  the  Romans,  Who  was  defeated  there  ?  What 
was  Deva  ?  Aqua?  Solis  ?  What  has  been  discovered  ?  13.  For  what  were 
the  Cassiterides  noted,  &.c.  ?  Describe  the  boats  of  the  islanders.  What  is 
said  of  Mona  Tacita  ?     Mona  Csesaf is  ?     Vcctis  ? 


CALEDONIA.  133 

Map  A'o.  5.  — Wliat  l:iy  north  of  Britannia?  East  7  Soutli  ?  West? 
What  sea  west  of  Cambria  ?  Wliat  strait  southeast  ?  What  is  its  inodi-rn 
name  ?  How  wide  is  it  ?  What  lay  between  Britannia  Prima  and  Secun- 
da?  Wliich  are  the  three  ehief  rivers?  Wiiat  is  tlie  length  of  each  ? 
What  islands  lay  west?  Southwest?  What  island  south?  Wiiich  was 
the  largest  province?  The  smallest?  Point  out  the  tribes.  The  towns 
mentioned  in  tlie  text.  Alata-Castra.  Luguvalluin.  Longovicum.  Man- 
cunium.  Lindum  Colonia.  Camboricum.  Durobrivoe  and  Uubris.  What 
are  the  modern  names  of  these  towns  ?  Wiiat  district  was  bounded  tn  the 
north  by  the  wall  of  Antoninus  ?     What  by  the  walls  of  Adrian  and  Severus  7 

— -62 

CALEDO'NIA  AND  HIBERNIA. 

1.  Caledo'nia  lay  north  of  the  rivers  Forth  and  Clyde,  and 
comprised  about  three-fourths  of  the  country  now  occupied  by  the 
kingdom  of  Scotland.  The  name  is  believed  to  be  derived  from  the 
native  term  Gael  Dun  (Gael  of  the  mountains,  or  Highlanders).  The 
inhabitants  were  a  fierce,  warlike  race,  and  resisted  with  success 
all  the  efforts  of  the  Romans  to  -subdue  them. 

2.  On  the  west  coast  were  the  Ebu'des  or  Hebu'dae  islands,  now 
the  Heb'rides :  beyond  the  northern  extremity  of  Caledo'nia  were 
the  Or'cades,  now  the  Orkneys:  still  farther  north  were  the  Shet- 
lands,  the  snow-covered  Thu'le,  seen  by  Agric'ola  on  his  voyage 
around  Britan'nia  ;  and,  being  considered  by  him  the  most  northern 
region  of  the  world,  received  the  appellation  Ul'tima. 

3.  Agric'ola,  about  A.  D.  7G,  and  afterwards  Seve'rus,  penetrated  with 
their  legions  to  the  foot  of  the  Grampian  hills ;  and  the  former  fought  a 
great  battle  there,  with  the  Caledo'nians,  under  the  command  of  Gal'gacua, 
a  noted  chief,  in  which  he  was  not  without  dithculty  defeated. 

4.  About  the  same  time,  the  fleet  of  Agric'ola  explored  the  shores  and 
islands  of  this  part  of  Britain,  and,  for  the  first  time,  determined  it  to  be  an 
insular  region.  The  remains  of  various  roads  and  stations,  constructed  by 
the  Romans,  still  serve  to  trace  their  progress  northwards,  in  tlieir  attempta 
to  subdue  the  Caledo'nians. 

5.  The  interior  of  the  country  was  covered  with  dense  forests,  of  wJiich 
the  most  noted  was  the  Caledo'nia  Sil'va  ;  it  stretched  across  the  island  from 
southwest  to  northeast,  and  was  a  great  resort  for  wild  beasts.  Bears  wore 
frequently  caught  in  it,  and  sent  thence  to  Rome,  to  be  exiiibited  and  de. 
etroyed  in  the  bloody  spectacles  of  that  city. 

G.  About  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century  the  Caledo'nians  first  received  the 
names  of  Picts  and  Scots;  the  latter,  called  also  Dal'riads,  emigrated  from 

Q,  1 .  Describe  the  position  of  Caledonia.  What  did  it  comprise  ?  What  ia 
BajClof  the  name?  The  iniiabitants  ?  2.  What  is  said  of  the  Ebudes  islands, 
iScc.  ?  The  Orcades  ?  What  lay  farther  nortii  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  Agri- 
cola  and  Severus  ?  What  did  Agricola  do?  4.  What  was  performed  by 
liis  fleet?  What  is  said  of  the  remains  of  roads,  &,c. ?  5.  Describe  the 
interior  of  the  country.  The  Caledonia  Silva.  What  animals  were  caugiit 
Uiere,  &c.  ?  6.  What  occurred  about  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century  1 
13 


134  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

the  north  of  Ireland,  settled  on  the  western  coasts  of  Calcdo'nia,  and  finally 
gave  their  name  to  the  country.  The  Pic'ti  or  Picts  (painted),  so  named 
because  they  painted  their  bodies  on  going  to  battle,  inhabited  the  eastern 
districts.  Their  country  was  called  Pict'land,  until  Kenneth  Macalpine 
becoming  sovereign  of  both  nations,  A.  D.  843,  assumed  the  title  of  king  cf 
Scotland.  When  the  Romans  finally  left  the  island,  the  Picts  and  Sects 
ravaged  the  southern  provinces  with  fire  and  sword,  until  driven  within  their 
own  frontiers  by  the  Angles  and  the  Saxons. 

hiber'nia. 

7.  Hiber'nia,  now  Ireland,  was,  next  to  Britain,  the  largest 
island  known  to  the  ancients.  The  Phosnic'ians  and  Greeks  be- 
came acquainted  with  it  at  an  early  period :  the  latter  called  it 
ler'ne,  and  also  Juver'na.  The  Romans  called  it  Hiber'nia  (winter 
land),  because  when  first  known  to  them,  they  imagined  it  to  be 
constantly  covered  with  ice  and  snow.  The  native  name  is  Erin, 
which  signifies  the  West. 

8.  Though  the  Romans  never  invaded  Ireland,  yet  they  acquired  so  much 
information  concerning  it  from  the  traders  who  visited  its  shores,  that  we 
find  the  map  of  that  country  by  Ptol'emy  to  be  less  defective  than  the  one 
whicli  he  made  of  Scotland.  Ancient  writers  mention  various  tribes  resi- 
dent in  Hiber'nia,  as  well  as  the  towns  in  which  they  dwelt.  Of  tlie  former 
nothing  is  known  but  their  names :  among  the  towns,  Ebla'na  is  supposed 
to  be  Dublin ;  Re'gia  Al'tera,  Limerick ;  Mena'pia,  Wexford ;  Du'num, 
Downpatrick  ;  Re'gia,  Clogiier,  (fee. 

9.  The  inhabitants  are,  by  some,  supposed  to  be  descended  from  a  colony 
of  Mile'sians,  who  emigrated  from  Spain  about  500  years  B.  C. ;  but  others 
believe  that  they  were  of  Cel'tic  origin,  and  passed  over  from  Britain.  The 
Sco'ti  or  Scots,  one  of  the  cliief  tribes,  occupied  the  northern  part  of  the 
island  ;  and  from  them  it  received,  for  a  time,  the  name  of  Sco'tia ;  having 
emigrated  to  Caledo'nia,  they  eventually  united  with  the  Picts,  and  formed, 
with  them,  one  nation. 

10.  During  the  fifth  century,  the  Cliristian  faith  and  literature  were  intro- 
duced into  Ireland  by  St.  Patrick,  and  contributed  greatly  to  its  peace  and 
prosperity ;  learning  was  now  encouraged,  and  many  monasteries  were 
founded,  the  inmates  of  which  became  noted  over  almost  all  Europe  for 
their  piety  and  knowledge.  Some  of  tlie  most  noted  scholars  at  the  courts 
of  tlie  Saxon  kings,  as  well  as  at  that  of  Cliarlemagne,  were  Irish. 

11.  The  Danes  or  Normans,  during  tlie  heiglit  of  their  power,  ravaged 
the  shores  of  Ireland,  and  conquered  all  tlie  eastern  coast,  making  Dublin 
tlieir  capital.     About  the  year  A.  D.  1000,  Brian  Boru  or  Brian  the  Great 

What  is  said  of  the  Scots  ?  Of  the  Picts  7  Their  country  ?  Kenneth 
P.Jacalpine  ?  What  took  place  when  the  Romans  left  the  island  ?  7.  WhaJ 
was  Hibcrnia?  Wliat  is  said  of  the  Plicenicians,  &c.  ?  What  did  tlie 
Greeks  call  the  island  ?  The  Romans  ?  What  was  their  idea  of  it  ?  What 
is  the  native  name,  &c.  ?  8.  What  did  the  Romans  acquire  ?  What  is  said 
of  Ptolemy?  What  is  mentioned  by  ancient  writers  ?  Wiiat  is  said  of  tlie 
tribes  ?  Tlie  towns  ?  9.  What  opinions  are  entertained  of  tlie  origin  of 
tlie  inhabitants  ?  What  is  said  of  tlie  Scoti  or  Scots  ?  To  what  country 
did  they  emigrate,  &,c.  ?  10.  Wliat  occurred  during  tlie  fiftli  century? 
What  was  the  result  ?  What  is  said  of  learning,  &c.  ?  Of  some  of  the 
most  noted  scholars?     11.  What  is  said  of  tJie  Danes?     Wliat  was  their 


SCANDINAVIA,  135 

rxpcllcd  the  norincrn  invaders,  and,  uniting  togctlicr  ,Iie  va  lous  pctl)!  States, 
became  k'lug  of  all  Ireland.  In  the  following  ceii^  jr}-,  however,  the  isl.ilid 
was  divided  into  five  discordant  kingdoms.  Tl;.3  English  now  gained  u 
footing  in  the  island  i  they  conquered  a  eonsiderible  portion  of  the  country 
and  thoir  king,  Henry  II.,  assumed  the  title  of  Lord  of  Ireland. 


Map  No.  1. — What  ocean  west  of  Caledonia?  East  7  What  sea  north? 
Point  out  the  Ebudcs.  The  Orcades.  Thule.  This  name  the  ancients 
gave  to  the  most  northern  country  with  which  they  were  acquainted.  It 
was  applied  to  diiTercnt  regions  in  the  north.  The  Thule  of  Agricola  was 
Shetland  ;  the  Thule  of  Fytheas  was  not  so  positively  known  ;  some  sup- 
iw)sed  it  to  be  Norway,  and  some  Iceland.  What  ocean  west  of  Hibernia  7 
To  what  part  of  America  does  Hibernia  correspond  ?     The  Orcades  7 

Map  No.  5. — What  sea  lies  between  Hibernia  and  Cambria?  Between 
Britaimia  and  Hibernia?  What  island  in  the  Hibernian  sea?  Point  out 
tlie  towns  mentioned  in  the  text.  What  is  the  name  of  the  largest  ri%'er  in 
Hibernia  ?  Point  out  the  Borcum  Pr.  Notium  Pr.  What  are  their  mo- 
dem names  7     What  is  tlie  length  and  width  of  Hibernia  7 

SCANDINA'VIA  AND  GERMA'NIA. 

1.  Scandina'via  or  Scan'dia  comprised  Sweden,  Norway,  and 
Finland.  It  was  so  imperfectly  known  to  the  ancients  that  they 
beheved  it  to  consist  of  several  islands  in  the  Coda'nus  Si'nus  or 
Baltic  Sea.  Some  authors  include  Denmark  in  Scandina'via,  but, 
in  ancient  times,  it  was  usually  considered  to  belong  to  Germany. 

2.  The  earHest  known  inhabitants  were  the  Hillevi'ones,  the 
Gu'tre,  and  the  Sui'oncs,  in  Sweden ;  the  Sit'ones,  in  Nerigo'nia 
or  Norway  ;  the  Fin'ni,  in  Finnin'gia  or  Finland  ;  and  the  Scri'to- 
Fin'ni,  probably  in  Lapland.  The  latter  were  noted  for  the  ra- 
pidity with  which  they  traversed  the  frozen  surface  of  their  country 
on  skates  or  snow-shoes. 

3.  The  Hillevi'ones  were  a  numerous  people.  The  Gu'tse  were  afterwards 
called  Goths ;  they  wore  long  hair  and  beards,  and  dressed  in  furs.  The 
Sui'ones  were  skilful  navigators,  and  had  many  ships ;  among  the  Sit'ones, 
the  sovereign  power  was  frequently  conferred  on  females.  Pyth'eas,  an 
ancient  navigator,  twice  visited  the  shores  of  this  region,  which  he  called 
Thu'le  :  he  is  believed,  by  some,  to  have  explored  the  coast  as  far  as  the 
North  Cape  of  Europe  ;  but  others  are  of  the  opinion  that  he  did  not  pro- 
ceed beyond  the  Baltic 

capital?  What  occurred  about  A.  D.  1000?  Of  what  did  Brian  Bom 
become  king?  What  occurred  in  the  following  century  7  What  is  said 
of  the  English  ?     Of  Henry  n.  ? 

Q.  1.  What  did  Scandinavia  comprise?  What  did  the  ancients  believe 
Jl  to  consist  of?  What  is  the  opinion  of  some  authors  in  regard  to  Den- 
mark, &.c?  2.  Who  were  the  earliest  inhabitants?  What  is  said  of  the 
Scrito-Finni  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  the  Hilleviones  7  The  Gutffi  7  Suioncs  7 
Sitoncs  7     Of  Py theas  ?     4.  By  what  people  was  the  Chcrsonesus  Cimbricu 


136  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

4.  The  Chersone'sus  Cim'brica,  now  Jutland  and  SlesAvick,  in 
Denmark,  was  inhabited  by  the  Cim'bri,  and  the  adjacent  islands 
by  the  Teu'tones  :  these  two  nations,  about  a  century  before  Christ, 
penetrated  to  Gaul  and  Italy,  and  made  the  Romans  tremble  for 
the  safety  of  their  capital ;  but  they  were  at  length  defeated  and 
driven  back  to  their  own  territories  by  the  consul  Ma'rius. 

5.  All  the  foregoing  tribes,  both  of  Scandina'via  and  Cim'brica,  were  very 
Biniilar  to  the  Germans,  in  dress,  appearance,  and  manners,  and  were 
equally  fierce  and  warlike.  On  tlic  decline  of  the  Roman  power, these  tribes, 
under  the  names  of  Goths,  Vandals,  Her'uli,  Lom'bards,  &c.,  left  their  frozen 
regions,  and,  with  the  other  rude  nations  of  that  time,  assisted  in  devastating 
and  dismembering  the  empire. 

6.  During  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries,  under  the  command  of  their 
Vikingr  or  Sea  kings,  they  ravaged,  with  their  piratical  fleets,  all  the  coasts 
of  Europe,  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Adriatic  sea.  At  that  period  they  were 
known  by  the  name  of  Normans,  Danes,  and  Easterlings.  They  founded 
the  kingdom  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  in  Italy,  and  established  the  duchy  of 
Normandy,  in  France.  Many  of  the  Danes  settled  in  England,  and  tliree 
of  their  princes  became  kings  of  that  country;  but  they  were  expelled 
thence  by  the  renowned  Alfred,  and  other  British  sovereigns. 

GERMa'nIA     or     GERMANY. 

7.  Germany  extended  from  the  German  ocean  and  the  river 
Rhine,  eastward,  to  the  Vistula ;  and  from  the  Baltic,  southward, 
to  the  Danube.*  By  way  of  distinction,  it  was  often  called  Ger- 
ma'nia  Magna  (Great  Germany),  and  also  Germa'nia  Transrhena'- 
na  (Germany  beyond  the  Rhine).  The  name  was  derived  from 
the  word  Ghar-man,  which  signifies  a  warrior. 

8.  Ancient  Germany  contained  some  vast  forests,  of  which  the 
Hercyn'ian,  the  largest,  extended  from  the  Rhine  to  the  Vistula, 
or  sixty  days'  journey  in  length.  The  country  was  occupied  by 
numerous  independent  tribes,  who  Avere  sometimes  at  variance 
with  each  other,  but  they  generally  united  against  foreign  invasion, 
and  often  formed  powerful  confederacies. 

9.  The  principal  tribes  were  the  Istasv'ones,  the  Hermi'ones,  the  Ven'dili^ 
the  Cherus'ci  and  the  Chau'ci ;  of  these,  sometimes  one  tribe  was  predomu 
nant,  and  sometimes  another.  Among  the  smaller  tribes,  in  later  times, 
were  the  Saxons  and  the  Angli,  the  progenitors  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  nations  ; 

inhabited?  The  adjacent  islands?  What  is  said  of  these  two  nations? 
5.  To  what  people  were  the  foregoing  tribes  similar?  What  occurred  on 
the  decline  of  the  Roman  power  ?  6.  During  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries  ? 
By  what  name  were  they  known  ?  What  did  they  found  ?  Establish  ? 
What  did  three  of  the  Danish  princes  become  ?  7.  How  flir  did  Germany 
extend  ?  What  was  it  called  by  way  of  distinction  ?  From  what  was  tlie 
name  derived,  &.c.  ?  8.  What  did  ancient  Germany  contain,  &c.  ?  By 
what  was  the  country  occupied?     What  is  said  of  these  tribes  ?     9.  WhicK 

*  Vindelicia,  Uha3tia,  Noricum,  ajid  Panrionia  were  included  in  German;  previous  to  tbeii 
oonqucst  by  tbo  Roman. 


GERMANY.  137 

the  Franks,  of  tho  French,  &c.     From  the  Alcman'ni  the  French  name  Al. 
kinagnc,  for  modern  Germany,  is  derived. 

10.  Tiic  Roman  writers  describe  tiie  Germans  as  the  fiercest  and  bravest 
of  all  the  tribes  of  barbarians.  A  robust  frame  and  gig-antic  stature,  with 
bright  blue  eyes  and  deep  )'e!low  liair,  were  tiie  prevailing  characteristics 
of  these  people.  Inured  to  cold  and  fatigue,  they  scorned  every  restraint — 
considered  independence  as  tiie  most  precious  blessing,  and  war  as  the  most 
manly  occupation. 

11.  Their  tents  or  movable  huts  were  dispersed  singly,  or  a  few  together 
over  tlie  country ;  there  were  no  cities,  and  no  jjcrmanent  buildings,  except 
at  the  places  where  the  Romans  hnd  forls  and  stations.  Women  were 
treated,  by  the  Germans,  with  great  respect,  and  even  something  of  a  sacred 
character  was  attaciied  to  the  sex.  The  memory  of  their  renowned  heroes 
and  ancestors  was  highly  venerated,  and  songs  were  sung,  at  the  national 
feasts,  in  their  praise.  The  government  was  a  pure  democracy ;  all  public 
affairs  were  determined  in  a  general  assembly  of  the  people,  in  which  every 
man,  able  to  carry  arms,  was  entitled  to  a  vote. 

12.  Tiie  Germans  were  almost  the  only  people  who  resisted  the  Romans 
with  success,  when  at  the  height  of  their  power.  In  the  year  A.  D.  9,  the 
army  of  Va'rus,  after  a  battle  of  three  days,  was  entirely  destroyed  by  Ar- 
min'ius  or  Her'man,  a  ciiief  of  the  Cherus'ci. 

13.  Caesar,  Dru'sus,  German'ieus,  and  other  noted  captains,  acquired 
glory  and  renown  by  their  victories  over  the  Germans ;  but  the  Romans 
were  never  able  to  nwike  any  permanent  impression,  and  considered  them- 
selves fortunate  if  they  could  preserve  inviolate  the  boundary  of  the  Danube 
and  the  Rliine.  During  the  fifth  century,  tliese  long-guarded  barriers  were 
passed,  and  the  German  nations  overran  the  western  empire,  carrying  their 
conquering  arms  as  far  as  Spain  and  Portugal. 


Map  No.  1. — What  ocean  lay  west  of  Scandinavia  ?  What  sea  northwest  7 
What  promontory  north  ?  What  gulf  east  ?  This  part  of  the  ocean  is,  in 
ancient  geograpliy,  called  indifferently  a  gulf  and  a  sea;  another  name  for 
it,  besides  the  one  in  the  maps,  was  Mare  Suevicum,  or  Sea  of  Suevia. 
Where  is  Nerigoiiia  ?  What  mountains  in  it  ?  Point  out  Finningia. 
What  gulf  soutii?  Point  out  tiie  tribes  mentioned  in  the  text.  When  did 
Py  theas  sail  along  the  shores  of  Scandinavia  ? 

Map  No.  5.  —  What  ocean  west  of  Chersonesus  Cimbrica  ?  What  gulf 
jast  ?  What  nations  south  ?  What  promontory  north  ?  What  nations  in- 
aabited  this  peninsula  ?  The  islands  east  ?  What  ocean  northwest  of  Ger 
many  ?  Sea  north  ?  Country  east  ?  River  west  ?  South  ?  What  coun- 
tries lay  around  Germany  ?  What  rivers  flow  into  the  German  ocean  ? 
Into  the  Codanjan  sea  ?  Into  what  sea  does  the  Danube  flow  ?  What  is 
t.'ie  length  of  these  rivers  ?  What  mountains  in  Germany  ?  How  high  are 
the  Sudelic  ?  Near  what  rivers  was  Varus  defeated?  When  did  tiiat 
evi;nt  occur  ? 


were  the  principal  tribes,  &-C.  ?  The  smaller  tribes?  10.  How  did  the  Re 
man  writers  dLscribe  the  Germans  ?  What  were  tiicir  prevailing  character, 
istics,  &,c.  ?  11.  What  is  said  of  their  tents,  cities,  &.C.?  Tlie  women? 
Their  renowned  heroes  ?  Describe  the  government.  12.  What  is  said  of 
the  Germans,  in  regard  to  the  Romans  ?  ^Vhat  occurred  A.  D.  9  ?  13.  N\  hat 
is  said  of  Crcsar,  &c.  ?  Wliat  were  the  Romans  unable  to  do,  &c.  ?  What 
took  place  in  the  fiftli  century  ? 


138  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

HELVE'TIA,  VINDELIC'IA,  RH^'TIA,  ETC. 

1.  Helve'tia,  a  wild,  mountainous  region,  comprised  the  chief 
part  of  what  is  now  Switzeriand  ;  it  was  inhabited  by  the  Helve'- 
tii,  a  bold  and  warlike  people,  of  Cel'tic  origin.     The  women  wer 
noted  for  their  courage ;  they  often  engaged  in  battle,  and  fough 
side  by  side  with  their  husbands,  fathers,  and  brothers. 

2.  After  many  desperate  contests  with  the  natives,  Csesar  at  length  sub. 
jected  Helve'tia  to  the  dominion  of  Rome,  and  included  it  in  his  government 
of  Gaul.  Subsequently  several  Roman  colonies  were  established,  of  which 
Tur'icum  and  Aven'ticura  were  the  chief. 

VINDELIC  'l  A. 

3.  ViNDELic'iA  or  Rh^'tia  Secun'da,  as  it  was  sometimes 
called,  lay  between  the  Danu'bius  and  CE'nus  rivers.  It  comprised 
a  part  of  what  is  now  Bava'ria,  Wir'temberg,  and  Ba'den. 

4.  The  lake  Briganti'nus,  now  lake  Constance,  was  partly  in  this  territory 
and  partly  in  Rhee'tia  and  Helve'tia.  On  tliis  lake  Tibe'rius  built  a  fleet, 
when  at  war  with  the  Vindclic'ians.  Augus'ta  Vindelico'rum,  the  capital, 
was  a  Roman  colony,  and  was  a  town  of  considerable  importance.  Regi'na, 
on  the  Danu'bius,  was  a  strong  fortress. 

rh^'tia. 

5.  Rh^'tia  lay  southward  of  Vindelic'ia,  and  included  portions 
of  the  region  now  occupied  by  Switzerland,  the  Tyrol,  and  mo- 
dern Italy;  the  upper  sections  of  the  rivers  Rhe'nus,  CE'nus, and 
Ath'esis  traverse  and  water  the  country.  The  chief  mountains 
were  the  Rhce'tian  Alps. 

6.  When  first  attached  to  Rome,  it  included  Vindelic'ia ;  but  it  was  after- 
wards divided  into  Rhce'tia  Pri'ma  and  Rhs'tia  Secun'da.  Tlie  inhabitants 
both  of  Vindelic'ia  and  Rhoe'tia  were  originally  Etrus'cans,  who  fled  from  the 
Gauls  when  tliat  nation  invaded  Italy.  They  were  subjected  to  Rome  by 
Dru'sus  and  Tibe'rius  Nero.  Triden'tum,  Erigan'tia,  and  Cu'ria  were  the 
iliief  towns. 

nor'icum. 

7.  Nou'icuM  comprised  the  chief  part  of  the  present  Austrian 
provinces  of  Upper  and  LoAver  Austria,  Carinthia,  and  Styria.  It 
'vas  watered  cliiefly  by  the  Dra'vus  and  Mu'rus  rivers,  and  was 

Q.  1.  What  did  Helvetia  comprise  ?  By  whom  was  it  inhabited  ?  What 
IS  said  of  the  women?  2.  Who  conquered  Helvetia?  What  was  then 
established?  3.  What  is  said  of  Vindclicia  ?  What  did  it  comprise,  &c.  ? 
4.  What  is  said  of  lake  Brigantinus  ?  Of  Augusta  Vindelicorum  ?  Re- 
gina  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  Rhatia  ?  What  rivers  traverse  the  country  1 
6.  What  did  it  include  wlien  first  attached  to  Rome  ?  What  was  it  after- 
wards divided  into  ?     What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?     Name  the  chief 


NORICUM,    PANNONIA,   ILLFRICUM.         139 

Dounded  on  the  north  by  the  Danube.  It  was  conquered  by  the 
Romans  in  the  time  of  Augustus. 

8.  Tills  country  was  noted  for  its  iron  and  steel ;  weapons,  made  of  the 
/alter,  were  in  liigli  repute,  and  tlie  term  "Nor'icus  cnsis"  was  used  for  a 
Bword-blade  of  remarkable  temper.  Boiodu'rum,  the  capital  of  the  Boi'i, 
was  situated  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  GD'nus ;  Lauri'acum,  on  the  Danube,  was 
tlio  station  of  a  Roman  flotilla. 

panno'nia. 

9.  Panno'nia  was  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  the  river 
Danube ;  west  by  No'ricum,  and  south  by  Illyr'icum.  It  was 
divided  into  Panno'nia  Superior  and  Inferior.  The  inhabitants 
called  the  Panno'nii  were  of  Cel'tic  origin  ;  they  were  attacked  by 
the  Romans,  during  the  reign  of  Augustus,  but  they  were  not 
subdued  until  the  time  of  Tibe'rius. 

10.  Panno'nia  comprised  that  part  of  Hungary  which  lies  west  of  tlie 
Danube,  with  portions  of  the  provinces  of  Lower  Austria,  Styria,  Croatia, 
and  Selavo'nia.  Vindobo'na  (now  Vienna)  and  Curnun'tum  were  botli  impor- 
tant towns ;  Aquin'cum  was  the  station  of  a  Roman  legion ;  at  Sir'mium 
the  emperor  Pro'bus  was  slain.  Mur'sa  was  tlie  station  of  the  lower  Danu'- 
bian  fleet;  near  it  Magnen'tius  was  defeated  by  Constan'tius.  Sopia'na 
was  the  birth-place  of  the  Emperor  Maximi'nus,  and  Cib'alis  of  the  Emperor 
Gra'tian ;  at  the  latter  Licin'ius  was  defeated  by  Con'stantine. 

illyr'icum   or  illyr'ia. 

11.  Illyr'icum  lay  along  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Adriat'ic  sea, 
and  extended  southward  from  Nor'icum  and  Panno'nia.  At  one 
period  it  bordered  on  Epi'rus  ;  but  the  lower  districts  were  added 
to  Macedo'nia  by  Philip,  the  father  of  Alexander,  and  obtained  the 
name  of  Illyr'icum  GrEc'cum ;  the  remainder  was  then  called  Bar 
baric  Illyr'icum ;  but,  on  its  conquest  by  the  Romans,  the  name 
was  changed  to  Illyr'icum  Romano'rum. 

12.  The  southeastern  ranges  of  the  Alps  extend  through  the  interior  of 
the  country,  and  the  coast,  for  a  distance  of  350  miles,  is  studded  with  nume- 
rous islands.  Dalmatia  and  Libur'nia  were  the  chief  divisions  ;  the  former 
still  retains  its  ancient  name.  The  Libur'nians  were  skilful  ship-builders; 
their  fast-sailing  galleys  were  used  by  Augustus  to  great  advantage,  in  the 
memorable  battle  of  Ac'tium. 

13.  Se'nia  was  a  Roman  colony,  between  which  and  Pola  there  was  con- 

towns.  7.  What  did  Noricum  comprise,  A.C.?  8.  For  what  was  it  noted, &c.  7 
What  is  said  of  Boiodurum  ?  Lauriacum  ?  9.  Describe  the  boundaries  of 
Pannonia.  How  was  it  divided?  Of  what  origin  were  the  PannoniiT 
What  is  said  of  their  conquest  ?  10.  What  did  Pannonia  comprise  ?  Name 
Uie  important  towns.  What  is  said  of  Aquincum  ?  The  other  towns? 
11.  What  is  said  of  Illyricum,  &c.  ?  Who  included  a  part  of  it  in  Maccdo. 
nia  ?  What  was  the  latter  called  ?  The  remainder  ?  To  what  was  the  nam* 
dianged  ?  12.  What  mountains  extended  through  the  interior?  What  ii 
•laid  of  the  coast  and  its  islands  ?  Which  were  the  chief  divisions  ?  What 
were  the  Liburmans?     13.  What  is  said  of  Senia?     Who  was  wounded  at 


140  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

slant  intercourse.  At  the  siege  of  Met'ulum,  Octavius  Cassar  was  wounded. 
Scardo'na  was  the  chief  city  of  Libur'nia.  Salo'na  was  the  capital  of  lUyr". 
icum ;  it  was  the  birth-place  of  the  Emperor  Diocle'tian,  who,  after  his 
abdication,  retired  to  Spala'trum,  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  built  there  a 
splendid  palace.  Epidau'rus  was  a  Roman  colony :  Sco'dra  was  the  rcsi- 
dence  of  the  lUyr'ian  king  Gen'tius. 

14.  The  Illyr'ians  were  noted  robbers  and  pirates,  and  treated  their  pri. 
Boners  with  great  cruelty ;  they  were  frequently  at  variance  with  the  Mac* 
donians,  and  afterwards  with  the  Romans,  by  whom  they  were  conqucre 
about  200  years  B.  C.  They  were  a  kindred  people  with  the  Tiiracians : 
both  nations,  at  an  early  period,  tattooed  their  skins,  and  were  similar  iu 
most  of  tJieir  barbarous  manners  and  customs. 


Map  No.  5.  —  What  river  north  of  Helvetia?  What  lake  northeast? 
What  river  bounds  Vindelicia,  Noricum,and  Pannonia  on  the  north  ?  Pan- 
nonia  on  the  east  ?  Into  what  river  do  the  CE'nus,  Dravus,and  Savus  rivers 
flow  ?  In  what  mountains  do  they  take  their  rise?  What  lakes  in  Pan- 
nonia? What  country  north  of  Helvetia,  Vindelicia,  and  Noricum  ?  North 
and  east  of  Pannonia  ?  South  ?  What  towns  lay  on  the  Danubius  river  ? 
On  the  Dravus  ?  Savus  ?  What  sea  west  of  Illyricum  ?  What  countries 
east  ?     What  country  north  ?     South  ? 

Map  No.  4. — What  islands  extend  along  the  coast  of  Illyricum  ?  What 
was  the  northern  group  called  ?  The  middle  ?  Southern  ?  Which  is  the 
largest  island  of  each  group  ?  The  most  southern  ?  This  island  is,  by 
some,  supposed  to  have  been  the  scene  of  tlie  apostle  Paul's  shipwreck,  but 
the  general  opinion  is  in  favour  of  the  Italian  Melita. 

55 


MCE'SIA,   DA'CIA,    SARMA'TIA,   ETC. 

1.  Mffi'siA  comprised  the  country  which  lay  between  the  Da- 
nu'bius  or  Is'ter  river,  and  the  Hce'mus  mountains ;  it  extended 
westward  from  the  Eux'ine  sea  to  the  river  Dri'nus,  and  corre- 
sponded to  the  modern  provinces  of  Ser'via  and  Bulga'ria. 

2.  This  region  was  inhabited,  at  an  early  period,  by  the  Scylh' 
ians  and  the  Ge'tce.  It  once  formed  a  part  of  the  dominions  of 
Philip  of  Macedon,  and  afterwards  of  the  Romans.  The  \vestern 
division  was  called  Superior  or  Upper,  and  the  eastern,  Inferior  or 
Lower  Mce'sia. 

3.  The  Dri'nus,  Mar'gus,and  CEs'cus  are,  after  tiie  Danube,  the  principal 
rivers.  Tlie  Haj'mus  mountains,  which  ibrmcd  the  southern  boundary 
were  so  called  from  Hao'mus,   a  Thracian  king,  who  was  changed  to  a 


Metulum?     What  is  said  of  Scardona  ?     The  other  towns  ?     14.  What  is 
said  of  the  inhabitants,  &c.  ?     To  what  nation  were  they  similar  ? 

Q.  1.  What  did  Ma-sia  comprise  ?  To  what  modern  provinces  did  it 
correspond?  2.  By  what  nations  was  Mccsia  inhabited  at  an  early  period? 
or  what  did  it  once  form  a  part?  Afterwards?  Name  its  divisions.  Tlie 
principal  rivers.     What  is  said  of  the  Iluiums  mountains  T     The  cliief 


DACIA.SARMATIA.  l*i 

mountain  for  aspiring  to  divine  honours.  Nicop'olis.oncof  the  chief  towns, 
was  built  by  Tra'jan,  to  celebrate  liis  victories  over  tl«3  Da'cii.  Sardica  was 
famous  for  a  council  of  the  church.  Nais'sus  was  the  native  place  of 
Con'stantine  the  Great.  Marcianop'olis  was  named  after  Marcia'na,  the 
Bister  of  Tra'jan.  To'mi,  on  the  Eux'ine  sea,  was  the  town  to  which  the 
poet  Ov'id  was  banished. 

D  A'CI  A. 

4.  Da'cia  was  an  extensive  country,  situated  to  the  northward 
of  the  river  Is'ter  ;  it  was  about  550  miles  from  east  to  west,  and 
400  from  north  to  south.  It  included  the  chief  part  of  what  is 
now  Hungary,  with  Transylvania  and  Walla'chia. 

5.  The  inhabitants  were,  for  a  longf  period,  formidable  enemies  to  Rome, 
but  were  at  length  conquered,  in  tlie  early  part  of  the  second  century,  by 
the  Emperor  Tra'jan.  lie  estabhshed  a  number  of  Roman  colonics  in  Da'. 
cia,  which  existed  until  the  country  was  overrun  by  the  Goths,  and  other 
barbarians. 

6.  The  Pons  Traja'ni  (Trajan's  Bridge)  was  built  by  Tra'jan  across  the 
Is'ter,  on  his  expedition  into  Da'cia :  it  was  a  fine  substantial  structure, 
about  two-thirds  of  a  mile  in  length  ;  its  ruins  may  still  be  seen.  It  was 
broken  down  by  the  Emperor  A'drian  out  of  envy,  under  the  pretence  that  it 
favoured  the  incursions  of  the  barbarians.  Ul'pia  Traja'ni,  the  Roman 
capital,  was  a  colony  established  by  Tra'jan  :  the  chief  of  the  other  towns 
were  Ulpia'num,  Utid'ava,  Axiop'olis,  Ap'ulum,  &-c 


SARM A    TI  A. 

7.  Sarma'tia  was  an  extensive  region,  which  stretched  from 
the  Coda'nus  Si'nus,  or  Baltic  Sea,  to  the  river  Rha,  and  from  the 
Cau'casus  and  the  Pa'lus  Maeo'tis  to  the  Northern  Ocean :  it  com- 
prised the  whole  of  Poland  and  European  Russia,  and  was  divided 
by  the  river  Tan'ais  into  European  and  Asiatic  Sarma'tia. 

8.  The  Sarma'tians  comprised  many  tribes,  the  whole  of  whom  led  a 
wandering  life,  plundering  all  who  fell  in  their  way.  Like  many  other 
savages,  they  painted  their  bodies,  on  engaging  in  battle,  to  make  their  ap 
pearance  as  hideous  and  terrible  as  possible.  Most  of  the  Sarmatian  tribes 
lived  under  tents,  but  some  lived  in  wagons ;  hence  they  were  called  Ha- 
maxob'ii ;  and  some,  it  is  said,  fed  on  milk  mixed  with  the  blood  of  horses, 

9.  The  Chersone'sus  Tau'rica,  now  the  peninsula  of  the  Crime' a,  was,  in 
early  times,  inhabited  by  the  Cimme'ri,  and  afterwards  by  the  Tau'ri,  a 
people  noted  for  their  cruelty  to  strangers  ;  all  who  fell  into  their  hands  were 
sacjificed  to  a  virgin  goddess  that  they  worshipped. 


towns  7  Of  Sardica  ?  Naissus  7  3Iarcianopolis  ?  Tomi  7  4.  Describe 
Dacia.  Its  extent.  5.  Wliat  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  7  When  and  by 
whom  were  they  conquered  ?  What  did  Trajan  establish  in  Dacia,  &c.  ? 
6.  What  is  said  of  the  Pons  Trajani  7  What  did  Adrian  ao?  Wliat  is 
said  of  Ulpia  7rajani7  The  other  towns  7  7.  Describe  Sarmatia.  What 
did  it  comprise  7  How  was  it  divided  7  8.  Describe  the  Sarmatians.  Their 
habits.     Mode  of  life.     Food.     9.  What  nations  inhabited  the  Chersouesua 


142  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

]  0.  On  t!ie  coasts  of  the  Eux'ine  sea  and  the  Pa'lus  Maeo'tis  numeroun 
colonies  were  founded  by  the  Greeks.  Crem'ni,  on  the  Pa'lus  Meno'tis,  was 
the  place  where  the  Am'azons  are  said  to  have  landed  when  they  quitted 
Asia  Minar,  on  their  route  to  Scyth'ia.  Chersone'sus  was  long  the  seat  of 
the  flourishing-  republic  formed  by  the  people  of  Ileracle'a,  a  Greek  State  on 
the  opposite  shores  of  the  Eux'ine  Sea.  Tan'ais,  Ol'bia,  and  Panticapse'um 
were  all  noted  cities ;  at  the  last  named  Mithrida'tes  tlie  Great  died. 


HYPERBO    REAN     REGIONS. 

11.  Hyperbo'rean  was  the  name  given  by  the  ancients  to  the 
unkno^^Tl  regions  of  the  north,  or,  more  properly,  to  a  nation  or 
country  beyond  the  dominion  of  the  wind  Bo'reas.  They  de- 
scribed, that  part  of  the  earth  as  the  abode  of  darkness  and  the 
realm  of  shades  ;  yet,  at  the  same  time,  by  a  singular  incongruity, 
they  imagined  it  to  contain  the  paradise  of  the  sun,  and  the  resi- 
dence of  the  blessed. 

12.  The  inhabitants  of  these  fabled  regions  were  reported  to  live  in  a  de- 
lightful climate,  to  enjoy  a  happy  temperament  of  mind,  and  body,  and  to 
attain  to  the  age  even  of  a  thousand  years.  No  disease  affected  them  ;  but, 
without  labour  and  without  care  or  strife,  tlicy  lived  happily  and  enjoyed 
the  favour  of  the  gods. 

13.  As  the  north  became  better  known,  the  country  of  the  Hyperbo'reang 
was  placed  more  and  more  remote.  Some  souglit  it  east  of  the  Hyper- 
bo'rean mountains,  in  the  centre  of  Asia;  while  others  thought  it  lay  west 
ward  of  that  range.  The  entire  hypothesis  originated,  probably,  in  the 
traditions  of  the  golden  age,  when  man  existed  in  primeval  happiness,  and 
enjoyed  those  blessings  of  existence,  the  remembrance  of  which  was  trans- 
mitted  from  generation  to  generation,  among  the  nations  of  the  ancient 
world.  

31ap  No.  5.  — What  river  separated  Moesia  and  Dacia  ?  Below  the  mouth 
of  the  Savus  river  this  stream  was  called  the  Ister ;  above  it,  the  Danubius. 
What  sea  east  of  Mossia  and  Dacia?  What  mountains  south  of  Moesia? 
What  formed  tlie  western  boundary  ?  Point  out  the  towns  named  in  the 
text.  What  country  lay  north  of  Dacia  ?  West  ?  What  river  formed 
its  southern  and  western  boundary?  Eastern?  What  rivers  ran  into  the 
Ister  ?  The  Euxine  sea  ?  What  people  inhabited  Dacia  ?  What  mountains 
in  the  north  ?  What  river  separated  Sarmatia  from  Germany  ?  From 
Scythia  ?  Asiatic  Sarmatia  ?  Dacia  ?  What  Sarmatian  rivers  flowed  into 
the  Codanian  sea  ?  The  Euxine  ?  Palus  Majotis  ?  Caspian?  How  long 
are  each  of  these  rivers  ?  Point  out  the  Bastarnre.  Jazyges  and  other  Sar. 
matian  tribes.     Point  out  PanticapiBum.     The  other  towns  in  Taurica. 

Map  No.  1, — Where  are  the  Hyperborean  regions  placed  ?  Hyperborean 
mountains?     What  is  the  modern  name  of  this  range? 

Taurica?  For  what  were  they  noted?  10.  What  people  founded  colonies 
on  tiie  Euxine  sea,  &c.  ?  What  is  said  ofCremni  ?  Chersonesus?  Tanais? 
Olbia  ?  PanticapcBum  ?  What  mon:  rch  died  at  the  latter  place  ?  11.  What 
is  said  of  the  name  Hyperborean  ?  .  low  did  the  ancients  describe  that  part 
of  the  earth  ?  What  did  they  imagine  it  to  contain  ?  12.  Wliat  is  said  of 
the  inhabitants,  tStc.  ?  ]3.  What  is  s;iid  of  the  regions  of  the  north,  &.c.  7 
In  what  did  tlio  hypothesis  originate  ? 


BAR  13  A  ROUS   NATIONS.  143 
56 

THE    BARBAROUS    NATIONS   WHICH    DESTROYED 
THE  ROMAN  EMPIRE. 

1.  For  more  than  five  hundred  years  the  sway  and  influence 
of  Koine  was  predominant  in  the  civilized  world  ;  but,  about  the 
end  of  the  fourth  century,  its  power  began  visibly  to  decline;  a 
succession  of  barbarous  tribes  from  the  North  and  the  East  then 
commenced  their  inroads  on  the  empire,  and  in  the  course  of  the 
succeeding  Imndred  and  fifty  years  they  overthrew  the  Roman 
power,  and  changed  entirely  the  condition  of  the  civilized  world. 

2.  Of  these  nations,  the  most  powerful  were  the  Goths,  the  IIuns,and  tlie 
Vandals;  among  the  less  important  were  the  A'lans,  Gep'ida?  and  Her'uli; 
besides  wliom  were  the  Lom'bards,  Burj^un'dians,  Sue'ves,  An'gli  and  Sax'. 
ons,  Franks,  Aleman'ni,  &e.  All  these  nations  were  ferocious  and  warlike ; 
in  their  incursions  they  spared  neither  age  nor  sex,  and  inflicted  on  the 
countries  they  ravaged  the  most  terrible  calamities. 

3.  The  Goths  were  first  settled  in  Scandinavia,  but  they  left  that 
country,  and  founded  an  extensive  kingdom  in  Sarma'tia.  About 
A.  D.  370,  internal  dissensions  divided  the  nation  into  Ostro  or 
Eastern,  and  the  Visi  or  Western  Goths.  Being  driven  from  their 
possessions  by  the  Huns,  the  Os'trogoths  settled  in  Panno'nia,  and 
the  adjacent  regions,  while  the  Vis'igoths  proceeded  southward 
and  invaded  Greece  and  Italy. 

4.  Al'aric,  their  noted  leader,  was  the  least  barbarous  of  all  tlie  conquer- 
ors who  ravaged  the  Roman  empire.  lie  commanded,  A.  D.  395,  the 
Gothic  auxiliaries  wlio  were  united  with  the  Romans  under  Theodo'sius  to 
repel  the  Huns,  then  about  to  invade  the  western  empire.  Tliis  alUanco 
disclosed  to  Al'aric  the  weakness  of  the  former  masters  of  the  world,  and 
inspired  him  witii  tlic  resolution  of  making  war  upon  them,  and  conquering 
tlicir  remaining  territories. 

5.  The  dissensions  of  tiie  Romans  soon  enabled  the  Goths  to  invade  Italy 
with  success ;  they  traversed  tlie  entire  peninsula,  from  one  end  to  the 
otiicr,  and  captured  Rome  three  different  times ;  first  in  408,  when  Alaric 
was  induced  to  spare  the  city,  on  receiving  a  ransom  of  5000  pounds  of  gold, 
and  30,000  pounds  of  silver,  besides  a  large  amount  of  other  valuables. 

(j.  The  city  was  again  taken  in  40!),  and  then  in  410.  At  the  last  cap. 
ture  it  was  given  up  to  plunder  for  six  days,  but  all  the  churches,  and  most  of 
tlie  works  of  art  were  spared.  Al'aric  died  tlie  same  year.  Tlie  Romans 
celebrated  this  event  witli  public  rejoicings,  but  the  work  of  desolation  was 


Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  Rome  and  its  influence?  Its  decline?  What  then 
occurred  ?  2.  Which  were  the  most  powerful  barbarous  nations  ?  The  less 
powerful?  What  otlicrs  are  named  ?  3.  Wliat  is  said  of  the  Goths  ?  Tlicir 
divisions?  4.  Of  Alaric?  What  did  tliis  alliance  disclose  ?  5.  What  is 
said  of  the  Romans  f  The  first  capture  of  Rome  ?  6.  The  second  and  third  7 
When  did  Alaric  die?  What  did  the  Romans  do  in  consequence?   7.  What 


144  CLASSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

soon  icnewed,  as  the  barbarians  had  learned  the  road  to  Rome.     Al'aric  had 
taught  them  the  weakness  of  the  former  queen  of  the  world. 

7.  After  his  death  the  Vis'igoths  established  themsel.e=i  in  Gaul,  and  then 
in  Spain,  where  they  were  conquered  by  the  Moors.  Roderic,  their  king 
(called  the  last  of  the  Goths),  was  killed  A.  D.  712,  in  battle  against  that 
people.  The  Os'trogoths  invaded  Italy  A.  D.  489,  and  defeated  Odoa'eer, 
king  of  the  Her'uli,  who  had  become  king  of  Italy.  Theod'oric,  the  Os'tro- 
gothic  ruler,  iiicn  assumed  the  title,  and  founded  a  new  kingdom,  which 
existed  about  sixty  years. 

8.  The  Huns  or  Hun'ni  were  a  Scythian  nation  from  the  banks 
of  the  river  Rha  or  Volga:  dissensions  among  themselves  in- 
duced great  numbers  of  them  to  emigrate  westward.  In  their 
progress  they  encountered  the  Alans  and  the  Goths,  whom  they 
drove  before  them ;  they  then  traversed  various  countries,  produc- 
ing, by  their  numbers  and  aggressions,  a  general  movement  among 
the  rude  nations  resident  along  the  frontiers  of  the  Roman  empire. 

9.  Their  ferocious  ruler,  At'tila  (the  Scourge  of  God,  as  he  called  himself), 
Was  the  terror  of  his  age.  In  the  course  of  a  few  years  he  extended  his 
power  from  the  Caspian  to  the  Adriatic  sea.  The  emperors  of  the  East  cind 
the  West  paid  him  tribute,  and  many  of  the  Van'dals,  Os'trogoths,  Gep'idsB, 
and  Franks  served  under  his  banners. 

10.  At'tila  advanced,  A.  D.  450,  to  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  invading  Gaul,  when  whole  forests  were  cut  down  to  furnish  boats 
for  transporting  his  immense  host  of  700,000  men  across  that  stream.  At 
Durocatalau'num,  now  Chalons,  he  was  routed  by  a  confederate  Roman  and 
Gothic  army,  when  200,000  of  the  Huns  were  slain.  At'tila,  however,  soon 
recruited  his  forces ;  he  then  invaded  Italy,  and  was  about  to  march 
towards  Rome,  but  was  diverted  from  his  purpose.  His  death,  which  oo- 
currcd  A.  D.  453,  put  an  end  to  the  incursions  of  the  Huns ;  they  retired 
eastward  to  the  Pa'lus  Majo'tis,  and  their  name  became  lost  to  history. 

11.  The  Vandals  (Wanderers)  crossed  the  Baltic  from  Scandina'- 
via  into  Germany,  and  emigrated  thence  to  Sarmatia ;  returning  to 
Germany  they  joined  the  Alans  and  the  Sueves  in  an  invasion  of 
Gaul,  and  then  of  Spain,  where  they  founded  an  important  State. 
The  territory  on  which  they  settled,  in  that  country,  was  called 
Vandalit'ia,  now  changed  to  Andalu'sia. 

12.  From  Spain  many  of  the  Vandals  passed  over  into  Africa,  and  estab 
lished  an  extensive  kingdom.  From  hence  their  king,  Genes'eric,  invaded 
Sicily  and  Italy  and  captured  Rome,  A.  D.  455.  In  that  city  his  army 
committed  such  outrages,  that  the  term  Van'dalism  has  become  proverbial 
for  any  wanton  display  of  barbaric  atrocity.  On  the  death  of  Genes'eric 
the  power  of  the  Vandals  in  Africa  was  overthrown  by  Belisa'rius. 


occurred  after  the  death  of  Alaric  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Ostrogoths  ?  Of 
Theodoric?  8.  Of  the  Huns?  Tlieir  dissensions  ?  Progress?  What  did 
tlieir  numbers,  &c.  produce  ?  9.  What  is  said  of  Attila  ?  What  sovereigns 
paid  him  tribute?  What  nations  served  under  his  banners?  10.  What  is 
said  of  the  invasion  of  Gaul  ?  Of  Attila's  defeat  ?  Wliat  did  he  do  then  ? 
To  wliat  did  his  death  put  an  end  ?  11.  Describe  the  course  of  the  Vandals, 
Wiiat  was  their  territory  in  Spain  called,  &c.  ?  12.  What  did  many  of  the 
Vandals  do  ?    What  is  said  of  Gcneseric  ? 


BARli  A  ROUS    NATIONS.  145 
57 

1.  The  Alans  were  an  Asiatic  nation,  and  resided  near  the  Cas- 
pian Sea  ;  being  attacked  by  the  Huns,  they  retired  westward,  end 
in  A  D.  407  joined  the  Vandals  and  Sueves  in  their  invasion 
of  Gaul  and  Spain.  The  Alans  then  settled  in  Lusitania,  and 
were  afterwards  incorporated  with  the  Vis'igoths.  The  Sue'ves,  a 
German  nation,  united  with  the  Alans  and  Vandals,  in  the  before- 
mentioned  invasion,  when,  separating  from  their  confederates,  they 
settled  in  the  northwestern  districts  of  Spain. 

2.  The  Aleman'ni  and  tlie  Franks  comprised  powerful  confederacies  of 
German  tribes,  rather  than  distinct  nations.  Tlie  Franks  (Freemen),  A.  D. 
400,  passed  the  Rhine  into  Gaul,  drove  out  the  Romans,  and  founded  tlio 
present  kingdom  of  France.  Tfieir  king,  Clevis  the  Great,  crowned  him- 
self with  his  own  hands,  at  Rhcims,  A.  D.  496.  The  Aleman'ni  (or  All 
Men,  as  tlie  name  implies)  overran  various  parts  of  the  empire,  and  had 
many  confliets  with  the  Romans ;  they  afterwards  settled  both  on  the  east 
and  west  sides  of  the  Rhine,  but  wcic  expelled  from  the  latter  by  Clovis. 

3.  The  Gep'ida?  Icfl  Scandina'via,  and  settled  first  on  the  river  Vistula, 
amd  then  on  the  Tan'ais,  Becoming  tributary  to  the  Huns,  many  of  them 
accompanied  At'tila  into  Gaul  and  Italy :  afler  his  death  they  resided  in 
Da'cia  and  lUyr'ica,  and  were  finally  destroyed  by  the  Lombards. 

4.  The  Her'uli  emigrated  from  Scandina'via  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Pa'lut 
Majo'tis ;  but,  afler  the  death  of  At'tila,  they  returned  westward,  made 
repeated  attacks  on  the  empire,  and  deposed  the  last  emperor,  Rom'ulus 
Augus'tulus.  Their  ruler,  Odoa'ccr,  then  became  the  first  king  of  Italy,  A. 
D.  47G,  from  which  period  is  dated  the  end  of  the  western  empire. 

5.  The  Burgun'dians,  a  nation  from  the  banks  of  the  Vistula,  invaded 
Gaul  about  A.  D.  410,  and  established  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  which 
was  afterwards  incorporated  with  the  French  monarchy.  The  Lombards 
(Longobardi,  or  Long  beards)  were  of  Scandinavian  origin  ;  they  crossed  the 
Baltic,  established  themselves  first  on  the  Vistula  and  then  on  the  Danube, 
whence  they  invaded  Italy,  and  founded  the  kingdom  of  Lombardy. 

6.  The  Angles  and  Saxons  were  warlike  German  nations,  whom  the 
Britons  invited  to  their  aid  against  the  Scots  and  Picts.  They  landed  A.  D. 
441),  under  the  command  of  Hengist  and  Ilorsa,  repelled  the  aggressors,  and 
then  turned  their  arms  against  the  Britons,  whom  they  conquered  after  a 
war  of  120  years'  duration.  During  this  period  the  Anglo-Saxon  kingdoms, 
called  the  Heptarchy,  were  established.  From  the  Angles  the  name  Anglo, 
land,  now  England,  is  derived. 

7.  During  the  seventh  century  the  Saracens  or  Arabs,  the  followers  of 
Mahomet,  commenced  their  careof  of  conquest.  In  A.  D.  712  they  passed 
from  Africa  into  Spain  (whero  tliey  were   called   Moors),  overthrew  the 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  the  Alans?  Their  union  with  the  Vandals  and 
the  Sueves  ?  Describe  the  course  of  the  Sueves.  2.  What  is  said  of  the  Alo- 
manni,  &,c.  ?  Of  the  Franks?  Of  Clovis?  What  course  did  the  Alemanni 
pursue?  S.Whatis  saidofthcGepidoB?  4.0f tiie  Heruli  ?  Who  did  they 
depose  ?  What  did  Odoaeer  become  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  the  Burgiindiana  7 
Tiio  Lombards?  G.  The  Angles  and  Saxons?  What  name  was  derived 
from  the  Angles  ?  7.  Describe  the  progress  of  the  Saracens.  When  were 
13  K 


X46  CLASSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

kingdom  of  the  Visigoths,  and  established  a  Mahometan  empire,  which  in- 
eluded  the  whole  peninsula,  except  the  province  of  Asturias.  This  SLat6 
existed  until  the  time  of  Columbus,  when  the  Moors  were  driven  from  Spain 
bj  Ferdinand,  the  husband  of  Isabella. 

8.  The  Danes  and  Normans  or  Northmen  inhabited  Denmark  and  Norway, 
and  lived  chiefly  by  piracy.  About  A.  D.  800  they  began  their  incursivms 
by  sea,  spreading  terror  and  desolation  along  nearly  all  tlie  coasts  of  Europe 
for  more  than  a  hundred  years.  The  Normans,  at  lengtj),  founded  a  nev» 
kingdom  in  Italy,  and  a  new  duchy  in  France,  and  three  of  tlie  Danish  kinga 
became  successively  sovereigns  of  England. 

9.  The  Danes  and  Normans  were  the  last  of  the  barbarous  nations  of  the 
dark  ages.  At  the  period  when  their  depredations  ceased,  the  various  little 
States  which  rose  on  the  ruins  of  the  Roman  empire,  had  gradually  merged 
into  a  few  great  monarchies,  wliich,  in  the  general  outline,  have  continued 
to  the  present  day. 

10.  The  feudal  system  was  now  gradually  introduced  over  the  greater 
part  of  Europe.  The  king,  being  regarded  as  the  owner  of  the  territory  he 
governed,  divided  the  lands  amongst  his  lords  and  barons ;  the  latter,  pos- 
sessing almost  despotic  sway  within  their  own  limits,  reduced  the  people 
to  a  state  of  comparative  slavery  or  vassalage,  waged  numerous  private  wars 
against  each  other,  and  practised  various  robberies  and  extortions. 

11.  During  this  turbulent  period,  all  refined  arts  and  pursuits  languished, 
and  ignorance  was  general ;  men  of  the  highest  rank  were  unable  to  read 
or  write,  and  the  limited  degree  of  knowledge  then  existing  was  confined  to 
the  monasteries,  and  known  only  to  their  inmates,  the  monks  and  the  clergy. 

12.  The  institution  of  chivalry,  which  arose  during  the  feudal  ages,  by 
introducing  a  higher  sense  of  honour  and  a  refinement  of  manners  before 
unknown,  operated  favourably  upon  tlie  world.  The  Crusades,  also,  those 
moraorable  expeditions  to  the  East,  undertaken  for  the  conquest  of  the  Holy 
Land,  though  accompanied  with  much  extravagance  of  conduct  and  loss  of 
life,  tended,  on  the  whole,  to  the  improvement  of  European  society. 

13.  In  later  ages  a  succession  of  remarkable  events,  the  overthrow  of  the 
feudal  power,  the  revival  of  learning,  and  the  invention  of  printing,  have 
produced  wonderful  improvements  among  all  tlie  nations  of  Europe ;  their 
intercourse  with  each  other  is  much  more  liberal  and  enlightened;  the 
ferocity  of  war  has  been  diminished  ;  the  arts  and  sciences  generally  carried 
nearer  to  perfection,  and  the  great  mass  of  the  people  placed  in  a  position 
far  above  what  the  same  class  occupied  in  ancient  times. 

Map  No.  12. — Which  three  nations  were  Asiatic  ?  Which  were  Scandi. 
navian  ?  German  ?  What  nations  crossed  the  sea  to  Britain  ?  What 
nation  to  France  ?  The  Mediterranean  ?  Wliat  nations  crossed  tlie  Baltic  ? 
The  Straits  of  Gibraltar  ?  What  three  nations  formed  a  union  in  Germany  ? 
Where  did  they  separate  ?  What  nation  came  from  beyond  the  river  RhaT 
Beyond  the  Tanais  ?  The  Nile  ?  What  seven  kingdoms  did  the  Angles 
and  Stiuua  louna  m  Britain  ?     N.  M.  E.-A.  E.  S.  K.  W. 


they  driven  from  Spain  ?  8.  What  is  said  of  the  Danes  and  Normans  ?  When 
did  they  begin  their  incursions,  &c.  ?  9.  Wiiat  were  tlie  Normans,  &c,  7 
Wliat  was  the  state  of  things  in  Europe  when  their  depredations  ceased  ? 
10.  What  is  said  of  the  feudal  system?  The  king  ?  The  lords,  &.c.  ?  Con- 
dition  of  the  people  ?  11.  Describe  that  period.  Men  c  frank.  The  degree  of 
knowledge  tlicn  existing,  &c.  12.  What  is  said  of  chivalry  and  its  effects  ? 
Tlic  Crusades?  Their  tendency  ?  13.  What  occurred  in  later  ages  ?  What 
did  these  events  produce,  &c.  ? 


SACEED  GEOGllAPHY. 


INTRODUCTION. 

1.  Sacred  Geography  is  a  description  of  those  parts  of  the 
earth  that  are  mentioned  in  the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New  Tes- 
tament. It  refers  more  particularly  to  Palestine  or  the  Holy  Land, 
and  may  be  said  to  commence  with  the  creation  of  the  world. 

2.  Like  all  the  nations  of  antiquity,  the  Israehtes  conceived  the 
surface  of  the  earth  to  be  an  extensive  plain,  "  over  which  ths 
heavens  were  spread  Hke  a  curtain  ;"  beneath  was  supposed  to  be 
a  deep  pit,  "  the  abode  of  darkness  and  of  the  shadow  of  death." 

3.  The  Greeks,  PhcEni'cians  and  ou'ier  early  nations,  regarded  the  earth 
as  comprising  one  great  island,  surrounded  on  every  side  by  the  ocean ;  but 
nothing  is  known  as  to  the  views  of  the  Hebrews  on  that  point.  To  the 
west,  the  remotest  object  for  them  was  the  sea,  with  its  isles  afar  off;  but 
to  the  east,  wiiere  land  was  seen  indefinitely  extending,  they  formed  the  idea 
of  an  inland  termination  of  the  earth,  without  being  able  to  attach  to  it  any 
precise  limits. 

4.  The  great  divisions,  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa,  are  not  mei>- 
tioned  in  the  Bible.  Asia  is  spoken  of  in  the  New  Testament,  but 
IS  believed  to  refer  to  the  Roman  proconsulship  or  province  of 
Asia,  which  occupied  the  western  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

5.  Several  parts  of  Europe  are  named  in  Scripture,  but,  except  as  con- 
nected with  the  illustration  of  the  travels  of  the  apostle  Paul,  that  part  of 
the  world  has  scarcely  any  connection  with  sacred  geography.  Egypt, 
xEtliio'pia,  and  other  African  countries  are  spoken  of  in  the  Old  Testament, 
and  Lib'ya  or  Cyre'ne  in  the  New,  but  no  general  name  for  Africa  seems  to 
have  been  known. 

6.  Being  ignorant  of  the  great  oceans,  the  Israelites  regarded  the  Medw 
tcrra'nean  as  the  largest  collection  of  water  existing,  and  hence  called  it  the 
Sea  or  Great  Sea.  The  other  seas  known  to  them  were  the  Red  Sea,  the 
Dead  or  Salt  Sea,  and  the  Sea  of  Galilee.  The  two  last,  though  called  seas, 
n  Scripture,  are  properly  lakes. 

7.  The  Euphra'tes  and  Hid'dckel,  both  mentioned  in  the  description  of  tlie 

Q.  1.  What  is  sacred  geography  ?  To  what  does  it  refer,  &c.  ?  2.  What 
did  the  Israelites  conceive  ?  Wliat  was  supposed  to  be  beneath  the  earth  ? 
3.  How  did  the  Greeks  and  otliers  regard  the  earth?  What  were  the 
opinions  of  the  Hebrews  with  respect  to  the  west?  The  east?  4.  What  is 
said  of  the  great  divisions?  Of  Asia?  5.  Of  Europe?  Egypt,  &Lr.1 
6.  How  did   the  Israelites  regard  the  Mediterranean  7     What  other  seas 

(147) 


148  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

garden  of  Eden,  Gen.  ii.  14,  are  the  only  large  rivers  expressly  named  m 
the  Bible  that  are  now  known.  Tlie  first,  which  still  bears,  with  us,  the  same 
name,  the  Hebrews  called,  by  way  of  eminence,  "  the  Great  River,"  Deut. 
i.  7,  and  considered  it  to  be  one  of  the  grand  boundaries  of  the  earth.  The 
Hid'dekel  is  now  called  the  Tigris.  The  Nile  is  not  positively  mentioned, 
but  ip  alluded  to,  in  Scripture,  as  "the  river,"  Gen.  xli.  1.  The  Gihon  and 
Pison,  rivers  of  Eden,  are  unknown ;  some  authors  suppose  the  first  to  ho 
the  Araxes,  and  the  other,  the  Phasis  of  classical  geography. 

8.  The  nations  residing  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  children  of  Is 
fael  were  the  Philis' tines,  the  people  of  Tyre  and  Sidon,  and  southern  Syria 
the  Am'monites,  the  Mo'abites,  the  E'domitcs,  the  Amal'ekites  and  the  Mid', 
ianites ;  farther  distant  were  Egypt,  the  districts  of  Central  and  Southern 
Arabia,  and  Northern  Syria ;  still  more  remote  were  the  Assyr'ians,  the 
Babylo'nians  or  Chalde'ans,  the  E'lamites  or  Persians,  the  Medes,  and  the 
iEthio'pians.  Tar'shish,  O'phir,  and  the  Isles,  Gog,  Magog  and  the  North, 
are  al^  alluded  to  by  the  Hebrew  writers,  as  placed  at  the  farthest  limits 
of  their  knowledge.  India  was  not  known  to  the  Israelites  until  the  time 
of  the  Babylonish  captivity. 

9.  The  only  credible  account  which  we  have  of  the  origin  of 
the  world  is  contained  in  the  Bible ;  there  we  are  informed,  that 
when  the  Lord  God  had  created  man,  he  placed  him  in  the  garden 
which  he  had  planted  eastward  in  Eden,  to  dress  it  and  to  keep 
it :  this  garden  was  also  called  Paradise,  and  here  our  first  parents 
lived  in  a  state  of  happy  innocence,  until  they  were  driven  from  it 
for  disobeying  the  commands  of  their  Creator. 

10.  The  situation  of  the  garden  of  Eden  is  unknown,  and  various  opinions 
are  held  respecting  it ;  some  believe  that  it  was  in  that  part  of  Asia  in  which 
tlie  Euphra'tes,  the  Tigris,  and  several  other  rivers  take  their  rise  ;  some 
near  the  confluence  of  those  streams  ;  and  some  still  flirther  eastward.  The 
Hindoos  say  that  the  spot  that  was  occupied  by  the  garden  of  Eden  is  now 
the  delightful  valley  of  Cashmere. 

11.  The  first  occupations  in  which  men  engaged  were  husbandry  and 
pasturage.  Cain  was  a  tiller  of  the  ground,  and  Abel  a  keeper  of  sheep. 
Subsequently,  music  and  the  working  of  metals  were  discovered  ;  and,  doubt- 
less, all  the  common  mechanic  arts  were  practised.  The  Land  of  Nod  (Gen.  iv- 
16),  to  which  Cain  retired  after  the  death  of  Abel,  was  on  the  east  of  Eden, 
hern  he  founded  the  first  recorded  city,  and  named  it  Enoch,  after  his  first- 
born eon.  Here,  also,  he  became  the  progenitor  of  a  reprobate  race,  called, 
to  distinguish  them  from  the  rest  of  mankind,  the  Children  of  Men. 

were  known  to  them  ?  7.  What  is  said  of  the  Euphrates  and  Hiddekel  ?  "What 
did  the  Hebrews  call  the  firvt  ?  What  is  said  of  the  latter  ?  The  Nile  ?  Tlia 
Gihon,  &o.  ?  8.  What  nations  resided  in  the  vicinity  of  the  children  of  Israel? 
Farther  distant?  Still  more  remote  ?  What  is  said  ofTarshish,  &,c.  ?  India  ? 
9.  What  is  said  of  the  origin  of  the  world  ?  Where  did  man  first  reside  ? 
For  what  purpose  was  he  placed  there  ?  What  was  the  garden  of  Eden 
also  called,  &c.  ?  10.  What  is  said  of  its  situ-ation  ?  What  opinions  are 
held  respecting  it?  11.  What  were  the  first  occupations  of  men  ?  Wha. 
was  Cain  ?  Abel  ?  What  was  invented  subsequently  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  land  of  Nod  ?  What  did  Cain  found  here  7  What  did  he  also  be 
come? 


SETTLEMENT    OF   THE   EARTH.  149 


SElTLExMENT  OF  THE  EARTH  AFTER  THE  FLOOD. 

1.  The  flood  or  universal  deluge,  which  occurred  1656  years 
after  the  creation,  or  2;J48  years  B.  C,  is  the  most  remarkable 
physical  event  that  has  occurred  within  the  knowledge  of  maru 
This  awful  catastrophe  covered  the  surface  of  the  whole  earth  with 
a  waste  of  waters,  rose  above  the  highest  mountains,  and  swept 
away  and  destroyed  every  living  creature  except  those  that  were 
saved  in  the  Ark. 

2.  It  is  believed,  by  some,  that  the  earth,  at  the  time  of  the  flood,  was  very 
populous ;  and  we  learn  from  tjie  sacred  records,  that  the  inhabitants  had 
become  so  wicked,  that  the  Almighty  determined  to  destroy  all  mankind, 
except  the  few  individuals  composing  the  family  of  righteous  Noah. 

3.  As  the  waters  of  the  flood  subsided,  the  Ark  rested  on  the  summit  of 
Mount  Ar'arat,  supposed  to  be  the  liigli  mountain  in  Arme'nia  that  has 
always  borne  tliat  name ;  but,  by  some,  it  is  imagined  to  have  been  an  ele 
vation  in  that  lofty  range  in  which  the  Indus,  the  Ganges,  and  other  gresrf 
rivers  have  tlieir  rise. 


p' ' 

,^,.^.,. 
',  >.-j 

M 

M 

ij^tHH 

«| 

^H^^^^B 

^ly^SSn 

m 

HH^Si 

4.  Noah  and  his  family  left  the  ark,  and  descended  into  tiie 
plains  at  the  base  of  the  mountain,  about  a  year  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  deluge.  Here  the  venerable  patriarch  buih  an 
altar,  ami  offered  up  sacrifices  unto  the  Most  High.  And  Goil 
blessed  Noah  and  his  sons,  and  made  a  covenant  with  them  that 
the  earth  should  never  again  be  destroyed  by  a  flood,  and  set  his 
bow  in  the  cloud  as  a  token  of  the  covenant.     (Gen.  ix.  13.) 

Q.  l.When  did  the  flood  occur?  What  is  said  of  it?  2.  What  is  be. 
lieved  by  some  ?  What  do  we  karn  from  sacred  record  ?  3.  What  is  said 
of  flic  ark?  Of  Mount  Ararat?  4.  When  did  Noah  and  his  family  IcaN-o 
the  ark?     What  then  did  ISwah  do?     What  did  God  make  with  Noah? 

la* 


150  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

5.  In  the  course  of  the  first  century  after  the  flood,  the  descendants  of 
Noah  had,  no  doubt,  wandered  to  a  considerable  distance  from  their  first 
settlement,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ar'arat,  At  this  time,  "  the  whole  earth  (or 
mankind)  was  of  one  language  and  of  one  speech,"  Gen.  xi.  1,  and  "as 
they  journeyed  from  the  east,  they  found  a  plain  in  the  land  of  Shi'nar ;  and 
they  dwelt  there." 

6.  And  they  said  one  to  another,  "  let  us  build  a  city,  and  a  tower  whose 
top  may  reach  unto  heaven ;  and  let  us  make  us  a  name,  lest  wc  be  scattered 
ebroad  upon  the  face  of  the  whole  earth."  But  their  projects  were,  doubtless, 
contrary  to  the  divine  will,  for  the  Lord  confounded  their  language,  so  that 
they  could  not  understand  one  another's  speech.  "  So  the  Lord  scattered 
them  abroad  from  thence  upon  tlie  face  of  all  the  earth :  and  they  lefi;  off  to 
build  the  city.     Therefore  is  the  name  of  it  called  Babel." 

7.  About  this  time  (2233  years  B.  C),  Nimrod,  the  grandson  of  Ham, 
"  began  to  be  a  mighty  one  in  the  earth,"  and  is  called  the  mighty  hunter 
before  the  Lord ;  Gen.  x.  8.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  tlie  first  warrior, 
and  probably  the  first  conqueror  who  substituted  the  monarchical  for  the 
patriarchal  form  of  government.  He  founded  the  kingdom  of  Babel  or 
Babylon.  Contemporary  with  him  were  Asshur,  who  established  the  Assyr'- 
ian,  and  Miz'raim,  the  second  son  of  Ham,  who  laid  the  foundations  of 
the  Egyptian  monarchy. 

8.  Noah,  the  second  father  of  mankind,  was  about  600  years 
old,  at  the  time  of  the  flood,  and  from  his  three  sons  the  whole  of 
the  human  race  are  descended.  Ja'pheth  Avas  the  eldest  son  ol 
Noah ;  Shem  the  second ;  and  Ham  the  youngest. 

9.  The  posterity  of  Ja'pheth  are  supposed  to  have  peopled  Europe  and  the 
northern  regions  of  Asia.  Gomer,  his  eldest  son,  is  thought  to  have  been 
the  ancestor  of  the  Celtic  nations  ;  Magog,  of  the  Scythians  ;  Javan  or  Ion, 
of  the  lonians  and  the  other  Greeks. 

10.  Elisha,  Tar'shish,  Kit'tim,and  Dod'anim  were  grandsons  of  Ja'pheth- 
By  these,  we  are  told,  that  the  isles  of  the  Gentiles  were  divided  or  settled. 
The  regions  alluded  to  were  doubtless  the  islands  of  the  Mediterra'nean  sea, 
as  well  as  the  almost  insular  regions  of  Spain,  Italy,  Greece,  and  perhaps 
Asia  Minor.  According  to  the  prediction  of  Noah,  God  has  enlarged  Ja'- 
pheth ;  his  descendants  have  for  ages  comprised,  and  do  now  comprise,  the 
most  powerful  nations  in  the  world,  and  his  posterity  exercises  dominion 
over  more  than  one-half  the  globe. 

11.  To  Shem  and  his  sons,  it  is  probable,  that  the  nations  of  the  central 
and  southern  parts  of  Asia  owe  tlieir  origin.  E'lam  was  tlie  ancestor  of  the 
E'lamites  or  Persians;  Lud,  of  the  Lyd'ians ;  and  Aram,  of  the  Arame'ans 
or  Syrians.  From  Arphax'ad,  wlio  settled  in  Mesopota'mia,  the  Hebrews 
and  Arabians  derived  their  descent  through  Abraham.     The  early  posterity 

5.  What  probably  occurred  during  the  first  century  aft;er  the  flood  ?  What 
was  tne  state  of  the  earth  at  this  time,  &c.  ?  6.  What  did  they  say  one  to 
another  ?  What  is  said  of  their  projects  ?  What  was  the  result  ?  7.  What 
is  said  of  Nimrod  ?  How  many  years  is  it  since  he  lived  ?  Who  were 
contemporary  with  him  ?  8.  What  is  said  of  Noah  ?  Of  his  three  sons  7 
Which  was  the  oldest  son  ?  The  second  ?  The  youngest  ?  9.  What  is 
said  of  the  posterity  of  Japhcth  ?  Who  was  the  ancestor  of  the  Celtic 
nations?  Of  the  Scythians  ?  The  Greeks?  10.  Who  were  grandsons  of 
Japheth?  .  What  regions  did  they  settle  ?  What  is  said  of  the  predictinna 
of  Noali,  &,cl     11.  What  is  said  of  Shem  and  his  sons  ?     Wli-il  did  liic 


OKIGIN    OF    THE    ISU  A  ELITES.  151 

m  Slicin  seem  generally  to  have  fldoptcd  a  pastoral  life ;  and,  in  a  portion 
of  liis  family,  the  true  worshi])  of  God  was  preserved  for  many  ages,  wliilo 
all  the  rest  of  mankind  were  sunk  in  heathen  idolatry. 

12.  The  descendants  of  Ham  comprised  some  of  the  earliest  civilized 
nations  of  the  world  ;  Egypt,  liib'ya,  /Ethio'pia,  Ca'naan,  Phoenicia,  and  Iho 
soutiiern  and  eastern  parts  of  Araliia  were  peopled  by  them.  Babel  or 
Babylon  was  also  founded  by  Nimrod,  the  grandson  of  Ham.  All  t!ie 
nations  of  this  family  were,  at  an  early  period,  noted  for  their  wickedncsa 
and  devotion  to  idolatry,  and  have  generally  sustained  greater  polilieal 
changes  than  those  descended  from  the  other  sons  of  Noah. 

Map  No.  6.  —  Point  out  Mount  Ararat.  Shinar.  Assyria.  Babylonia  or 
Chaldea.  (This  country  was  called,  at  first.  Babel.)  Egyj)t  or  Mizraim. 
Tiicsc  countries  were  the  first,  of  which  we  have  any  account,  that  were 
settled  by  tiie  descendants  of  Noah.  Babel  or  Bab3'lon,  Ereeh,  Accad  and 
Calneh,  built  by  Nimrod  ;  and  Nineveh,  Rehoboth,  Calah,  and  Rcsen,  built 
by  Assliur;  were  the  first  cities  that  were  founded  after  the  flood. 


ORIGIN   OF   THE   ISRAELITES,   ETC. 

1.  The  Hebrews,  Israelites  or  Jews  are  the  descendants  of  the 
patriarchs  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob  :  they  were  called  Hebrews 
from  Eber  or  Heber,*  the  great  grandson  of  Shem,  from  whom 
Abraham  was  descended ;  afterwards  they  obtained  the  name  of 
Israehtes,  from  Jacob  or  Israel.  On  their  return  from  Babylonish 
captivity  the  term  Jews,  from  Judah,  Avas  adopted,  and  has  been  in 
use  until  the  present  time. 

2.  This  remarkable  race  was  selected  by  God  himself,  almost  4000  years 
ago,  as  a  chosen  people,  who  might  preserve  his  worship  undefiled  by  the 
idolatry  of  the  surrounding  nations,  and  transmit  his  ordinances  to  tiicir 
posterity ;  but,  in  consequence  of  their  sins,  they  were  long  since  driven 
from  their  own  land,  and  dispersed  amongst  all  tiic  nations  of  the  earth. 

3.  Abram  or  Abraliam,  the  ancestor  of  the  Hebrews  and  tlie 
Arabians,  was  born  at  Ur  of  the  Chaldees,  a  town  in  Pa'dan  A'ran-> 
or  Mesopota'mia,  about  2000  years  B.  C,  and  was  descended,  in 
the  eighth  generation,  from  Shem,  the  second  son  of  Noah. 

4.  Though  he  lived  amongst  an  idolatrous  people,  he  carefully  rcfiamed 
from  joining  in  their  worship,  and  was  a  bright  example  of  faith  and  piety, 

CHrly  posterity  of  Shem  adopt  ?     12.  What  did  the   descendants  of  Ham 
comprise,  &c.  ?     What  were  the  nations  of  this  family  noted  for  ? 

Q.  1.  From  whom  are  the  Hebrews  descended  ?  From  whom  were  they 
called  ?  What  is  said  of  their  other  names  ?  2.  On  what  account  was  this 
remarkable  race  selected  ?  What  took  place  in  consequence  of  their  sins  ? 
3.  What  is  said  of  Abram  ?     4.  What  is  said  of  his  conduct  ?     Of  his  obo- 


*  Soice  suppow  that  the  Hebrews  received  Ihoir  name  bocaasa  they  canio  from  bcyoud  tbe 
<ver  (Lliiphral  m)  :  the  word  Hebrew  siguilies  to  pusa  o\bt 


152 


SACIIED    GEOGRAPHY. 


In  obccicnce  to  the  command  of  God,  he  left  Haran,  wliere  he  resided  with 
Terali,  his  father,  and  removed  to  Canaan,  that  he  might  behold  a  couutiy 
that  his  descendants  should  inherit  after  him.  (Gen.  xii.)  This  emigratioii 
is  known  as  the  "  Call  of  Abraham ;"  it  took  place  when  he  was  about 
Beventy-five  years  of  age,  and  in  the  year  1921  B.  C. 

5.  Abraham  resided  in  several  parts  of  Canaan,  but  chiefly  in  the  South, 
near  to  Hebron,  and  also  at  Gerar  and  Beer'sheba.  Here  he  became  rich  in 
gold,  silver,  and  cattle,  and  had  a  numerous  household.  He  had  at  tiiis 
time  two  sons,  Ishmael,  the  progenitor  of  the  Arabians,  and  Isaac,  his  jieir. 
The  latter,  at  the  divine  command,  he  took  to  the  top  of  Mount  Moriah*  lor 
the  purpose  of  offering  him  up  in  sacrifice ;  but  God,  having  tried  the  faith 
and  obedience  of  Abraham,  provided  a  victim  in  place  of  the  pious  youth. 
(Gen.  xxii.) 


Abraham  and  Isaac  on  Mount  Moriah. 

6.  The  venerable  patriarch  died  at  the  age  of  175  years,  and  was  buried 
with  his  wife  Sarah,  in  the  cave  of  Machpe'Iah,  near  Hebron,  by  his  sons 
Isaac  and  IsJmiael ;  the  former  resembled  his  father  in  his  faith  and  steadfast 
obedience  to  the  will  of  God,  and  resided  in  the  same  part  of  Canaan.  His 
son  Esau  was  the  ancestor  of  the  E'domites,  while  Jacob,  whose  name  was 
afterwards  changed  to  Israel,  was  the  father  of  twelve  sons,  from  whom  the 
twelve  tribes  of  Israel  descended. 

7.  The  sale  of  Joseph,  the  beloved  son  of  Israel,  as  a  slave,  by  his  en. 
vious  brethren,  to  the  Ishmaclites,  and  his  providential  elevation,  by  which 
iie  became  "  ruler  over  all  the  land  of  Egypt,"  led  to  the  removal  of  his 
father,  then  130  years  old,  with  his  family,  into  that  country,  to  escape  the 
jjfrievous  famine  that  prevailed  about  the  year  1706  B.  C,  in  the  land  of 
Canaan.  Here  they  settled,  in  the  land  of  Goshen,  a  rich  pastoral  district 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Nile. 


dicnce  to  the  command  of  God  ?  When  did  his  emigration  occur  ?  How 
old  was  Abraham  at  this  time  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  his  residence  in  Canaan  ? 
Of  his  sons  ?  Wliat  occurred  to  Isaac?  6.  AVhat  is  said  of  the  age  and  death 
of  Abraham  ?  Where  was  he  buried  ?  What  is  said  of  Esau  ?  Jacob  ? 
7.  What  is  said  of  Joseph?  To  what  did  his  elevation  in  Egypt  lead? 
Where  did  the  Israelites  settle  ?     8.  What  were  the  Egyptians  ?     What  is 


»  Mount  Moriah  is  supposed  to  have  been  tlie  hill  on  which  Solomon  afterwards  built  the 
Uv.iiple  at  JnruBalem. 


EGYPT    AND    ARABIA    PETR^A.  153 

S.  Tlie  Egyptians  were  a  grossly  idolatrous  people ;  yet  the  descendants 
of  Jacob,  though  living  amongst  tlicin,  preserved  the  worship  and  knowledge 
of  the  true  God,  and  grew  and  multiplied  greatly.  In  process  of  time,  a 
new  king  arose,  who  knew  not  Jose[)li,  who  had  no  regard  for  his  services, 
and  no  rcsjrcct  for  his  kindred  ;  lie  therefore  reduced  the  Israelites  to  clavcry, 
and  employed  them  in  making  brick  and  in  building  cities. 

9.  At  length  Moses,  tiie  adopted  son  of  Pliaraoh's  daughter,  was  raised 
up  by  God  to  deliver  the  Israelites  I'rom  their  cruel  bondage,  and  to  lead 
tlicm  back  to  Canaan,  the  land  promised  to  Abraham  as  their  inheritance. 
Aflcr  many  wonderful  miracles  had  been  wrought  by  Pdoses,  they  were 
finally  delivered  from  slavery,  and  left  the  land  of  Egypt. 

10.  The  countiy  lying  eastward  of  Lower  Egypt,  and  extending 
from  the  Red  Sea  to  the  land  of  Canaan,  is  the  region  in  which  the 
children  of  Israel  resided  for  forty  years,  after  their  dej^arture  from 
Egypt.  It  forms  a  part  of  Arabia  Petrcea,  and  was  the  scene  of 
many  noted  miracles  and  events,  which,  notwithstanding  the  ' 
of  ages,  continue  to  excite  the  attention  of  all  civilized  nations. 

11.  It  is  a  dry,  sterile  region,  composed  of  sandy  deserts,  rocky  valleys, 
and  rugged  mountains,  and  is  almost  destitute  of  water.  The  desert  or 
wilderness  of  Faran  comprises  a  large  portion  of  it,  of  which  the  section  that 
lies  between  the  eastern  and  western  gulfs  of  the  Red  Sea  is  usually  called 
the  Isthmus  of  Mount  Sinai. 

12.  The  principal  mountains  are  Mount  Sinai,  Mount  Horeb,  Mount  Hor, 
and  Mount  Seir.  Horeb  is  one  of  the  peaks  of  Sinai.  On  Mount  Hor, 
Aaron,  the  brother  of  Moses,  was  buried.  IMount  Seir  or  Edom  was  the  resi- 
dence of  the  children  of  Esau  ;  westward  of  the  latter  dwelt  the  Amalekitcs, 
who  fought  against  the  children  of  Israel  duringthe  early  part  of  their  journey. 

13.  Mount  Sinai  consists  of  two  peaks ;  the  most  eastern  is  about  COOO 
feet  high,  and  bears  the  name  of  Sinai;  the  other  is  Mount  Horeb:  the 
former,  in  ancient  times,  was  ofien  called  the  Mount  of  God ;  at  present  the 
Arabs  call  it  Jebel  Moosa,  the  Mountain  of  Moses.  There  has  been,  for  a 
long  time,  a  Christian  monastery  on  Mount  Sinai,  which,  for  fear  of  the 
Arabs,  is  entered  by  a  door  that  is  placed  at  a  distance  of  thirty  feet  from 
the  ground.  Visitors,  provisions,  &c.  are  drawn  up  in  a  basket  attached  to 
a  strong  rope.     The  convent  is  inhabited  by  about  thirty  monks. 

Map  No.  6. — Point  out  Padan  Aram.  Ur.  Haran.  Canaan.  —  Map  No, 
8. — Point  out  Shcehem  or  Sichcm.  Reth-el.  Ai  or  Ilai.  Hebron.  Becr- 
eheba.  Gerar.  These  are  the  places  mentioned  in  Scripture  at  which 
Abraham  resided  in  the  land  of  Canaan.  Where  is  the  Cave  of  Machpc- 
Idh  ? — Map  No.  7. — Point  out  Egypt.  'J'he  Red  Sea.  The  peninsula  formed 
by  its  two  gulfs.  Point  out  Mount  Sinai.  Mount  Horeb.  Mount  Hor. 
Mount  Seir.     The  wilderness  or  Desert  of  Paran. 

oaid  of  the  descendants  of  Jacob  ?  What  took  place  in  process  of  time  ?  To 
what  did  he  reduce  the  Israelites  ?  How  were  they  employed  ?  !).  What 
is  said  of  3Ioses  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  miracles  wrought  bv  Closes  7 
JO.  What  is  said  of  the  country  east  of  Egypt  ?  Of  what  was  it  the  scene, 
&c.  ?  11.  Describe  this  region.  AVhat  does  the  Desert  of  Paran  comprise  ? 
]2.  Which  are  the  principal  mountains  ?  What  is  said  of  Mount  Horeb? 
Mount  Hor?  Mount  Seir?  13.  Describe  Mount  Sinai,  &c.  What  was 
it  called  in  ancient  times  ?  What  is  its  present  name  ?  What  has  been 
for  a  long  period  on  Mount  Sinai  ?     What  is  said  of  it  ?     Visitors,  doc.  ? 


i54  SACKED   GEOGRAPHY. 


TOURNEYINGS   OF  THE  ISRAELITES   THROUGH 
THE  WILDERNESS. 

1.  The  Children  of  Israel  left  the  land  of  Egj'pt  in  the  year 
1191  B.  C,  after  a  sojourn  of  215  years ;  reckoning  from  the 
time  that  Jacob  and  his  family  first  took  up  their  residence  there. 
In  that  period  they  had  increased,  from  a  family  of  70  persons,  to 
upwards  of  600,000  men,  with  their  wives  and  children. 

2.  In  order  to  prove  his  people,  the  Lord  did  not  lead  them 
immediately  to  the  promised  land,  hut  directed  their  march  into 
the  wilderness  or  desert ;  and,  during  their  wanderings,  they  dwelt 
in  tents,  in  which  the  tribes  were  arranged  in  the  manner  shown 
in  the  engraved  plan  of  the  encampment.     (See  Map  No.  7.) 

3.  Departing  from  Ram'cses,  a  city  in  the  land  of  Goshen,  in  Egypt,  they 
journeyed  to  Suc'coth,  and  ihence  to  E'tham,  where  the  pillar  of  a  cloud  by 
day,  and  the  pillar  of  fire  by  night,  first  appeared  to  direct  their  march. 
Passing  onwards  to  Pi-hahi'roth,  they  arrived  on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea, 
opposite  to  Baal-ze'phon, 

4.  There  its  waters  were  miraculously  divided,  and  the  Israelites  marched 
across  as  on  dry  land ;  but  the  king  of  Egypt  and  his  army,  who  pursued 
them,  in  attempting  to  follow,  were  overwhelmed  by  the  waters  of  the  sea, 
and  were  all  drowned.     (Exod.  xiv.  27.) 

5.  At  Ma'rah,  the  first  encampment  east  of  the  Red  Sea,  the  waters  that 
were  bitter  were  made  sweet.  Proceeding  to  E'lini,  tlie  Israelites  found 
twelve  wells  of  water  and  seventy  palm  trees.-  They  next  pitched  their  tents 
by  the  sea-shore,  and  thence  journeyed  through  the  wilderness  of  Sin,  where, 
for  the  first  time,  they  were  supplied  with  quails  and  manna  ;  a  miracle 
that  was  continued,  without  intermission,  excejjt  on  tlie  Sabbath  days,  until 
they  entered  the  land  of  Ca'naan.     (Exod.  xvi.  13,  14.) 

6.  From  the  Desert  of  Sin,  passing  by  Doph'lvah  and  A'lush,  they  reached 
Reph'idim,  where  there  was  no  water,  at  which  the  people  murmured ;  but 
Moses,  being  directed  by  the  Almighty,  obtained  a  miraculous  supply  by 
striking  tlie  rock,  in  Ho'reb,  with  his  rod  ;  tlie  place  was  hence  called  Mas', 
sah  and  Mcr'ibali.  Here  the  Amal'ckites  attacked  the  Israelites,  but  tliey 
were  defeated  by  Joslma  with  the  chosen  men  of  the  host.     (Exod.  xvii.) 

7.  In  the  vicinity  was  Mount  Si'nai,  on  the  summit  of  which  the  law, 
containing  the  Ten  Commandments,  was  given  by  God  himself,  to  Moses, 
amid  the  thunderings  and  lightnings  and  quaking  of  the  Mount.     Hera 

Q.  1.  When  did  the  Israelites  leave  Egypt?  How  many  years  since  that 
period?  What  is  said  of  their  sojourn?  Increase?  2.  What  did  the  Lord 
do  to  prove  his  people  ?  How  did  they  dwell  in  their  wanderings  ?  3.  From 
what  city  did  Ihcy  take  tlicir  departure,  &c.  ?  What  first  appeared  at 
Elham  ?  Where  did  they  cross  the  Red  Sea  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  that 
event  ?  Of  the  king  of  Egy[)t,  &c.  ?  5.  What  was  done  at  Marah  ? 
What  is  said  of  Elim  ?  WJiat  took  place  in  the  wilderness  of  Sin  ?  6.  At 
Rephidira  ?     Ilorcb  ?     7.  What  occurred  at  Mount  Sinai  ?     What  did 


JOURNEYINGS  IN  THE   WILDERNESS.       155 

Aaron,  while  ]\Ioscs  was  absent  on  the  mount,  made  the  golden  calf,  here, 
slso,  the  tabernacle  was  first  set  up;  and  here  Moses  was  visited  by  his 
fether-in-law,  Jtth'ro.     (Exod.  xviii.  and  xix.) 


Moses  on  Mount  Sinai  with  the  Tables  of  the  Law. 


8.  From  Mount  Si'nai  the  Israelites  proceeded  northward,  towards  Ca' 
naan.  Passing  by  Tab'craii,  Kib'roth-hatta'avah,  Haze'roth  and  Ritli'mah, 
they  arrived  at  Ka'desli-Bar'nca.  From  hence  Moses  sent  out  spies  to  view 
the  land  of  Ca'naan,  who,  on  their  return,  reported  the  inhabitants  to  be  war- 
like and  powerful.  The  Israelites,  terrified  at  this  account,  murmured 
against  ^Ioscs ;  it  was,  in  consequence,  decreed  by  God  that  all  who  were 
then  twenty  years  old  and  upwards  should  die  in  the  wilderness,  except 
Caleb  and  Joshua.     (Num.  xiv.) 

9.  After  a  long  sojourn  at  Ka'dcsh-Bar'nea,  during  which  the  rebellion  of 
Ko'rah,  Da'than,  and  Abi'ram  took  place,  the  host  of  Israel  proceeded  to 
Rim'mon-parcz,  and  thence,  in  succession,  to  Lib'nah,  Ris'sah,  Keherathah, 
Mount  Shaph'er,  Ilar'adah,  Makhe'loth,  Ta'hath,  Ta'rah,  and  various  other 
places,  to  E'zion-ga'ber,  at  tlic  head  of  the  eastern  gulf  of  the  Red  Sea. 
From  this  station  they  marched  through  the  wilderness  of  Zm  to  Ka'desh- 
Mer'ibah,  where  Mir'iam,  the  proplietess  and  sister  of  Aaron,  died.  Here 
Moses  again  obtained  water  for  the  people,  as  at  lio'reb,  by  striking  a  rock. 

10.  Proceeding  to  Mount  Hor,  Aaron  also  died,  and  was  buried  at  Mo- 
se'ra,  on  the  summit  of  the  mount,  in  the  fortieth  year  after  the  departure 
from  Egypt.  Journeying  from  Mount  Ilor  to  Zalmo'nah,  the  Israelites  were 
plagued  by  fiery  serpents,  and  many  died  of  their  bites  ;  the  rest  were  cured 
by  looking  on  a  brazen  serpent,  which  Moses  was  directed  to  set  up. 
(Numb,  xxi.) 

1 1.  From  Zalmo'nah  they  marched  by  Pu'non,  O'both,  Ijc-ab'arim,  Di'bon. 
gad  and  Al'mon-diblatha'im  to  Ja'huz,  where  Si'hon,  king  of  the  Air  oritea, 
opposed  their  progress ;  but  his  army  was  totally  routed,  as  was  also  that  of 
the  giant  Og,  king  of  Ba'shan,  who  was  defeated  at  Ed'rei. 


Aaron  do?  By  whom  was  Moses  visited  here?  8.  What  took  place  at 
Kadcsh-Barnea  ?  What  did  the  spies  report?  What  was  the  result? 
9.  Who  rebelled  at  Kadesh-Barnea,  &c.  ?  Where  did  Miriam  die?  Wliat 
did  Moses  do  at  Kadcsh-IMeribah  ?  10.  Who  died  at  Mount  Ilcir  ?  Where 
was  he  buried?  What  occurred  at  Zalmonah,  &c.  ?  II.  What  king  was 
routed  at  Jahaz?    At  Edrei  ?     12.  What  did  Moses  after  that?     Where 


156  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

12.  While  the  Israelites  remained  on  the  east  side  of  Jordan,  Mose# 
having  taken  a  solemn  larewell  of  the  people,  and  chosen  Joshua  to  be  their 
leader,  went  up  to  the  top  of  Pisgah  to  view  the  land  promised  to  Abraham, 
[saac.and  Jacob,  and  there,  at  tlic  age  of  120  years,  ho  died.  (Deut.  xxxiv.) 
Moses  was  the  most  renowned  of  lawgivers  and  prophets,  and  the  most 
liighly  favoured  among  the  sons  of  men,  in  his  intercourse  with  the  Deity, 
whom  he  knew  face  to  face. 

13.  In  the  year  1451  B.  C,  forty  years  after  the  departure  from  Egypt, 
tise  Israelites  crossed  the  Jordan  on  dry  land  ;  its  rapid  waters  being  divided 
for  Uieir  passage.  (Josh,  iii.)  This  event,  with  the  miraculous  capture  of 
Jericho,  filled  the  Canaanitcs  with  terror  and  dismay ;  yet  it  was  not  until 
after  a  contest  of  six  years'  duration  that  they  were  finally  subdued. 

Map  No.  7.— Where  is  Egypt?  The  land  of  Goshen?  Rameses  ?  Point 
out  the  track  of  the  children  of  Israel  to  the  Red  Sea.  To  Mount  Sinai  ? 
To  Kadesh-Barnea.  Ezion-gaber.  Kadesh-Meribah.  Mount  Hor.  Zal- 
monah.  Jordan  river.  Jericho.  Where  is  Canaan  ?  Edom  ?  Amalek? 
Moab  ?  Amnion  ?  The  kingdom  of  Sihon  ?  Of  Og  ?  See  engraved 
plan,  "Form  of  the  camp  of  the  Israelites."  What  occupied  the  centre  of 
the  camp  ?  What  was  in  the  court  ?  What  tribes  lay  on  the  east  side  of 
the  camp  ?  West  ?  North  ?  South  ?  Where  were  the  tents  of  Moses  and 
Aaron  ?  Of  the  Gershonites  ?  Koliathites  and  Merarites  ?  The  three 
last  named  were  families  of  the  Levites  or  priests  appointed  to  perforin  tlie 
service  of  the  tabernacle. 


THE   LAND   OF   CA'NAAN,   ETC. 

1.  The  region  which  the  Israehtes  conquered  under  the  com- 
mand of  Joshua  was  called,  at  first,  the  Land  of  Ca'naan,  from  the 
son  of  Ham,  whose  posterity  settled  in  it  at  an  early  period.  (Gen, 
X.  6.)  It  was  afterwards  called  the  Promised  Land,  because  it 
was  promised  to  Abraham  and  his  posterity  (Gen.  xvii.  8) ;  and 
the  Land  of  the  Hebrews,  from  Eber,  the  ancestor  of  Abraham 
(Gen.  xL  15.) 

2.  Other  names  applied  to  it  were  the  Land  of  Israel,  from  Ja- 
cob or  Israel  (1  Sam.  xiii.  19) ;  the  Holy  Land,  from  being  the 
land  of  God's  chosen  people  (Zech.  ii.  12) ;  the  Land  of  Judah  or 
Judea,  from  the  tribe  of  Judah  (Is.  xix.  17)  ;  the  Lord's  Land  (lies. 
ix.  3) ;  and  the  Land  of  Palestina  or  Palestine*  (Is.  xiv.  29). 


did  he  die?     How  old  was  he?     What  is  said  of  him  ?     13.  What  took 

place  forty  years  after  the  departure  from  Egypt  ?  What  is  said  of  this  event? 

Q.  1.  What  is   said  of  the  region  conquered  by  the  Israelites?     What 

was   it   afterwards   called?      2.    What   other  names  were    applied  to  it? 

•  Palestine  was  oriRinally  the  Greek  name  for  the  Land  of  the  Philistines,  a  amall  country  in 
the  southwest  part  of  iho  Land  of  Israel ;  it  is  now  more  generally  used  than  any  other,  exoep«, 
perhaps,  the  term  Holy  Land. 


TtiE    LAND   OF    CANAAN,    ETC.  157 

3.  The  first  known  inhabitants  were  the  Avim,  llic  Horitcs  or  dwellers  in 
Cttves,  the  Rcph'aim  or  giants,  tlio  An'akiins  or  sons  of  Anak,  and  somo 
others.  All  these  nations  were  eitlier  driven  out  of  the  country  by,  or  be- 
came embodied  witli,  the  Ca'naanitcs.  The  latter  founded  a  number  of  little 
republics,  of  which  thirty-one  were  conquered  by  Joshua. 

4.  The  Ca'naanites  comprised  the  Sido'nians  or  Phffinic'ians,  the  Ilit'tites, 
Jeb'usites,  Am'oritcs,  Gir'gashitcs,  Hi'vitcs,  Ark'itcs,  Si'nites,  Ar'vadites, 
Zcm'aritcs  and  Ham'athites,  These  were  tlie  families  descended  from  tlia 
eleven  sons  of  Ca'naan.  The  first  six  tribes  occupied  what  was  afterwards 
tlie  land  of  Israel ;  the  remainder  resided  farther  nortli.  The  Pcr'izzites 
(wanderers)  are  supposed  to  have  settled  here  at  a  later  period  than  the 
Ca'naanitcs  :  they  were  also  conquered  by  Joshua  ;  but  a  remnant  of  them 
existed  until  the  reign  of  Solomon. 

5.  Before  the  time  of  Abraham,  many  of  the  Ca'naanites  worshipped  the 
true  God,  but  afterwards  they  all  became  gross  idolaters,  offered  human 
sacrifices  to  their  idols,  and  made  their  children  pass  through  the  fire  to 
Mo'loch.  Their  possessions  were  therefore  bestowed  on  the  Israelites,  in 
fulfilment  of  the  promise  made  to  Abraham  (Gen.  xii.  7),  and  also  because 
of  the  denunciation  uttered  against  Ca'naan  and  his  posterity.    (Gen.ix.  25.) 

6.  Besides  the  Ca'naanites,  there  were,  immediately  adjoining  the  Land  of 
Promise,  several  nations,  by  some  of  whom  the  Israelites  were,  at  times, 
greatly  oppressed.  These  were  the  Syr'ians,  the  Philis'tines,  the  Amal'e- 
kites,  the  E'domites,  the  Am'monites,  the  Mo'abites,  and  the  Mid'ianiles. 
These  nations  were  spared  from  extermination  in  order  to  prove  Israel,  but 
most  of  them  were  finally  subdued  by  David  and  Solomon.  The  Sido'nians 
were  never  conquered  by  the  Israelites,  and  the  Philis'tines,  though  fbr  a 
time  under  their  dominion,  continued  to  be  a  distinct  people  until  the  days 
of  Judas  Maccabje'us. 

7.  The  Israelites  took  possession  of  the  Land  of  Ca'naan  be- 
tween the  years  1451  and  1445  B.  C.  At  that  time  they  num- 
bered upwards  of  600,000  men  over  twenty  years  of  age  (Numb, 
xxvi),  besides  Le'vites  ;  from  which  data  it  is  certain  that  the  entire 
population  was  not  less  than  two  and  a  half  millions.  When  Jo'ab 
numbered  the  people,  by  David's  command,  there  were  in  Israel 
800,000  warriors,  and  500,000  in  Judah  (2  Sam.  xxiv.  0),  besides 
tributaries  and  slaves ;  the  Hebrew  nation,  therefore,  at  that  time, 
must  have  amounted  to  near  six  milhon  souls. 

8.  The  tribes  of  Israel,  before  they  had  a  king,  formed  twelve  separat«3 
republics,  each  having  specific  bounds,  and  each  preserving  its  own  chiefs 
artd  elders.  The  worship  of  Jehovah,  however,  formed  a  common  bond  of 
union,  which  united  them  into  one  federal  State.  At  this  time  tlie  national 
affairs  were  administered  by  judges  specially  raised  up  by  the  Lord. 

3.  Who  were  the  first  known  inhabitants  ?  What  is  said  of  them  ?  4.  Wu  t 
did  the  Canaanitcs  comprise  ?  From  whom  were  they  descended  ?  Wliat 
is  said  of  tlie  first  six  tribes?  The  others  ?  The  Perizzitcs  ?  5.  What  is 
said  of  the  worship  of  the  Canaanitcs  before  the  time  of  Abraham  ?  After- 
wards? On  whom  were  their  possessions  bestowed?  G.  What  nations 
were  there  adjoining  the  land  of  Canaan  ?  What  is  said  of  them  ?  Of  the 
Sidonians  ?  The  Philistines  ?  7.  When  did  the  Israelites  take  possession 
of  the  land  of  Canaan?  What  were  their  numbers  at  that  time  ?  In  David  a 
time  ?  8.  What  did  the  tribes  of  Israel  form  before  they  bad  a  king  7 
14 


158  SACKED   GEOGRAPHY. 

9.  From  the  days  of  Joshua  to  those  of  Saul,  a  lapse  of  about  350  years, 
there  were  fourteen  judg-cs,  who  exereised  in  succession  the  office  of  chief 
magistrate.  This  period  lias  been  called  the  heroic  age  of  Israel ;  every  man 
did  what  seemed  good  in  his  own  eyes,  and  the  nation  acknowledged  no 
sovereign  but  Jehovah.  Personal  courage  and  military  talents  were  the 
qualities  then  most  esteemed  in  a  ruler,  and  the  judges  were  the  leaders  of 
armies,  rather  than  expounders  of  the  law. 

10.  Of  these  individuals  the  most  renowned  were  Oth'niel,  Gid'eon,  Jeph'« 
tliah,  Samson,  and  Samuel ;  the  first  delivered  his  country  from  the  bondage 
of  the  Mo'abites  ;  the  second,  from  that  of  the  Mid'ianites;  the  third,  of  the 
Am'monites,  and  the  last  two,  from  the  Philis'tines.  Samson  was  noted  for 
his  prodigious  strength;  nearly  all  his  recorded  feats  are  miraculous  and 
superhuman,  and  he  is  believed  to  be  the  original  of  the  Hercules  of  the 
Greeks  and  other  heathen  nations. 

1 1.  Samuel  was  the  last  of  the  judges,  and  was  also  a  prophet ;  he  puri- 
fied the  religious  worship,  reformed  the  manners  of  the  nation,  and  drove 
out  the  Philis'tines.  His  last  act  of  authority,  and  which  he  performed  with 
reluctance,  but  at  the  earnest  wish  of  the  people,  was  anointing  and  crown- 
ing Saul  as  king,  1095  B.  C,  thus  changing  the  government  from  a  com- 
moDwealth  to  a  monarchy. 

Map  No.  7. — Where  is  the  land  of  Canaan  ?  The  land  of  the  Philistines? 
Where  are  the  countries  of  Syria?  Ammon?  Moab  7  Edom  ?  Midian? 
Amalek  ?  Point  out  tlie  Hittites.  Jebusites.  Amorites.  Hivites.  Gir- 
gashites.  Sidonians.  The  foregoing  six  nations  inhabited  Canaan  Proper. 
—  Map  of  Northern  Canaan. — Point  out  the  Sinites.  Zemarites.  Arkites. 
Arvadites.     Hamathites. 


KINGDOMS   OF  ISRAEL  AND  JUDAH. 

1.  During  the  reign  of  Saul,  and  the  succeeding  reigns  of  Da- 
vid and  Solomon,  the  twelve  tribes  were  governed  by  one  monarch ; 
and  hence  they  became  more  closely  united.  David,  by  liis  skill 
m  war,  acquired  large  accessions  of  territory.  Jerusalem  was 
adopted  as  the  capital,  and  the  nation  gradually  gained  power  and 
importance. 

2.  At  this  period  the  kingdom  stretched  far  beyond  the  limits 
of  the  land  of  Israel ;  it  included  the  whole  of  Syria,  from  the 
Orontes  river  eastward  to  the  Euphrates,  besides  a  portion  of  the 
northern  part  of  Arabia.     David  compelled  the  Syrians,  the  E'dom- 

What  is  said  of  their  bounds,  &c.  ?  Of  the  worship  of  Jehovah  ?  The 
national  affairs?  9.  The  judges?  What  has  this  period  been  called' 
What  was  then  the  state  of  things  ?  What  were  the  qualifications  most 
esteemed,  &c.  ?  10.  Who  were  the  most  renowned  judges  ?  What  is  said 
of  Samson?     11.  Of  Samuel?     What  was  his  last  act  of  authority  ? 

Q.  1.  What  occurred  during  the  reign  of  Saul,  &c.  ?  What  is  said  of 
David  ?    Of  Jerusalem  ?    Of  the  nation  7    2.  What  is  said  of  the  kingdom  7 


KINGDOMS    OF    ISRAEL    AND   JUDAH. 


159 


lies,  and  other  nations,  to  pay  him  tribute ;  he  thus  amassed  a 
large  amount  of  treasure,  which  he  left  to  liis  son  Solomon  as  a 
^•^(red  deposit  for  building  a  national  temple  at  Jerusalem. 


Queen  of  Sheba. 

3.  The  reig^n  of  Solomon  was  the  g-olden  age  of  Israel,  and,  under  his 
government,  the  nation  reached  its  highest  state  of  prosperity.  The  renown 
of  the  sovereign  extended  far  and  wide,  and  his  name  is  still  proverbial  for 
wisdom,  learning,  and  magnificence.  TJie  queen  of  Sheba,  attracted  by  his 
fame,  came  to  Jerusalem  from  the  remotest  parts  of  Arabia,  with  a  nume- 
rous train,  laden  with  the  choicest  gifts  of  her  kingdom  as  presents  to  Solo- 
mon; and,  having  seen  all  his  wisdom  and  all  his' prosperity,  declared  that 
it  far  surpassed  what  she  had  heard.     (11  Chron.  ix.) 

4.  Solomon  erected  the  splendid  temple  which  his  father  had  long  con- 
templated ;  when  completed,  it  was  dedicated,  in  a  solemn  festival,  to  the 
service  of  Jehovah,  1003  B.  C.  During  his  reign  the  metropolis  became  a 
niagnificcnt  city ;  but,  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  the  kingdom  declined 
in  strength,  and  the  people  groaned  under  the  heavy  burdens  laid  on  them, 
while  the  increased  intercourse  with  foreign  nations  disposed  the  sovereign, 
as  well  as  the  people,  to  favour  their  idolatrous  worship  and  practices. 

5.  Shortly  after  the  death  of  Solomon,  the  injudicious  conduct  of  his  son 
Rehobo'am  caused  a  division  of  the  kingdom,  975  B.  C.  That  prince  re. 
tained  the  sovereignty  of  the  tribes  of  Judah  and  Benjamin,  which  took  the 
name  of  the  Kingdom  of  Judah.  The  other  ten  tribes  formed  the  Kingdom 
of  Israel,  and  chose  Jerobo'am  as  king. 

6.  Although  Israel  was  larger  and  more  populous,  Judah  was  uiorts 
wealthy,  and  retained  possession  of  the  chief  city  and  the  national  temple, 
as  well  as  of  the  established  priesthood.  The  power  of  the  two  States  was 
nearly  equal,  and  obstinate  and  bloody  wars  were  often  waged  between  tliciii 

What  did  it  include  ?  What  nations  paid  tribute  to  David,  &c.  ?  3,  What 
was  the  reign  of  Solomon  ?  What  occurred  under  his  government  ?  What 
is  said  of  the  renown  of  the  sovereign  ?  Of  the  Queen  of  Sheba?  4.  What 
did  Solomon  erect?  When  was  it  completed?  What  is  said  of  the  me- 
tropolis  7  What  occurred  in  the  latter  part  of  Solomon's  life  ?  .5.  After  his 
death?  Of  what  was  Rehoboam  king?  Jeroboam  7  6.  What  is  said  of 
Israel  7    Of  Judah  7    Of  tJieir  power  7     7.  How  long  did  Israel  survivu  the 


160  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

7.  The  Kingdom  of  IsraeJ  survived  the  division  of  the  original  m^narcliy 
253  years,  and  had  nineteen  successive  lyings,  every  one  of  whom  were 
wicked  aad  idolatrous.  During  that  period  the  people  gradually  lost  all 
knowledge  of  tlie  true  God,  and  became  worshippers  of  idols.  At  length 
Shalmane'zer,  king  of  Assyria,  made  war  against  Israel,  took  Samaria,  after 
a  siege  of  three  years,  and  led  the  inliabitaiits  away  captive,  in  the  year  729 

B.  C.     This  event  is  called  the  "  captivity  of  the  ten  tribes." 

8.  The  kingdom  of  Judah  continued  to  be  an  independent  State  for  338 
years  after  the  division  in  the  time  of  Rehobo'am,  or  until  the  year  588  B. 

C.  At  that  time  Jerusalem  was  taken,  the  temple  was  demolished,  and  the 
people  were  carried  away  captive  into  Babylonish  captivity  by  Nebuchad- 
nez'zar,  king  of  Babylon. 

9.  Seventy  years  afterwards,  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia,  who  had,  in  the  mean 
time,  overthrown  the  Babylonish  monarchy,  set  the  Israelites  at  liberty  (now, 
for  the  first  time,  called  Jews),  permitted  them  to  return  to  their  native  land, 
and  to  rebuild  the  temple  and  the  city  of  Jerusalem.  Tha  latter,  called  the 
second  temple,  was  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  God  in  the  year  515  B.  C. 

10.  From  this  time  tlie  Jews  continued,  for  a  period  of  350  years,  to  be 
tributary,  in  succession,  to  the  Persians,  the  Greeks,  the  Egyptians,  and  the 
Syrians.  Under  these  different  nations,  the  local  government  was  frequently 
administered  by  the  Jewish  high  priests ;  yet  the  people  were  often  griev- 
ously oppressed.  The  Jews  rose,  at  length,  against  the  Sj'rians,  under  Ju- 
das MaccabtB'us  (the  hammerer),  defeated  them  in  various  battles,  and  re- 
gained their  independence. 

11.  At  a  later  period  Aristobulus,  a  descendant  of  Judas  Maccabae'us, 
became  king  of  the  Jews,  105  B.  C.  His  successors  were  called  Asmone'- 
ans.  Two  brothers  of  this  race  having  declared  war  against  each  other, 
the  Roman  general,  Pompey,  interfered  in  tlie  contest,  during  which  he 
conquered  Palestine,  63  B.  C.  Subsequently  Herod,  an  Idumean,  was 
placed  on  the  throne  of  the  Mac'cabees,  but  subject  to  the  control  of  Rome. 

12.  The  reign  of  Herod  was  rendered  memorable  by  the  birth 
■)f  the  Saviour  (Matt.  ii.  1),  and  also  by  the  murder  of  the  infants 
)f  Bethlehem  (Matt.  ii.  1(3).  Six  years  afterwards,  procurators  or 
Tovernors  were  appointed  over  Judea,  one  of  whom  was  Pontius 
Pilate,  who  condemned  Christ  to  death.  Samaria  and  the  other 
districts  were  governed  by  Herod's  sons. 

13.  After  a  time  the  whole  of  Herod's  dominions  were  bestowed,  with  the 
title  of  king,  on  Herod  Agrippa,  one  of  his  grandsons,  mentioned,  in  Acts 
xii.  1,  as  "  Herod  the  king."  Agrippa  II.,  his  successor,  was  the  monarch 
before  whom,  and  the  Roman  governor,  St.  Paul  made  his  defence  at  Caesa- 
re'a.  (Acts  xxv.)  The  continued  oppressions  of  their  foreign  rulers,  at 
length,  excited  the  Jews  to  rebel  against  them,  and  a  furious  warfare  corn- 
division?  How  many  kings  had  it?  What  is  said  of  them?  What  did 
Shalmanezer  do?  8.  How  long  did  Judah  continue  ?  What  then  occurred  ? 
9.  What  did  Cyrus  do  ?  Wliat  were  the  Israelites  then  called  ?  When  was 
the  second  temple  consecrated?  10.  To  whom  v^'cre  tlie  Jews  afterwards 
tributary,  &c.  ?  What  is  said  of  the  local  government  ?  What  did  the 
Jews  do  under  Judas  Maccaba^us  ?  11.  What  is  said  of  Aristobulus  ?  What 
were  his  successors  called  ?  What  led  to  the  conquest  of  Palestine  by  Pom- 
pey  ?  What  is  said  of  Herod  ?  12.  For  what  was  his  reign  memorable  ? 
What  occurred  afterwards?     What  is  said  of  Samaria?     13.  What  is  said 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    PALESTINE 


161 


bicnccd  A.  O.  C6,  wliich  terminated,  five  years  afterwards,  in  the  events 
ftliich  ha  '.  )icen  foretold  alike  by  Moses  (Dcut.  xxviii.)  and  by  our  Lord 
Matt.  yL\\\  as  the  punishment  of  the  rebellious  house  of  Israel, —  the 
Vjstru  ,<,ior  jf  the  city  and  temple  of  Jerusalem,  and  the  dispersion  of  their 

Utj'XX. 


JcrusalLin  taken  by  the  Komans 

Map  No.  6. — Point  out  Aram  or  Syria.  Ammon.  Moab.  Israel.  Edom, 
Aniakk.  These  countries  comprised  the  kingdom  of  David  and  Solomon, 
with  the  exception  of  the  small  strip  of  territory  on  the  sca-shorc  belonging 
to  Tyre  and  Sidon.  The  kingdom  extended  from  the  Red  Sea  to  the  Eu- 
phrates, 600  miles,  and  inland  from  the  coast  150  to  200  miles.  —  Map  No. 
8.  —  Point  out  the  tribes  of  Asher.  Naphtali.  Zebulon.  Issachar.  Ma- 
nasseh  this  side  Jordan.  Epliraim.  Dan.  Simeon.  Manasseh  beyond 
Jordan.  Gad  and  Reuben.  These  ten  tribes  formed  the  kingdom  of  Israel 
Point  out  Judah  and  Benjamin.     These  formed  the  kingdom  of  Judah 


PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY   OF   PALESTINE. 

POSITION,   EXTENT,    MOUNTAINS,    ETC. 

1.  Palestine  or  the  Holy  Land  extends  along  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  from  north  lat.  31°  to  33°  30',  and  from  long. 
34°  30'  to  37°  east  from  Greenwich,  a  distance  of  175  miles  from 
north  to  south,  and  from  50  to  90  miles  from  east  to  west. 

2.  In  latitude,  it  corresponds  with  the  States  of  Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, Mississippi,  and  Louisiana,  and  comprises  an  area  of  about 
13,500  square  miles,  being  nearly  one-third  as  large  as  Pennsylvania, 

rf  Herod's  dominions,  &c.  7     Of  Agrippa  II.?     What  excited  the  Jcwste 
rebel  ?     What  then  occurred  7     How  did  these  events  termmate  ? 

Q.  1.  Describe  the  position  of  Palestine.     Its   extent     2.  With   what 
States  does  it  correspond  in  latitude  7    What  is  its  area  ?    3.  What  was 
14*  L 


102  SAURED    GEOGRAPHY. 

3.  In  ancient  times  Palestine  was  a  fertile  and  productive  region, 
rich  in  grain,  fruits,  and  cattle.  Most  parts  of  the  country  were 
carefully  cultivated ;  the  declivities  of  the  hills  were  cut  into  ter- 
races, of  which,  in  some  places,  the  vestiges  still  remain,  and  were 
covered  with  plantations  of  the  choicest  productions. 

4.  Moses  describes  it  as  "  a  land  flowing  with  milk  and  honey"  (Exod. 
iii.  8) ;  a  land  of  wheat  and  barley,  of  vines,  figs,  and  pomegranates,  of  oil, 
olives,  &c.,  and  where  there  is  no  lack  of  anything ;  other  inspired  writers 
call  it  a  pleasant  land,  a  glorious  land,  and  the  glory  of  all  lands. 

5.  Tlie  condition  of  this  once  favoured  country  is  entirely  changed.  Tlio 
despotism  of  the  Turks,  and  the  robberies  of  tlie  Arabs,  have  made  it  almost 
a  desert,  and  reduced  the  inhabitants  to  one-tenth  of  their  former  numbers. 
Its  once  noble  cities  are  now  poor  villages ;  and  most  of  its  former  towns 
are  extinct.  The  curse,  denounced  for  the  sins  of  the  Jews,  has  come  upon 
it.  "For  thus  hath  the  Lord  said,  the  whole  land  shall  be  desolate."  (Jer 
iv.  27.) 

6.  Palestine  "is  a  land  of  hills  and  valleys"  (Deut.  xi.  11) ;  it  is 
traversed  by  two  ranges  of  mountains,  one  on  the  western,  and 
the  other  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  river  Jordan.  Of  these  moun- 
tains Leb'anon  is  the  highest ;  He-r'mon,  Gil'ead,  and  Car'mel  are 
the  next  most  noted. 

7.  Leb'anon  is  a  magnificent  mountain,  and  is  always  covered  with 
snow.  Its  height  and  grandeur,  and  the  fertility  of  its  valleys,  arc  often 
alluded  to  by  the  Hebrew  writers.  It  was  famed  for  its  fine  cedar  trees, 
but  they  are  now,  as  predicted  by  the  prophet  (Isa.  x.  19),  nearly  all  de- 
stroyed. Tiiese  trees  were  the  resort  of  eagles  (Ezck.  xvii.  3),  and  the  lofty 
summits  of  Lebanon,  as  well  as  the  adjacent  mountains,  were  the  haunts 
of  lions  and  leopards.     (Sol.  Song  iv.  8.) 

8.  Eastward  of  the  Jordan  are  the  mountains  of  Her'mon,  Ba'shan,  Gil'ead, 
and  Ab'arim.  The  summits  of  Her'mon,  like  those  of  Leb'anon,  are  covered 
with  snow,  of  which,  in  ancient  times,  great  quantities  were  carried  to  Tyre, 
and  other  cities,  and  sold  as  a  luxury.  Her'mon  was  likewise  known  by  tlie 
names  of  She'nir,  Sir'ion,and  Zion.     (Deut.  iii.  9  ;  iv.  48.) 

9.  Ba'shan  and  Gil'ead  were  famous  for  their  rich  pastures,  and  the  abun- 
dance of  their  cattle ;  the  former,  also,  was  noted  for  its  stately  oaks  (Isa. 
ii.  13),  and  the  latter  for  producing  a  medicinal  gum  called  the  Balm  of 
Gil'ead.  (Jer.  viii.  22.)  On  this  mountain  Jacob  and  Laban  set  up  tlie  heap 
of  stones  as  a  witness  of  tlie  covenant  between  them.  (Gen.  xxxi.  46.)  Soutli 
of  Gil'ead  were  the  Ab'arim  mountains  ;  on  the  highest  of  these,  the  top  of 


Palestine  in  ancient  times?     What  is  said  of  the  country?     The  hillff 

4.  How  did  Moses  describe  it?     What  do  other  inspired  writers  call  it? 

5.  What  is  said  of  the  present  condition  of  Palestine  ?  Of  the  despotism 
«jf  the  Turks,  &,c.  ?  Its  cities  and  towns  ?  What  lias  come  upon  it  ? 
G.  By  what  is  Palestine  traversed  ?  Which  of  these  mountains  is  tlie 
highest  ?  The  next  most  noted  ?  7.  Describe  Mount  Lebanon.  For  what 
was  it  famed  ?  Wliat  is  said  of  these  trees  ?  Of  the  summit  of  the  mouh- 
tains  ?  8.  What  mountains  lay  eastward  of  the  Jordan  ?  Wliat  is  said  of 
Hcrmon?  By  what  other  names  was  Ilcrmon  known?  9.  What  is  said 
of  Bashan  and  Gilcad  ?  What  did  Jacob  and  Laban  do  on  Mount  Gileiid  7 
WJiat  mountains  lie  south  of  Gilead  ?     What  occurred  on  the  highest  of 


MOUNTAINS    OF    PALESTINE.  163 

Pis'gah,  Moses  went  up,  viewed  the  Promised  Land,  and  there  he  died. 
(Deut.  xxxiv.  1.) 


Klijaii  b  -  iisiiiiicd  !)>'  Fire  from  Heaven. 


10.  Mount  Car'mcl  is  on  the  sea-coast;  it  was  once  noted  for  its  fertility, 
but  is  now  barren  and  rugged  ;  the  curse  denounced  by  Amos  has  fallen 
upon  it.  (Amos  1.  2.)  On  this  mountain  the  prophets  Elijah  and  Elisha 
dwelt;  and  there,  in  the  presence  of  Ahab  and  all  Israel,  the  sacrifice 
of  Elijah  was  consumed  by  fire  from  heaven.  (1  Kings  xviii.)  Tradition 
has  preserved  a  knowledge  of  the  place  where  the  prophet  prayed  for  rain, 
and  where  his  servant  saw  the  cloud  rise  out  of  the  sea,  (I  Kings  xviii.  44.) 
There  was  another  Mount  Car'mcl  near  the  Dead  Sea. 

11.  Nearly  east  from  Car'mcl  is  Mount  Ta'bor  ;  on  its  summit,  according 
to  tradition,  our  Saviour's  transfiguration  took  place.  (Matt,  xvii.)  North 
of  Ta'bor  is  the  Mount  of  the  Beatitudes,  where  Christ  preached  the  sublime 
discourse  called  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount.  (Matt,  v.)  Mount  Gilboa  is 
noted  for  its  numerous  springs,  and  also  for  the  battle  in  which  the  thice 
sons  of  Saul  were  slain ;  and  where  he  died  by  his  own  hand.  (1  Sam. 
xxxi.  4.) 

12.  Southward  of  Samaria  are  the  Mountains  of  E'phraim  or  Israel.  On 
Gaash,  a  hill  belonging  to  this  range,  Joshua  was  buried.  (Josh.  xxiv.  30.^ 
On  Mount  Quaranta'nia,  situated  between  Jericho  and  Jerusalem,  it  is  sup. 
posed,  our  Saviour  was  tempted  by  Satan  (Matt.  iv.  8) :  its  name  is  not  ia 
Scripture ;  it  is  known  by  tradition  only. 

13.  Southward  of  Jerusalem  are  the  Mountains  of  Judea;  in  many  places, 
especially  on  the  southern  border,  they  arc  barren  and  desolate.  Theso 
mountains  formed  the  hill  country  of  Judah  or  Judea,  where  the  parents 
of  John  the  Baptist  resided.  (Luke  i.  3i).)  Near  the  Dead  Sea  is  Mount 
Carmcl,  where  Na'bal,  the  Carmelite,  had  his  possessions.     (1  Sam.  xxv.  2.) 

14.  The  Mount  of  Olives  is  on  the  east  side  of  Jerusalem ;  between  it 
and  the  city  is  the  Vale  of  Jehosh'aphat  and  the  Brook  Ccdron.     Hither 


these?  10.  What  is  said  of  Mount  Carmel  ?  Who  dwelt  there  ?  What 
took  place  there?  Wliat  has  tradition  preserved?  11.  What  is  said  of 
Mount  Tabor?  Mount  of  the  Beatitudes  ?  Mount  Gilboa  ?  12.  What  is 
said  of  the  mountains  of  Ephraim  ?  Gaash?  Quarantania?  13.  Wii;it 
mountains  lay  soutliward  of  Jerusalem  ?     What  did  tliey  form  ?     What  is 


i64 


SACRED    GEOGRAPHY. 


our  Lord  frequently  resorted,  with  his  disciples ;  here  he  wept  over  Jerusa- 
lem, and  predicted  its  downfall,  and  from  the  village  of  Bethany  he  ascended 
into  heaven,  (Luke  xxiv.  50,  5L)  The  southern  part  was  called  the  Mormt 
of  Corruption,  because  on  it  Solomon  built  altars  for  the  worship  of  strango 
gods.    (2  Kings  xxiii.  13.) 


Map  No.  8.  —  What  country  lay  northeast  of  Palestine?-  Southeast? J 
What  countries  south  ?  What  people  east?  -What  sea  west?  The  Medi- 
terranean was  called,  by  the  Israelites,  the  Sea,  the  Great  Sea,  the  Sea  of  the 
Philistines,  and  the  Uttermost  Sea.  Point  out  the  mountains  of  Lebanon. 
Hermon.  Bashan.  Gilead.  Abarim  mountains.  Mouut  Carmel  on  the 
eea-coast.  Mount  Carmel  near  the  Dead  Sea.  Mount  Tabor.  Mount  Gil- 
boa.  Mountains  of  Ephraini:  Hill  of  Gaash.  —  Map  No.  9.  —  Point  out  the 
Mountain  of  the  Beatitudes.  Mount  Quarantania.  The  hill  country  of 
Tudea. 


8 


PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY  OF  PALESTINE— 
[continued.]  ^ 

rivers,   lakes,   etc. 

1.  The  principal  river  of  Palestine  is  the  Jordan  ;  it  rises  at  th 
base  of  Mount  Her'mon,  passes  southwardly  through  the  country, 
and,  after  a  course  of  140  miles,  flows  into  the  Dead  Sea.     It  is  a 
deep  and  rapid  river,  and  is  about  thirty  yards  wide,  in  the  lower 
part  of  its  courge. 

eaid  of  Carmel  ?     14.  What  is  said  of  the  Mount  of  Olives  ?     Of  our  Lord  7 
What  was  the  southern  part  of  the  Mount  of  Olives  called,  «&:c,  ? 
Q.  1.  Which  IS  the  principal  river  of  Palestine  ?     Describe  its  rise,  course, 


RIVERS   AND    LAKES    OF    PALESTINE         165 

2.  This  stream  is  celebrated  as  the  scene  of  several  miraculous 
events.  Its  waters  "  stood,  and  rose  up  upon  an  heap,"  to  allow  a 
passage  for  the  Israelites,  on  their  journey  from  the  desert  (Josh, 
iii.  10);  and  they  were  afterwards  divided  by  the  projihets  Ehjah 
and  Elislia.  (2  Kings  ii.)  In  the  Jordan,  at  Bethab'ara,  our 
Saviour  was  baptized  by  John  the  Baptist.  (Matt.  iii.  13 ;  John  i. 
28.) 

3.  The  Jab'bok,  Gad'ara,and  Hesli'bon  wer<?  the  largest  tributaries  of  the 
Jordan  ;  the  foriiier  was  the  boundary  between  the  kingdoms  of  Og  and 
Sihon.  Jacob  forded  it,  on  liis  return  from  Pa'dan  A'ram.  (Gen.  xixiL 
22.)  The  Che'rith  was  the  small  brook  on  which  Elijah  dwelt  when  he  was 
fed  by  the  ravens.     (I  Kings  xvii.  5,  6.) 

4.  The  Ki'shon,  the  Ka'nah,  the  Lebanon,  and  several  other  streams,  flow 
into  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  On  tlie  banks  of  the  Ki'shon,  Sis'era  was 
defeated  by  Ba'rak  (Judg.  iv.  7 — 15),  and  here,  too,  Elisha  slew  the  priests 
of  Ba'al.  (1  Kings  xviii.  40.)  The  Ka'nah  was  ttie  boundary  between  tho 
tribes  of  Ephraini  and  Manasseh.  (Josh.  xvii.  9,  10.)  From  the  fertile 
%'alley  of  the  Esh'col,  the  spies  carried  away  a  bunch  of  grapes  as  a  speci- 
men of  the  fruits  of  the  land.  (Num.  xiii.  23.)  In  the  vale  watered  by  the 
So'rek,  Dch'lah,  mentioned  in  the  history  of  Samson,  dwelt.     (Judg.  xvL  4.) 

5.  The  Be'sor  was  crossed  by  David  in  pursuit  of  the  Amal'ekites  who 
had  plundered  and  burnt  Zik'lag.  (1  Sam.  xxx.  9, 10.)  The  River  of  Egypt, 
Shi'hor  or  River  of  tlie  Wilderness,  was  the  most  southern  stream  in  the 
Land  of  Israel :  it  is  mentioned  Amos  vi.  14  ;  Num.  xxxiv.  5 ;  1  Chron. 
xiii.  5. 

6.  The  Ce'dron,  Kid'ron  or  Ke'dron  flows  past  the  city  dT  Jerusalem  into 
the  Dead  Sea ;  over  this  brook  David  passed  when  he  fled  from  Absalom 
(2  Sam.  XV.  23),  and  our  Lord  also  crossed  it  on  the  night  in  which  he  was 
betrayed.  (John  xviii.  1.)  The  Ar'non,  called  likewise  the  River  of  Gad 
(2  Sam.  xxiv.  5),  was  the  boundary  between  the  tribe  of  Reuben  and  the 
Mo'abites.  The  largest  only  of  the  foregoing  streams  contains  water  all  the 
year ;  the  others  are  dry  during  the  summer. 

7.  The  Dead  Sea  is  the  salt  lake  into  which  the  river  Jordan 
discharges  its  waters;  it  is  called,  in  Scripture,  the  Sea  of  the 
Plain,  the  Salt  Sea,  and  the  East  Sea ;  the  Greek  name  is  Lake 
Asphalti'tcs  ;  the  Arabs  term  it  Baltr  el  Lout  (Sea  of  Lot).  It  occu- 
pies the  Vale  of  Sid'dim,  in  which  stood  Sodom  and  Gomor'rah, 
and  the  other  cities  that  were  destroyed  by  "  brimstone  and  fire 
from  the  Lord  out  of  heaven."     (Gen.  xix.  24.) 

8.  Tho  water  of  the  Dead  Sea  is  very  bitter,  and  so  highly  charged  with 
salt,  tliat  persons  bathing  in  it  can  float  with  more  ease  than  in  any  othc* 

&c.  2.  For  what  is  it  celebrated  ?  Who  was  baptized  in  it  ?  3.  Which 
were  its  largest  tributaries?  What  was  the  Jabbok?  The  Cherith? 
4.  What  is  said  of  tiie  Kishon,  &c.  ?  Wh:it  occurred  on  its  banks  ?  Whal 
was  the  Kanah  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Eshcol  ?  Sorek  ?  5.  What  is  said 
of  the  Bcsor  ?  The  River  of  Egypt  ?  6.  What  is  said  of  the  Cedron  ?  Who 
passed  it  ?  Who  crossed  it  ?  What  was  the  Arnon  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
foregoing  streams?  7.  What  is  the  Dead  Sea?  By  what  names  is  it 
called  in  Scripture  ?    What  is  the  Greek  name  ?    Arab  name?    What  doea 


166  SACRJSD  GEOGRAPHY. 

On  the  shores  of  the  lake  scarcely  a  tree  or  blade  of  grasa  is  to  be  seen  : 
both  animals  and  birds  are  extremely  rare,  and  the  whole  region  has  an  air 
of  solemn  and  death-like  stillness;  whence  its  name  of  Dead  Sea  has  been 
derived.  By  recent  observation,  the  surface  of  this  lake  is  ascertained  to  be 
nearly  1400  feet  lower  than  the  surface  of  the  Mediterranean. 

9.  The  Sea  of  Galilee  is  the  largest  of  the  two  fresh  water  lakes,  through 
which  the  river  Jordan  passes:  it  was  called  the  Sea  of  Gennes'aret  (Maik 
▼i.  53),  and  the  Sea  of  Tibe'riaa  f  John  vi.  1.)  Its  first  name  was  the  Sea 
of  Chin'nereth  or  Cliin'neroth.-  (Num.  xxxiv,  11.)  The  river  flows  through 
without  mingling  (it  is  said)  '  tS  waters  with  those  of  the  lake.  The  latter 
still  abounds  in  fish,  as  when  the  apostles  left  their  nets  to  become  "  fishers 
of  men"  (Mark  i.  17) ;  but  the  fishery  is  now  of  little  importance. 

10.  The  scenery  around  the  lake  is  exceedingly  beautiful,  and  the  adja. 
cent  country,  in  ancient  times,  was  so  highly  improved,  that  it  was  almost 
a  paradise.  Sudden  storms  of  wind  sometimes  arise,  such  as  occurred  when 
our  Lord  was  sleeping  in  the  ship.  "Then  he  arose,  and  rebuked  the  wind 
and  the  raging  of  the  water  :  and  they  ceased,  and  there  was  a  calm."  (Lulie 
viii.  24.)  On  this  lake,  also,  Christ  walked  on  the  water  ;  and  here  Peter, 
when  about  to  sink,  was  saved  by  his  Divine  Master.     (Matt.  xiv.  31.) 

11.  The  Waters  of  Me'rom  comprise  a  small  lake  north  of  the  Sea  of  Gali- 
lee, through  which  the  river  Jordan  flows.  Early  in  the  spring  it  is  filled 
with  water,  but,  in  summer,  it  is  little  iiiur'c  than  a  marsh,  and  is  overgrDu-n 
with  reeds  and  rushes,  among  which  numbers  of  wild  animals  take  refuge. 
Upon  its  banks  the  Israelites,  under  Joshua,  defeated  Ja'bin,  king  of  Ha'zor, 
and  his  allies.     (Josh.  xi.  1 — 7.) 

12.  The  mountainous  districts  of  the  Holy  Land  abound  in  caves,  which, 
in  early  times,  i^ere  the  abode  of  some  of  the  native  tribes :  the  Ho'rites,  of 
whom  we  read,  were  dwellers  in  caves.  (Gen.  xiv.  6.)  These  caves  were 
also  used  as  places  of  concealment,  sometimes  as  places  of  voluntary  resi- 
dence, and  sometimes  as  burial-places:  some  of  them  were  of  great  extent 

13.  The  caves  of  Adul'lam  and  En'gedi  sheltered  David  and  his  band;  in 
the  nrsi  'le  hid  himself  with  400,  and,  in  the  second,  with  600  men.  (1  Sam. 
xxii. ;  1  Sam.  xxiv.)  In  the  Cave  of  Obadiah  a  hundred  prophets  were  hid. 
(1  Kings  xviii.  4.)  Elijah  and  Elisha  both  dwelt  in  caves,  on  Mount  Car'mel, 
and  the  Cave  of  Machpe'lah,  near  He'bron,  was  the  burial-place  of  Abraliam 
and  his  family.     (Gen.  xxiii.) 

Map  No.  8.  —  Point  out  the  river  Jordan.  Its  rise.  What  parallels  of 
latitude  does  it  cross  in  its  course  ?  What  tributaries  flow  into  it  from  the 
cast  ?  The  west  ?  What  streams  flow  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ?  Which 
is  the  most  northern  of  these  ?  The  most  southern  ?  What  river  flows  into 
the  Dead  Sea  on  its  east  side  ? 


h  occupy  ?  8.  What  is  said  of  the  water  of  the  Dead  Sea  ?  Describe  iJs 
shores.  What  has  been  recently  ascirtained  ?  9.  What  is  said  of  the  Sea 
of  Galilee  ?  By  what  names  is  it  called  :•  What  is  said  of  the  river  ?  In 
wliat  does  the  lake  still  abound,  &c.?  10.  What  is  saidof  tlie  scenery,  &c.? 
Of  sudden  storms  ?  What  occurred  on  this  lake  ?  11.  Wliat  do  the  waters 
of  Mcrom  comprise  ?  Describe  lake  Alurom.  What  occurred  on  its  banks? 
12.  In  what  did  the  mountainous  districts  abound?  What  were  they  in 
early  times?  For  what  different  purposes  were  they  also  used,  &-c.  ? 
]  3.  What  is  said  of  the  caves  of  A('ullarn  and  Engedi  ?  Cave  of  Oba  liah  T 
Elijah  &c  ''     Cave  of  Machpelah  ? 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    PALESTINE.  167 


PHYSICAL  GE03RAPHY  OF  PALESTINE.— 
[continued.] 

plains  and  valleys,  climate,  agriculture,  etc. 

1.  The  terms  wilderness  and  desert,  met  with  in  tlic  Bible,  do  not  alwaya 
sig^nify  sandy  deserts  or  barren  wastes,  but  are  oflcn  applied  to  fields  and 
by.plaees  reserved  for  pasture;  such  was  the  desert  near  Betlisa'ida  (in  Pe- 
fffia),  where  Jesus  led  tlie  five  thousand,  and  of  which  it  is  expressly  said; 
"now  there  was  much  grass  in  the  place."  (Jolm vi.  10.)  The  wilderness 
of  Judca,  in  which  "came  John  the  Baptist  preaching"  (Matt.  iii.  1),  lay 
along  the  west  shore  of  the  Dead  Sea,  and  was  probably,  in  most  parts, 
desert  and  barren. 

2.  Among  the  plains  and  valleys  of  Palestine,  the  Plain  of  Jezreel  or 
Esdrae'lon  has  been  long  noted  for  its  fertility.  It  lies  immediately  east  of 
the  Kishon  river,  and  is  about  thirty  miles  in  length.  It  is  one  of  the  great 
battle-fields  of  Palestine,  on  which  various  noted  conflicts  have  taken  place. 
Here  warriors  of  different  nations  have  pitched  tiieir  tents,  and  Jews  and 
Gentiles,  Cliristians  and  Saracens,  Franks  and  Turks,  have  met  in  hostile 
array. 

3.  Sharon  or  the  Plain,  which  extends  along  the  shores  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  north  of  Joppa,  was  once  the  most  lovely  and  fertile  district  in 
Palestine  ;  its  rich  pastures  fed  numerous  flocks.  Its  excellency  is  alluded 
to  in  Isaiah  xxxv.  2,  and  its  roses  in  Solomon's  Song  ii.  1. 

4.  The  plain  or  valley  through  which  the  Jordan  flows  is  called,  by  the 
Arabs,  El  Ghor  (the  deep  valley).  It  was  once  of  great  beauty  and  fertility, 
and  was  inhabited  at  an  early  period,  being  the  pasture-ground  chosen  by 
Lot,  when  he  separated  from  Abraham  (Gen.  xiii.  10);  but  it  is  now  com- 
parativcly  barren.  In  ancient  times  it  was  called  the  Plain  of  Chin'neroth 
(Josh,  xi.  2),  the  Plain  of  Jordan  (2  Chron.  iv.  17),  and  the  "region  round 
about  Jordan"  (Matt.  iii.  5). 

5.  It  extends  from  the  Sea  of  Galilee  to  the  Dead  Sea.  The  banks  of  the 
river  are  covered  with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  trees  and  herbage,  which 
shelter  wild  animals  of  various  kinds;  but,  in  the  spring,  they  arc  driven 
from  their  coverts  by  the  rising  waters  of  the  swollen  stream.  To  this  cir- 
curnstance  the  prophet  alludes  (Jcr.  xlix.  19),  "he  shall  come  up  like  a  lloa 
from  the  swelling  of  Jordan." 

G.  The  Valley  of  Rcph'aim  or  Vale  of  the  Giants  extends  from  Jerusalem 
to  Bethlehem  it  was  remarkable  for  its  excellent  crops  and  its  olive  plan, 
tations.     (Isa,  xvii.  5.)     Westward  lay  the  Vale  of  Elah,  where  David,  tlM 

Q-  1.  What  do  the  terms  wilderness  and  desert  signify?  What  is  said 
at  Uie  desert  of  Bethsaida?  The  wilderness  of  Judea?  2.  What  plain  haa 
been  long  noted  ?  Describe  its  position.  What  is  it,  and  what  has  taken 
place  there  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  Sharon  ?  Its  rich  pastures,  &,c.  7  4.  What 
is  said  of  the  plain  or  valley  of  tlie  Jordan  7  What  was  it  once,  &c.  ? 
By  what  different  names  was  it  called  7  5.  What  is  said  of  its  extent  7 
•  Of  the  banks  of  the  river  7  What  occurs  in  the  spring,  &c.  ?  6.  Describa 
the  valley  of  Kcphaim.    What  is  said  of  the  Vale  of  Elah  ?    The  VaMoy  of. 


16S 


SACRED   GEOGRAPHY-. 


youthful  hero  of  Isrnel,  slew  the  gigantic  Goli'ath,  who  had  "defied  tho 
armies  of  the  living  God."  (1  Sam.  xviii.  2 — 10.)  The  brook,  whence  tho 
victor  chost  the  five  smooth  stone  <?,  still  flows  through  the  rale  The  Valley 
of  Salt,  wlurt,  \ljibh  n  s]l\\  1^  000  1  iluiiiitcs  (1  Chron  xMii  ]2\  is  a  level, 
barren  tr.Tct      til  •      rn     \f     i    ii  t       1 )      '  '^  i 


Ijavia  ana  Gonain. 

7.  The  climate  of  Palestine  is  warm,  but  it  varies  with  the  surface  of  the 
country.  In  the  low  plains,  during  the  summer,  it  is  very  hot;  while  on 
the  mountains  the  cold  of  winter  is  often  severe.  The  rains,  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  year,  as  well  as  in  the  spring,  are  copious ;  they  are  distinguished 
as  the  former  and  the  latter  rain ;  their  importance  to  agriculture,  particiv 
larly  the  last,  appears  from  the  expression  (Prov.  rvi.  15) ;  the  king's  "  fa- 
vour is  as  a  cloud  of  the  latter  rain.". 

8.  During  the  summer  months  there  is  no  rain,  but  the  dews  are  heavy, 
and  serve  to  refresh  the  thirsty  vegetation.  Their  fertihzing  influence  is 
referred  to  in  Scripture  as  a  symbol  of  the  divine  blessing ;  "  I  will  be  as  the 
dew  unto  Israel."     (Hos.  xiv.  5.) 

9.  In  the  latter  part  of  summer,  the  east  wind  from  the  desert  withers  up 
the  herbage,  and  its  effects  are  oflen  referred  to  in  the  Bible :  "Shall  it  not 
utterly  wither,  when  the  east  wind  toucheth  it?"  (Ezek.  xvii.  10.)  Tlicse 
easterly  winds,  now  called  Levanters,  have  always  been  dangerous  to  mari- 
ners :  "  Thou  breakest  the  ships  of  Tar'sliish  with  an  east  wind."  i.Ps. 
xlviii.  7.) 

10.  Agriculture  was  the  chief  employment  among  the  Hebrews;  Moses 
made  it  tlie  basis  of  the  civil  constitution  of  Israel,  by  dividing  the  land 
among  the  people.  In  early  times,  tlie  most  distinguished  individuals  were 
cultivators  of  the  soil.  King  Saul  himself  tilled  his  own  ground  (1  Sam  xi. 
5),  and  Elishawas  called  from  the  plough  to  the  ofHce  of  a  prophet.  (1  Kings 
xix,  19.)  As  towns  and  cities  began  to  multiply,  many  of  the  Jews  devoted 
lliemselves  to  handicrafts  and  trading ;  but  agriculture  continued,  at  al 
times,  to  be  the  basis  of  the  national  prosperity. 


Salt?  7.  Describe  the  climate  of  Palestine.  The  rains,  &c.  How  are 
they  distinguished  ?  8.  Wliat  is  said  of  the  summer  months  ?  The  dews, 
&.C.  ?  9.  What  occurs  in  tlie  latter  ^art  of  summer  ?  What  is  said  of  its 
effects?  Of  the  easterly  winds ?  10.  What  was  agriculture?  What  did  ' 
.JHoses  make  it  ?    What  is  said  of  Saul  ?    Elisha  ?    What  occurred  wlien 


THE    TWELVE    TRIBES.  169 

11.  The  Land  of  Israel  was  a  pastoral,  as  well  as  farming  country,  and 
the  useful  domestic  animals  were  numerous  :  "  The  pastures  arc  clothed 
with  flocks;  the  valleys  also  are  covered  with  corn."  (Ps.  Ixv.  13.)  Be- 
sides sliccp  and  oxen,  tiic  inliabitants  Jiad  asses,  goats  and  camels.  The 
cattle  fed  on  the  hills  of  Ba'shan  and  Carmel  were  proverbial  for  their 
size  and  fatness  ;  hence  the  frequent  allusions,  in  Scripture,  to  the  fallings 
and  oxen  of  Ba'shan. 

12.  The  Jews  Jiad  but  few  horses,  and,  indeed,  tliey  were  forbidden  to 
multiply  tlie  breed.  (Deut.  xvii.  16.)  Solomon,  however,  had  40,000  stalls 
of  horses  for  his  chariots,  and  12,000  horsemen.  (1  Kings  iv.  26.)  He  had 
dromedaries  also.  The  children  of  Reuben,  Gad,  and  Manas'seh,  took 
50,000  camels  from  the  Arabs.  (1  Chron.  v.  21.)  Tliose  animals  were  used 
both  for  warlike  and  domestic  purposes.  The  ass  was  much  in  use,  and  was 
ridden  by  persons  of  superior  rank.  (Judges  x.  4.)  White  asses  were  held 
in  particular  esteem,  and  were  supposed  to  bestow  dignity  on  the  rider, 
(Judg.  V.  10.)  

Map  No.  9.  —  Where  is  Bcthsaida  rn  Peraea?,,' Near  what  sea  is  it7^^ 
Point  out  the  wilderness  of  Judea.  On  which  side  of  the  Dead  Sea  is  it? —  ^^4^ 
Map  No.  8. — Point  out  the  Kishon  river.-'^he  plain  of  Jezreel  or  Esdrae- 
lon  extends  along  this  stream  ;  it  was  partly  in  Issachar  and  partly  in  Ma, 
nasseii.  Where  is  the  plain  of  Sharon?  The  Valley  of  tlie  Jordan  ?  Hovsr 
many  miles  is  it,  by  tlie  scale,  from  the  Sea  of  Chinneroth  or  Galilee  to 
tlie  Dead  Sea  ?  Where  is  tlie  Valley  of  Salt  1—Map  No.  10.— Where  is  llw 
Vale  of  Rephaim  ?     The  Vale  of  Elah  ? 

10 

THE   TWELVE   TRIBES, 

WITH    THE    TOWNS    KOTED    IN    OLD   TESTAMENT   TIMES. 

1.  When  the  Israelites  had  conquered  the  land  of  Canaan,  Jo 
shua  divided  it  by  lot  among  the  twelve  tribes.  These  were  the 
descendants  of  the  twelve  sons  of  Jacob,  viz.  Reu'ben,  Sim'eon, 
Le'vi,  Judah,  Dan,  Naph'tah,  Gad,  Ash'er,  Is'sachar,  Zeb'ulon,  Jo- 
seph, and  Benjamin. 

2.  Two  of  these  tribes  gave  no  name  to  any  lot  or  inheritance, 
namely,  Levi,  whose  descendants  were  the  priests  of  the  nation, 
and  Joseph,  whose  portion  Avas  divided  beween  his  two  sons, 
E'phraim  and  Manas'seh,  whom  their  grandfather  had  adopted 
(Gen.  xlviii.  5) ;  and  these  two  tribes  took  the  places  of  Levi  and 
Joseph.  

towns  and  cities  began  to  muUiply?  11.  Describe  the  Land  of  Israel. 
What  animals  had  the  Jews  ?  What  is  said  of  the  cattle  fed  on  Bashan  and 
Carmel?  12.  What  is  said  of  horses?  Of  Solomon?  The  children  of 
Reuben,  (fee.  ?  For  what  purposes  were  camels  used  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
ass  ?     White  asses  7 

Q.  1.  What  occurred  on  the  conquest  of  the  Land  of  Canaan  ?     From 
whom  were  the  twelve  tribes  descended  ?     2.  What  tribes  gave  no  name  to 
any  lot,  »fcc.  ?    What  is  said  of  Joseph's  two  sons  ?    3.  What  is  said  of  tiw 
15 


no  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

3.  The  Le'vi.es  or  children  of  Levi  were  set  apart  by  Moses  as 
tlie  ministers  of  rehgion,  and  also  as  the  instructors  of  the  people* 
For  their  support  they  had  the  first-fruits,  and  the  tenth  of  the 
produce  of  the  land.  They  were  distributed  over  the  country  in 
forty-eight  cities,  that  were  assigned  to  them  for  their  residence. 
Six  of  these  cities  were  appointed  by  Joshua  as  cities  of  refuge,  to 
which  the  slayer,  that  killed  any  person  unawares,  might  flee 
(Josh.  XX.  7,  8,  9.) 

4.  In  apportioning  the  territory  of  the  tribes,  one-half  tneir 
number  were  settled  on  the  sea-coast,  the  remainder  lay  inland. 
Asher  was  the  most  northern,  and  Judah  the  most  southern  tribe. 
The  tribes  of  Reuben,  Gad,  and  the  half-tribe  of  Manasseh,  resided 
east  of  the  river  Jordan,  in  the  territories  of  Og,  king  of  Ba'shan, 
and  Si'hon,  king  of  the  Am'orites. 

5.  Reuben  lay  on  the  east  side  of  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  river  Jordan,  and 
north  of  the  river  Ar'non  ;  its  territory  was  celebrated  for  tiie  multitude  of 
cattle,  sheep  and  goats  it  supported.  Hesh'bon,  a  strongly  fortified  town, 
was  the  capital  of  the  Am'orites ;  its  fish-pools  are  alluded  to  in  Sol.  Song 
vn.  4.  Med'eba  was  noted  in  the  wars  of  David  (1  Chron.  x'lx.) ;  Ar'oer, 
Di'bon,  and  Ked'emoth,  are  all  mentioned  in  Josh.  xiii. ;  and  Be'zer,  in  Deut. 
iv.  43. 

6.  In  Gad  were  Ja'besh  Gil'ead  (Juages  xxi.)  and  Ra'moth  Gil'cad 
(1  Kings  xxii.)  ;  both  were  noted  in  the  wars  of  the  Israelites ;  at  the  latter 
Ahab,  king  of  Israel,  was  slain.  Mahana'im  was  the  place  where  Jacob 
saw  the  host  of  angels  coming  to  meet  him.  (Gen.  xxxii.  2.)  At  Penu'el 
or  Peni'el  he  saw  God  face  to  face,  and  there  his  name  was  changed  to  Israel. 
(Gen.  xxxii.  30.)  At  Suc'coth  lie  took  up  his  residence,  on  his  return  from 
Pa'dan  A'ram.     (Gen.  xxxiii.  17.) 

7.  Near  Zar'etan  or  Zar'than  the  brazen  vessels  were  cast,  by  order  of 
Solomon,  for  the  temple.  (I  Kings  vii.  46.)  Min'nith  was  noted  for  its 
wheat  (Ezek.  xxvii.  17);  Rab'bath  Am'mon,  a  fortified  city,  was  the  capital 
of  the  Am'monites ;  while  Jo'ab  was  besieging  it,  Uri'ah,  the  husband  of 
Bath'sheba,  was  treacherously  slain.     (2  Sam.  xi.  17.) 

8.  In  Manasseh  beyond  Jordan  was  the  town  of  Dan,  in  early  times,  the 
most  northern  in  the  land  of  Israel,  as  Beer'sheba  was  the  most  southern , 
hence  the  phrase,  from  "  Dan  even  unto  Beer'sheba,"  was  used  to  denote 
the  whole  extent  of  the  country.  It  is  mentioned  in  the  life  of  Abraham. 
(Gen.  xiv.  14.)  Here  Jerobo'am  set  up  one  of  his  golden  calves.  (1  Kings 
xii.  29.) 

9.  Ge'shur  was  the  bir*h-place  of  Ma'achah,  Absalom's  mother ;  she  was 
the  daughter  of  Tal'mai,  king  of  Ge'shur.     (2  Sam.  iii.  3.)     Ar'gob,  As'ta- 

Levites  ?  What  had  they  for  their  support?  How  were  they  distributed  7 
For  what  purpose  were  six  of  these  cities  appointed  ?  4.  How  were  tlie 
tribes  settled?  Which  was  the  most  northern  tribe?  The  most  southern? 
Where  did  the  tribes  of  Reuben,  Gad,  &.e.  reside  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  Reu- 
ben ?  For  what  was  it  celebrated  ?  What  is  said  of  Heshbon  ?  Medeba,  &c..' 
6.  For  what  were  Jabesh  Gilead  and  Ramoth  Gilcad  noted  ?  What  occurred 
at  Mahanaim  ?  At  Penuel  ?  At  Succoth  ?  7.  What  was  done  at  Zaretan  or 
Zarthan?  Minnith  ?  Rabbath  Ammon,  &c.?  8.  What  is  said  of  tlia 
town  of  Dan  ?    Where  is  it  mentioned  7    What  was  set  up  tliere  ?    9.  What 


THE   TWELVE    TRIBES.  171 

roth,  and  Ed'rei  were  cities  of  the  kingdom  of  Baslian  ;  at  the  latter,  tlio 
gig-antic  king,  Og,  was  defeated  by  the  Israelites,  before  they  crossed  over 
Jordan. 

10.  The  territory  of  Asher  was  the  most  northern  in  Israel.  In  its 
boundaries  were  included  the  FhcEnic'ian  cities  of  Tyre,  Sidon.and  Aecho, 
whose  inhabitants  the  Ash'eriles  were  unable  to  expel.  Amongst  tlie  other 
towns  were  Mis'rei)lioth-nia'im,  Hd'kah,  Ach'saph,  Beth'-n  iiob,  and  Zar'tv 
phath.  At  the  latter  the  prophet  Elijah  dwelt,  wliilo  there  was  a  famine  in 
the  Land  of  Israel ;  and  here  he  restored  the  widow's  son  to  life.  (I  Kinga 
x%ii.  9—22.) 

IL  In  Zebui.on  was  Gath-he'pher,  the  native  place  of  the  prophet  Jonalu 
(2  Kings  xiv.  25.)  Bcthu'lia  was  the  town  that  was  besieged  by  Holofer'- 
nes,  general  of  the  army  of  Nabuehodon'osor,  king  of  Assyria,  and  delivered 
in  the  manner  related  in  the  Bi)ok  of  Ju'dith,  cli.  vii.  Jok'neam  or  Jok'ne- 
am  of  Carmel,  was  a  eity  of  tlic  Le'vites.    (1  Chron.  vi.  68.) 

12.  At  Abcl-Beth-ma'aeliah,  in  Napli'tali,  the  rebel  She'ba  was  besieged 
by  Joab.  (2  Sam.  xx.  15.)  Ha'zor  was  the  residence  of  king  Ja'biru 
Har'oslieth  was  the  town  where  Sis'cra  lived,  who  commanded  the  army  of 
Ja'bin.  (Judges  iv.  2.)  Ke'desh-Naph'tali  was  the  residence  of  Ba'rak. 
(Judges  iv.  6.) 

13.  In  Is'sACHAR  was  Mcgid'do,  on  the  river  Ki'shon,  famous  for  the  battles 
fought  in  the  extensive  plain  near  it :  here  the  army  of  Ja'bin  was  de- 
stroyed  by  Ba'rak  (Judges  iv.  15);  Aiiazi'ah  died  of  the  wounds  received 
in  battle  against  Jehu  (2  Kings  ix.  27),  and  Josiah  was  defeated  and  slain 
by  Pha'raoh-Ne'eho.    (2  Kings  xxiii.  29.) 

14.  Shu'nem  was  the  place  where  the  prophet  Elijah  restored  to  life  tlic 
Bon  of  the  Shu'namitc  woman.  (2  Kings  iv.  35.)  At  Do'than,  whither  Ja- 
sepli  had  repaired  to  seek  his  brethren,  he  was  sold  by  them  as  a  slave 
to  the  Ish'maclile  merchants.  (Gen.  xxxvii.  28.)  A  well,  with  a  marble 
cover,  supported  by  pillars,  is  traditionally  pointed  out  as  the  "pit"  into 
which  Joseph  was  cast 

Map  No.  8. — What  tribes  lay  on  the  sea-coast  ?-  What  three  lay  west  of 
Jordan,  but  did  not  extend  to  the  sea  ?  ^  What  tribes  east  of  Jordan  ?  Point 
out  Reuben.  What  river  formed  its  southern  boundary  ?  Western?  Point 
out  Hesiibon.  The  other  towns.  Where  is  the  tribe  of  Gad?  What  river 
on  tlie  west?  What  nation  on  the  east?  Where  is  Jabesh-Gilead  ?  Ra- 
motli-Gileau,  and  the  otiier  towns  ?  Point  out  Manasseh  beyond  Jordan, 
What  mountains  lay  east?  What  country  east?  'Where  is  tlie  town  of 
Dan?  Gcshur?  T'"'  other  towns?  Wlicre  is  Asher  ?  Point  out  tlie 
towns  mentioned  in  the  text.  'I'iie  Plioenician  cities.  Cabul.  This  was  a 
district  which  Solomon  gave  to  Hiram,  king  of  Tyre,  for  the  services  which 
he  had  rendered  him  in  building  the  temple.  Where  is  Zebulon?  What 
eea  bounds  it  on  the  west  ?^  Point  out  Gath-hepher.  The  other  town* 
Where  is  Issachar  ?  Where  is  Megiddo  ?  Shunemi  Dothan  ?  Megiddo' 
This  town  stood  on  the  western  side  of  the  plain  of  Jezreel. 

is  said  of  Geshur?  Argob,  Astaroth  .ond  Edrei?  What  occurred  at  the 
latter?  10.  What  is  saidof  Ashcr?  What  Pha>nician  cities  did  it  include? 
What  is  said  of  them  ?     What  other  towns  ?     What  is  said  of  the  latter,  &,c.  ? 

11.  Who  was  a  native  of  Gath-heplier  ?  What  is  said  of  Bethulia,  &c.  7 

12.  What  took  place  at  Abel-Beth-.Maachah?  What  waa  Hazor?  Haro. 
eheUi?  Kedcsh-Naphtali  ?  13.  What  is  said  of  Megiddo?  What  occurred 
there  ?     14.  What  is  said  of  Shunem,  i,c.  ?     Of  DoUian  ? 


172  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 


THE   TWELVE   TRIBES  — [continued]. 

1.  In  Manasseh  west  of  Jordan  was  Dor,  a  seaport,  once  the  seat  of  a 
Canaanitish  king.  (Josh.  xi.  2.)  At  Jez'reel  there  was  a  palace_  of  the 
kings  of  Israel,  where  the  impious  Jez'ebel  was  killed.  (2  Kings  ix.  33. 
Tir'zah  was  the  capital  of  Israel,  before  the  building  of  Samaria.  En'do 
was  the  place  to  which  Saul  went  to  consult  a  woman  who  had  a  familial 
spirit.  (1  Sam.  xxviii.  7.)  Oph'rah  was  tlie  native  town  of  Gideon.  (Judges 
vi.  11.)  Be'zek  was  a  city  of  the  Canaanites  where  10,000  of  them  were 
slain,  and  Adoni-be'zek,  their  king,  was  taken  prisoner.     (Judges  i.  4.) 

2.  In  Ephraim  was  Samaria,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel,  founded 
by  Omri,  B.  C.  919  (1  Kings  xvi.  24) ;  it  was  destroyed  by  the  Assyr'ians, 
but  was  subsequently  rebuilt.  Slie'chem  or  Si'chem  was  a  very  ancient 
city ;  here  Abraham  erected  an  altar  (Gen.  xii.  7),  and  here  Jacob  and  his 
family  resided.  (Gen.  xxxiii.  18.)  At  Shi'loh  the  tabernacle  was  set  up  (Josli. 
xviii.  1),  and  remained  until  the  time  of  Eli,  a  period  of  more  than  300 
years,  after  which  it  was  taken  by  the  Philis'tines. 

3.  At  A'bel-meho'lah  the  prophet  Elisha  was  born.  Jop'pa  was  the  chief 
seaport  of  the  Israelites ;  from  hence  Jonah  took  ship  to  go  to  Tar'shisli. 
(Jonah  i.  3.)  Tim'nath-se'rah  was  the  inheritance  given  to  Joshua ;  and  here 
he  died  and  was  buried.  (Josh.  xxiv.  30.)  Ramatha'im-zo'phim,  or  Ra'mah, 
was  the  birth-place  of  Samuel  (1  Sam.  i.  1—20);  there  he  dwelt  (vii.  17), 
and  there  he  anointed  Saul  to  be  king  of  Israel,     (x.  1.) 

4.  The  territories  of  Dan  and  Simeon  were,  at  first,  a  part  of  Judah,  but 
its  portion  being  found  larger  than  was  needed,  its  western  districts  were 
tlierefore  set  apart  for  the  residence  of  the  other  two  tribes.  The  portion  of 
Dan  being  of  small  dimensions,  induced  the  tribe  to  send  out  some  of  its 
people  in  search  of  other  settlements  (Judges  xviii.);  they  accordingly  took 
La'ish,  a  city  near  the  source  of  the  river  Jordan,  and  changed  its  name  to 
Dan ;  it  was  long  the  most  northern  town  in  Israel. 

5.  In  Dan  were  the  Philis'tine  cities  of  Ash'dod,  Ek'ron,  and  Gath.  To 
Ash'dod  the  ark  was  conveyed  by  the  Philis'tines,  after  they  had  captured  it 
at  the  battle  of  Ebcne'zcr.  It  is  called  Azo'tus  in  the  New  Testament.  Ek'ron 
was  a  strong  city  on  the  coast ;  it  was  given  by  Joshua,  first  to  Judah,  and 
afterwards  to  Dan ;  but  the  Israelites  did  not  obtain  possession  of  it  until 
tlie  time  of  Judas  Maccabai'us.  The  ark  was  brought  hither  from  Ash'dod, 
but  it  was  speedily  removed,  through  fear  of  divine  vengeance. 

6.  Gath  was  the  native  town  of  Goli'ath,  whom  David  killed ;  it  was  taken 
by  the  latter,  after  he  became  king,  but  was  subsequently  rebuilt  by  hia 
grandson,  Rehobo'am ;  it  was  finally  laid  waste  by  Haf  ael,  king  of  Syria. 
Aj'alon  was  one  of  the  scenes  of  a  renowned  miracle,  recorded  in  Joshua  x. 

Q.  1.  What  was  Dor?  What  is  said  of  Jezreel ?  Tirzah?  Endor? 
Ophrah  ?  Bczek  ?  2.  What  is  said  of  Samaria  ?  Shechem  ?  Who  resided 
there  ?  What  is  said  of  Shiloh  ?  3.  Who  was  born  at  Abel-meholah  ? 
What  is  said  of  Joppa  ?  Timnath-scrah  ?  Ramathaim-zophim  ?  4.  What 
is  said  of  the  territories  of  Dan  and  Simeon?  Of  the  portion  of  Dan? 
What  city  did  they  take  ?  To  what  was  its  name  changed,  &c.  ?  5.  Name 
the  Philistine  cities  in  Dan.  What  is  said  of  Ashdod,  &,c.  ?  Of  Ekron,  «fcc.  ? 
6.  What  is  said  of  Gath  ?     Of  what  was  Ajalon  the  scene  ?     7.  Where  were 


THE    TWELVE    TRIBES.  173 

19, 13,  when,  in  a  battle  between  the  Israelites  and  the  five  kings  of  the  Ca'- 
naimitcs,  "  the  sun  stood  still,  and  the  moon  stayed,  until  the  people  had 
avenged  themselves  upon  their  enemies." 

7.  In  Simeon  were  Ga'za  and  As'kelon  or  As'calon,  cities  of  the  Philis'- 
tines.  From  the  first  Samson  carried  away  the  gates  of  the  city  ;  and,  when 
he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Philis'tines,  they  deprived  him  of  his  sight,  and 
set  him  to  grind  in  the  ])rison-house  at  Ga'za,  «Si£,e.  (Judges  xvi.)  As'kelon 
was  the  birth-plaec  of  Herod  the  Great;  it  was  famous  in  the  time  of  tho 
Crusades.  Zik'lag  was  given  to  David  by  A'ehish,  king  of  Gath,  when  ha 
fled  to  the  Philistines  for  fear  of  Saul.  (1  Sam.  xxvii.  6.)  Ge'rar  was  the 
residence  both  of  Abraham  and  Isaac.     (Gen.  xx.  1.;  xxvi.  6.) 

8.  At  Bcer'sheba,  also,  Abraham  and  Isaac  both  resided,  and  here  the  formci 
made  a  treaty  with  Abim'elecli,  king  of  Ge'rar,  which  was  confirmed  with 
an  oath  ;  whence  its  name,  which  signifies  the  "  well  of  the  oath."  (Gen. 
xxi.  31.)  A  town  was  afterwards  built  here,  which  was  considered  the  most 
Bouthern  in  tiie  Land  of  Israel. 

9.  Jcr'icho,  in  the  tribe  of  Benjamin,  was  the  first  conquest  of  tlie  Israelites 
after  they  had  crossed  the  Jordan  ;  its  walls  fell  miraculously  to  the  ground, 
when  it  was  captured  and  destroyed.  It  was  subsequently  rebuilt,  and  bo- 
came  a  great  city.  At  Gil'gal  the  Israelites  encamped,  after  they  passed 
tlie  Jordan ;  there  they  set  up  the  twelve  stones  which  they  took  out  of  the 
midst  of  the  river,  as  a  monument.     (Josh.  iv.  20.) 

10.  Gib'eah,  called  Gib'eah  of  Saul,  was  the  residence  of  Saul,  king  of 
Israel.  Gib'eon  was  a  royal  city  of  the  Ca'naanites.  The  inhabitants 
having  deceived  Joshua  by  an  artifice,  had  their  lives  spared,  but  were  con- 
demned to  be  the  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water  to  the  Israelites. 
Here,  at  the  conmiand  of  Joshua,  "the  sun  stood  still  in  the  midst  of 
heaven,  and  hasted  not  to  go  down  about  a  whole  day."     (Josh.  x.  12,  13.) 

11.  At  Beth-cl  Jacob  saw  his  first  vision.  (Gen.  xxviii.  19.)  Jerobo'am  here 
set  up  one  of  the  golden  calves,  and  here  was  inflicted  the  punishment  on 
tlie  children  who  mocked  Elisha.  (2  Kings  ii.  23,  24.)  Between  this  place 
and  Ai  or  Hai  Abraham  first  lived  after  his  return  from  Egypt.  (Gen.  xiii. 
3.)  At  Nai'oth  Samuel  and  the  sons  of  the  prophets  dwelt  j  and  here  David 
withdrew  from  Saul.     (1  Sam.  .xix.  18,  19.) 

12.  An'athoth  was  the  birth-place  of  the  prophet  Jeremiah.  At  Ra'mah 
he  was  released  by  the  Chalde'ans,  when  they  brough*  mm  prisoner  from 
Jerusalem.  (Jer.  xl.  4.)  Bahu'rim  was  the  place  where  Shim'ei  cursed 
David,  and  threw  stones  at  him.  (2  Sam.  xvi.  5,  6.)  At  Ze'lah  Saul  was 
buried.     (2  Sam.  xxi.  14.) 

Map  No.  8. — Point  out  Manasseh  west  of  Jordan.  What  river  formed  ita 
eastern  boundary  7  The  southern?  Point  out  the  towns  mentioned  in  the 
text.     Where  is  Ephraim  ?     What  tribe  bounded  Ephraira  on  the  north  ? 


Gaza  and  Askelon  ?  By  whom  were  the  gates  of  the  former  carried  awayT 
What  after  occurred  to  Samson?  What  is  said  of  Askelon?  Ziklag? 
Who  resided  at  Gcrar  ?  8.  What  is  said  of  Bcersheba,  &c.?  What  doeg 
the  name  signify  ?  9.  What  is  said  of  Jericho  ?  What  did  the  Israclitea 
do  at  Gilgal  ?  10.  What  was  Gibeah  ?  CJibeon  ?  What  did  the  inhabi- 
tants  do  ?^To  what  were  they  condemned  ?  What  was  this  place  ?  11.  What 
is  said  of  Beth-el  ?  Ai  or  Hai  ?  Who  dwelt  at  Naiotli,  &.c.  ?  12.  Who  was 
born  at  Anathoth  ?  Where  was  he  released  by  the  Chaldeans?  What 
occurred  at  Bahurira  ?  Who  was  buried  at  Zelah  ? 
15  * 


174  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

A''hat  tribes  south?  East?  Where  is  Samaria?  The  other  towns? 
Point  out  Dan.  Simeon.  What  tribes  lay  east?  Wliat  country  eouUi  ? 
What  stream  formed  part  of  the  southern  boundary  of  Simeon  ?  Point  out 
tJie  towns  in  Dan.  The  towns  in  Simeon.  The  cities  of  the  Pliilistines. 
Where  is  the  tribe  of  Benjamin  ?  What  tribeS;^ lay  north  ?  Soutli  ?.  East  ? 
West?  Point  out  Jericho.  The  other  towns.  —  Map  No.  10.  —  Point  out 
Anathoth.    Ramah.     Bahurim.     Zelah. 

THE    TRIBE   OF    JUDAH, 

WITH   THE   TOWNS   NOTED   IN   OLD   TESTAMENT   TIMES. 

1.  JuDAH  was  distinguished  above  all  the  other  tribes  of  Israel. 
It  led  the  van  of  the  congregation,  in  the  march  tlirough  the  de- 
sert, and  was  the  first  appointed  to  expel  the  Canaanites  from  the 
Promised  Land.  It  Avas  also  the  native  tribe  of  David  and  Solo- 
mon, as  well  as  of  our  Lord,  and  to  it  was  made  the  prophetic 
promise,  "  the  sceptre  shall  not  depart  from  Judah  until  Shi'loh  (the 
Messiah)  come."     (Gen.  xlix.  10.) 

2.  Jerusalem,  the  capital  of  Israel  and  afterwards  of  Judah,  was  situ- 
ated in  the  district  called  the  Land  of  Mori'ah ;  it  lay  within  the  tribe  of 
Benjamin,  but  Judah  acquired  it  by  conquest.  The  city  was  built  on  Akra, 
Mori'ah,  and  Zi'on,  three  hills  of  moderate  elevation.  The  Jews  called  it  the 
Holy  City,  and  the  City  of  God,  and  it  is  still  known,  in  the  East,  by  the 
former  name. 

3.  It  is  supposed  to  have  existed  as  early  as  the  time  of  Abraham,  and  was 
one  of  those  towns  from  which  the  Israelites  could  not  drive  out  the  Jeb'u- 
sites,  the  original  inhabitants :  the  latter  boasted  that  tJieir  lame  and  blind 
could  defend  its  fort ;  but  it  was  taken  by  David,  who  made  it  his  residence 
(2  Sam.  V.  6,  7),  and  called  it  by  his  own  name. 

4.  This  city  comprised,  in  early  times,  three  divisions,  viz.  Salem  (the 
Lower  or  Old  To\vi),  afterwards  called  Akra ;  Zi'on  or  the  city  of  David, 
and  the  Temple.  Bcz'etha  (the  New  Town)  was  not  built  until  after  the 
time  of  our  Saviour.  All  these  divisions  were  separated  from  each  other 
by  walls  and  towers,  and  the  whole  was  encompassed  with  a  high  and 
strong  wall. 

5.  The  hills  on  which  the  city  stood  were  separated  by  deep  valleys  from 
the  surrounding  heights.  East  of  the  city  was  the  Vale  of  Jehosh'apliat ; 
eouth  and  southwest  were  the  valleys  of  Gi'hon  and  Hin'nom.  In  a  certain 
part  of  this  valley,  called  To'phct,  some  of  the  idolatrous  kings  of  Judah 
■acrificed  children  to  the  idol  Mo'loch.  (Jer.  vii.  3L)  The  brook  Ced'ron 
Of  Kid'ron  flowed  on  the  eastern,  and  the  stream  of  Shilo'ah  or  Gi'hon  oa 
tlie  southern  side  of  the  city.       

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  the  tribe  of  Judah?  What  prophetic  promise  was 
made  ?  2.  Describe  the  position  of  Jerusalem.  What  did  the  Jews  call  it  ? 
3.  From  whose  time  is  it  supposed  to  have  existed  ?  Of  what  did  the  Jebu- 
eites  bofist?  4.  What  did  tlie  city  comprise?  Name  the  divisions,  &.u 
What  is  said  of  them?  5.  What  is  said  of  the  hills?  What  was  east  of 
the  city  ?     South  and  southwest  ?     What  is  said  of  the  brook  Cedron,  «Stc.  ? 


THETRIBEOFJUDAH.  175 

6.  The  chief  ornament  of  ancient  Jerusalem  was  the  temple  of  Solomon  ; 
it  was  built  on  Mount  Mori'ah,  and  was  a  ma<Tnificent  edifice;  it  was  cu- 
compasscd  by  spacious  courts,  and  was  adorned  with  rich  ornaments  of 
gold,  silver,  and  brass.  In  the  innermost  part  of  the  temple  was  the  sanctu- 
ary,  including  tlie  Holy  of  Holies,  so  called  because  it  contained  the  Ark 
of  the  Covenant,  and  was  regarded  in  a  peculiar  sense  as  the  dwelling  of 
the  Most  High.  This  temple  was  destroyed  by  Nebuchadncz'zar,  but  it  wa« 
rebuilt  by  the  Jews  when  tliey  returned  from  Babylonish  captivity. 

7.  Zi'on,  the  city  of  David,  was  on  Mount  Zi'on,  the  highest  part  of  Jeri*. 
ealcm  ;  it  was  the  best  fortified  and  strongest  section  of  the  city.  It  con- 
tained David's  house  or  palace,  the  queen's  house,  Solomon's  house  or  pa- 

ace,  called  the  House  of  the  Forest  of  Lebanon,  the  House  of  tlie  Mighty, 
and  other  buildings.  East  of  Zion  lay  the  king's  garden,  mentioned  Jor. 
xxxix.  4. 

8.  North  of  Jerusalem  was  the  rock  of  Rim'mon,  where  the  remnant  of 
the  Benjamites,  after  the  destruction  of  their  tribe,  abode  four  months. 
(Judges  XX.  47.)  Soutjjwest  of  the  city  was  the  pillar  which  Absalom 
reared  up  for  himself,  and  called  it  after  his  own  name.  (2  Sam.  xviii.  Id.) 
In  the  same  direction  was  the  stone  called  Eben-e'zer,  which  Samuel  set  up 
in  remembrance  of  tlie  deliverance  of  the  Israelites  from  the  Philistines 
saying,  "  Hitherto  hath  the  Lord  helped  us."     (1  Sam.  vii.  12.) 

9.  Beth'lchcm,  or  Beth'lehem  Ephra'tah,  was  the  native  town  of  David ; 
hence  it  was  often  called  the  city  of  David  ;  here,  "in  the  fulness  of  time," 
the  Saviour  of  men,  his  descendant  according  to  the  flesh,  was  born.  Near 
the  town  were  the  three  pools  called  the  Fountains  of  Solomon.  On  the 
road  to  Jerusalem  was  the  tomb  of  Rachel,  Jacob's  wife.     (Gen.  xxxv.  19.) 

10.  He'bron,  twenty-two  miles  south  of  Jerusalem,  is  one  of  the  oldest 
cities  in  the  world.  On  the  plain  of  Mam're,  in  the  vicinity,  Abraham  fed 
his  flocks,  and  here  he  bought  a  field,  in  which  was  a  cave  where  he  might 
bury  his  dead.  (Gen.  xxiii.)  He'bron  was  David's  first  capital;  lie  reigned 
here  upwards  of  seven  years  bcibre  he  took  Jerusalem.     (2  Sam.  v.  5.) 

11.  Teko'ah  was  the  native  town  of  the  prophet  Amos;  he  was  at  first  a 
herdsman.  (Amos  i.  1.)  To  Bcth'shemesh  the  Philis'tines  sent  the  Ark 
of  the  Covenant,  which  tlicy  had  captured  from  the  Israelites.  It  was  tlien 
removed  to  Kir'jath-je'arim,  and  remained  there  twenty  years;  afterwards, 
to  the  house  of  O'bed-e'dom,  and  thence  to  Jerusalem,  where  it  was  placed 
in  David's  palace,  and  finally  in  Solomon's  temple. 

12.  Adul'lam  was  a  city  of  Ca'naan,  whose  king  was  conquered  by  the 
Israelites.  Near  it  was  a  cave,  in  which  David  concealed  himself.  (1  Sam. 
xxii.  1.)  At  Mare'shah  an  Ethiopian  army,  of  a  million  of  men,  under 
Ze'rad,  was  defeated  by  Asa,  king  of  Judah.     (2  Chrou.  xiv.  10.) 

13.  At  E'plies-dam'min  the  Philistines  were  encamped  when  Goli'ath 
defied  tiie  host  of  Israel  in  the  adjacent  Vale  of  E'lah.  (I  Sam.  xvii.  1.) 
Bcth.hac'cercm  was  noted  for  its  vineyards ;  it  is  mentioned  in  Jer.  vi.  1 

6.  What  was  Solomon's  temple,  &c.  ?  Describe  the  temple.  What  did  its 
innermost  part  contain  ?  By  whom  was  it  destroyed  ?  What  did  it  contain  7 
8.  What  lay  north  of  Jerusalem?  Southwest?  What  lay  in  the  same 
direction  ?  9.  What  is  said  of  Bctlilehem  ?  Who  was  born  tiiere  ?  What 
was  near  the  town?  On  the  road  to  Jerusalem?  10.  What  is  said  of 
Hebron?  The  plain  of  Mamre,  &c.?  What  was  Hebron?  11.  What  is 
said  of  Tekoah  ?  Bethshemesh  ?  To  what  places  was  the  ark  afterwards 
removed  ?  12.  What  is  said  of  Adullam  ?  Mareshah  ?  13.  What  ia  said 
of  Ephes-dammiin  ?     For  what  was   Beth-haccercm  noted  ?     What   took 


176  SACRED    GEOGRAPHY. 

At  Ba'al-per'azim  David  defeated  the  Philis'tines,  soon  after  he  was  anointed 
king  of  Israel.     (2  Sam.  v.  20.) 

14.  En-gedi,  or  the  city  of  palm-trees,  was  celebrated  for  its  vineyards, 
and  its  camphire  or  cypress  trees.  (Sol.  Song  i.  14.)  The  strongholds  of 
En'gcdi,  in  which  David  hid  himself  from  Saul  (1  Sam.  xxiii.  29),  were  pro- 
bably caves  in  the  vicinity.  At  Ma'on  the  churlish  Na'bal,  the  first  husband 
of  Ab'igail,  resided,  though  his  possessions  were  in  Carrnel,  a  short  distance 
to  the  northeast.     (1  Sam.  xxv.  2.) 


Map  No.  8. — What  tribe  bounded  Judah  on  the  north  ?  What  tribes  on 
the  west  ?  What  sea  on  the  east  ?  What  countries  on  the  soutli  ?  .  Point 
out  Jerusalem.  Bethlehem.  Hebron.  Tekoah.  Bethshemesh. ,  Adullam. 
Marcshah.  En-gedi.  Maon.  —  Map  No.  10.  —  Wliere  is  the  Rock  of  Riin- 
mon  ?  The  Pillar  of  Absalom  ?  The  stone  called  Eben-ezcr  ?  Fountains 
of  Solomon  ?  The  tomb  of  Rachel  ? — Map  No.  11. — Point  out  the  Land  of 
Moriah.  Salem.  Zion.  The  Temple.  Point  out  the  Vale  of  JehoshaphaL 
Valley  of  Gihon.  Valley  of  Hinnom.  The  Brook  Cedron.  Stream  of  Shi- 
loah  or  Gihon.     Lower  Fountain.     Well  of  Job  or  Enrogel. 


GALILEE    AND    SAMARIA, 

WITH   THE    TOWNS   NOTED    IN    NEW    TESTAMENT   TIMES. 

1.  The  kings  of  Syria  divided  the  land  of  Israel  west  of  the 
Jordan,  into  the  provinces  of  Gahlee,  Samaria,  and  Judea.  The 
country  east  of  that  stream  was  called  Perse'a  (beyond).  These 
divisions  were  adopted  by  the  Romans,  and  weg:e  in  use  in  our 
Saviour's  time. 

2.  The  province  of  Galilee  included  the  territories  of  Ash'er, 
Is'sachar,  Naph'tali,  and  Zeb'ulon.  It  comprised  some  of  the  most 
fertile  and  populous  districts  in  Palestine,  and  was  divided  into 
Upper  and  Lower  GaHlee.  The  former  was  called  Galilee  of  the 
Gentiles,  from  its  population  being  partly  of  heathen  origin. 

3.  The  inhabitants  spoke  a  corrupt  dialect ;  and  hence  could  be  imme- 
diately recognised.  The  apostle  Peter  was  detected  by  his  speech.  (Mark 
xiv.  70.)  Among  these  people,  however,  our  blessed  Lord  chose  his  disciples ; 
and  he  resided  so  long  in  their  country,  that  he  was  himself  styled  a  Gali- 
lean. (Matt.  xxvi.  69.)  Many  of  his  miracles  were  wrought  there,  and 
thither  he  directed  his  disciples  to  repair  to  meet  him,  after  the  resurrection. 
(Matt  xxviii.  7—16.) 

place  at  Baal-perazim  ?    14.  For  what  was  En-gedi  celebrated  ?   What  is  said 
of  its  strongholds  ?     Of  Maon  ? 

Q.  1.  How  did  the  kings  of  Syria  divide  the  Land  of  Israel  west  of  Jor- 
dan  ?  Wliat  was  the  country  east  called  ?  By  whom  were  these  divisions 
adopted,  &c.  ?  2.  What  did  Galilee  include  ?  What  did  it  comprise  ? 
How  was  it  divided  ?  What  was  the  former  called  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  the 
inhabitants  ?  The  apostle  Peter  ?  Who  were  chosen  from  amongst  tliese 
people  ?     What  is  said  of  our  Lord  ?     What  were  wrought  there  ?     4.  What 


GALILEE    AND    SAMARIA.  1TJ 

4.  Capcr'naum  was  an  important  town ;  it  was  often  tlic  rcsidciico  of  our 
Lord;  lience  it  is  called  liis  own  city.  (Matt.  ix.  1.)  Here  he  performed 
many  miracles,  and  in  its  neighbourhood  lie  delivered  the  Sermon  on  the 
Mount;  yet  its  inhabitants  "repented  not,"  and  therefore  their  eity  was 
ineluded  with  Chora'zin  and  Betlisa'ida,  in  a  fearful  denouncement.  (Malt, 
xi.  21 — 24.)     Caper'naum  was  also  tiie  residence  of  the  apostle  Matthew. 

5.  Tibe'rias  was  once  the  capital  of  Galilee ;  the  lake  on  which  it  stood 
was  sometimes  called  the  Sea  of 'I'ibe'rias.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Ilcrod  An  tipas, 
an  the  site  of  a  more  ancient  town,  and  was  named  by  liim  in  honour  of  the 
Emperor  Tibe'rias.  After  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem,  it  was  noted  for  its 
Jewish  college. 

6.  Ca'na,  called  Ca'na  in  Galilee,  was  the  town  where  Christ  performed 
his  first  miracle  (John  ii.) ;  it  was  also  the  residence  of  Nathaniel.  Na'in 
was  the  place  where  the  Lord  restored  to  life  the  widow's  son.  (Luke  vii.  15.) 
At  Naz'arcth  he  resided  with  Joseph  and  Mary  until  lie  commenced  his 
public  ministry;  hence  he  was  styled  Jesus  of Naz'areth. 

7.  Bethsa'ida  of  Galilee,  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  another  town  of 
tlie  same  name  in  FcriE'a,  was  the  residence  of  the  disciples  Andrew,  Philip, 
Peter,  Jame8,and  John.  Ac'cho  was  called  Ptokina'is,  in  the  time  of  Christ; 
it  was,  on  account  of  its  fine  harbour,  a  town  of  importance  in  the  time  of 
the  Crusades.  It  was  visited  by  tiie  apostle  Paul,  when  on  his  way  from 
I'yrc  to  Jerusalem.     (Acts  xxi.  7.) 

SAMARIA. 

8.  Samaria,  the  smallest  division  of  Palestine,  derived  its  nanie 
from  the  city  of  Samaria.  It  lay  south  of  Galilee,  and  between 
the  Mediterranean  Sea  and  the  river  Jordan.  Samaria  included 
the  territories  of  Ephraim  and  the  western  half-tribe  of  Manasseh : 
it  comprised  some  of  the  finest  portions  of  Palestine. 

9.  When  the  ten  tribes  were  carried  away  captive  by  the  Assyr'ians,  the 
liand  of  Israel  was  \ei\  nearly  desolate,  but  was  soon  repeoplcd  by  heathen 
colonists,  and  such  Israelites  as  returned  from  the  adjacent  countries.  Tiiese 
mixed  races  were  called  Samaritans  ;  they  adopted  tlie  religion  of  Moses, 
but  intermingled  it  with  idolatrous  rites  and  ceremonies  ;  hence  they  were 
regarded  by  the  Jews  with  extreme  aversion :  the  latter  would  not  allow 
them  to  worship  at  Jerusalem ;  the  Samaritans,  therefore,  built  themselvea 
a  temple  on  Mount  Ger'izim,  near  She'chem,  and  worshipped  there. 

10.  Samaria,  tha  chief  city,  was,  in  early  times,  tl>e  capital  of  tlie  king- 
dom of  Israel ;  it  was  destroyed  by  the  Assyr'ians,  but  it  was  afterwards 
rebuilt.  Herod  the  Great  improved  it,  and  called  it  Sebas'te.  It  is  now 
a  mean  village,  but  contains  many  fragments  of  ancient  buildings,  among 
others,  tlie  walls  of  a  noble  church  erected  on  the  site  of  tlie  alleged  prison 
of  John  the  Baptist.  

IB  said  of  Capernaum  ?  What  is  it  called  ?  What  was  delivered  in  its 
neighbourhood,  &c.  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  Tiberias?  By  whom  was  it  ro- 
built,  «S£,c.  ?  For  what  was  it  noted?  C.  Wliat  is  said  ofCana?  Nain  T 
Nazareth,  &c.  ?  7.  Who  resided  at  Betlisnida  of  Galilee  ?  What  is  said 
of  Acclio?  By  whom  was  it  visited  ?  8.  What  is  said  of  Samaria  ?  Dc- 
Bcribe  its  position.  What  did  it  include?  Comprise?  9.  What  occurred 
when  the  ten  tribes  were  carried  away  captive  ?  What  is  said  of  the  S.i- 
maritans?  IIow  were  they  regarded  by  the  Jews,  i^c.  ?  10.  What  is  said 
©f  the  city  of  Samaria  ?  By  whom  was  it  destriJJ'ed  ?  Who  improved  it 
M 


178  SACRED    GEOGRAPHY. 

11.  Cojsare'a,  in  the  time  of  the  Romans  the  chief  town  of  Samaria,  was 
originally  a  small  Greek  colony ;  it  derived  all  its  importance  from  Herod, 
who  made  it  a  renowned  city  and  seaport.  Here  St.  Peter  converted  Corne- 
lius, the  Roman  centurion,  and  here  also  St.  Paul  defended  himself  against 
tlie  Jews  and  their  orator  Tertul'lus.     (Acts  xxiv.) 

12.  Sy'char,  previously  called  She'chem  and  Si'chem,  stood  between  Mount 
E'bal  and  Mount  Ger'izim.  Near  the  city  was  Jacob's  Well,  where  our 
Lord  held  the  memorable  conversation  with  the  woman  of  Samaria.  (JoIjii 
h'.)  The  Emperor  Vespa'sian  greatly  improved  the  town,  and  called  it 
Noap'olis  (tlie  New  City),  which  has  been  since  corrupted  into  Naplous. 

1.3.  Antip'atris  was  named  after  Antip'ater,  the  father  of  Herod.  To  this 
place  St.  Paul  was  brought  by  the  Roman  soldiers,  on  his  way  to  Caesare'a. 
(Acts  xxiii.  31.)  Lyd'da  was  a  large  town,  in  New  Testament  times ;  there 
St.  Peter  miraculously  healed  iEne'as.  (Acts  ix.  33,  34.)  ^'non,  near  to 
Sa'lim,  is  mentioned  as  a  ])laee  where  John  was  baptizing,  "  because  there 
was  much  water  there."     (John  iii.  23.) 

14.  Jop'pa,  now  Jaffa,  is  thirly-six  miles  northwest  of  Jerusalem  ;  it  is 
one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  in  tlie  world.  The  apostle  Peter  resided  for 
some  time  at  Joj/pa,  and  had  there  the  vision  that  led  to  the  preaching  of 
the  Gospel  to  the  Gentiles.  In  tlie  same  place  he  raised  to  life  Dorcas,  a 
woman  "  full  of  good  works  and  alms-deeds."     (Acts  ix.  40.) 

Map  No.  11.  —  Where  is  Galilee?  Upper  Galilee?  Lower  Galilee? 
What  district  occupied  the  coast  of  Galilee  ?  What  river  separated  Galilee 
from  Pereca  ?  What  province  lay  south  of  Galilee  t';  Point  out  Capernaum, 
Tiberias.  Cana.  Nain.  Nazareth.  Bcthsaida.  Point  out  Samaria.  Wiiat 
province  lay  north  ?  South?-  East?  What  sea  west  ?  Where  is  the  city 
of  Samaria?  Sychar?  Mount  Ebal  ?  Mount  Geriziin  ?  Jacob's  Well  7 
Csesarca  ?     Antipatris  ?     Lydda  ?     Joppa  ? 


JUDEA   AND   PER^A, 

WITH   THE    TOWNS   NOTED   IN    NEW   TESTAMENT   TIMES. 

1,  JuDEA  was  the  most  distinguished,  as  well  as  the  largest 
province  in  Palestine  ;  it  comprised  the  territories  of  Judah,  Ben- 
jamm,  Dan,  and  Simeon.  The  interior  was  rugged  and  moun- 
tainous, but,  on  the  coast,  the  land  was  more  level  and  fertile. 
The  whole  province  was  noted  for  its  palm  trees. 

What  was  it  then  called?  What  does  it  now  contain?  11.  What  is  sai 
of  Cseaarea,  &c.  ?  Who  did  St.  Peter  convert  ?  Against  whom  did  St.  Paul 
defend  himself?  12.  What  is  said  of  Sychar  ?  What  took  place  at  Ja- 
cob's  Well?  What  is  said  of  Vespasian,  &.c.  ?  13.  After  whom  was  Anti- 
patris named  ?  Who  was  brought  to  this  place  ?  Wliat  is  said  of  Lydda, 
&c.  ?  Of  ^non  ?  14.  What  is  said  of  Joppa?  Who  resided  tliere,  &,c.  7 
Whom  did  Peter  raise  to  life  ? 

Q.  1.  What  was  Judea  7  What  did  it  comprise?  What  is  said  of  the 
interior  ?     The  coast  7     For  what  was  the  province  noted  ?     2.  What  is  said 


JUDEA    AND    PER^A.  179 


View  of  modern  Jerusalem. 

2.  Jerusalem,  as  it  existed  in  the  time  of  our  Saviour,  was  the 
city  built  by  the  Jews  who  returned  from  Babylon ;  but  neither 
the  city  nor  the  temple  approached  their  first  magnificence  until  the 
reign  of  Herod,  who  began  about  tiie  year  10  B.  C.  to  adorn  the 
former  with  many  spacious  buildings,  and  repaired  the  latter  from 
its  very  foundations,  in  a  substantial  and  splendid  manner. 

3.  Bez'etha  or  the  New  Town  was  built  by  Agrippa,  the  grandson  of 
Herod ;  in  his  time  the  city  is  supposed  to  have  attained  its  greatest  extent 
ajid  population ;  it  was  upwards  of  four  miles  in  circuit,  and  had  from 
if^O.OUO  to  150,000  inhabitants. 

4.  Among  the  places  in  Jerusalem  noted  in  our  Saviour's  history,  was  the 
temple,  in  which,  when  only  twelve  years  of  age,  he  sat  in  the  midst  of  the 
doctors,  "both  hearing  them  and  asking  them  questions"  (Luke  ii.  46) ;  and 
here  also  he  cast  out  those  that  bought  and  sold  in  it.  (Matt.  xxi.  12.)  Near 
the  sheep  or  beast  market  was  the  Pool  of  Bethcs'da,  where  he  healed  the 
lame  man  on  the  Sabbath  day.     (John  v.  9.) 

5.  On  the  east  side  of  Zion  was  the  Pool  of  Sil'oam,  in  which  the  blind 
man,  being  directed  by  Christ  to  wash,  received  his  sight.  East  of  the 
city  was  the  garden  of  Gethsem'ane,  where  our  Lord  was  betrayed.  (ALatt. 
xxvi.  36.)  Wes^'ard  was  Calvary,  where  he  was  crucified  (Luke  xxiii.  33X 
and  near  to  it  was  the  garden  containing  the  sepulchre  in  which  his  body 
was  laid.  (Jolm  xix.  41.)  Southward  was  the  Potter's  Field,  called  Accl' 
dama,  or  the  F'icld  of  Blood.     (Acts  i.  19.) 

6.  In  Salem  or  Akra  was  the  Fort  of  Anti'ochus,  built  by  Anti'ochus  Epi- 
ph'anes,  king  of  Syria.  Fort  Antonia  was  a  strong  castle,  wliere,  in  Roman 
times,  a  legion  was  stationed.  In  Zion  or  the  Upper  Town  was  Herod's 
house,  a  very  splendid  structure.  Eastward  of  the  city  were  Bcth'phage  and 
Bath'any ;  at  the  first  Christ  commenced  his  triumphal  entry  into  Jerusa- 
lem ;  at  the  other,  where  Mary  and  Martha  resided,  he  raised  Lazarus  front 
tlie  dead  (Jolm  xi.  43) ;  and  near  it  he  ascended  into  heaven. 

7.  The  city  of  Jerusalem  was  taken  and  destroyed  by  Titus,  A.  D.  70. 
Part  of  it  was  rebuilt  fifty  or  sixty  years  afterwards ;  and  in  the  fourth  ccn- 

of  Jerusalem?  Of  Herod  7  3.  Wlio  built  Bezetha?  What  was  the  state 
of  Jerusalem  in  his  time  ?  4.  What  places  in  Jcrusilem  were  noted  in  our 
Saviour's  history  ?  5.  What  lay  on  the  east  side  of  Zion  ?  East  of  the  city? 
Westward  ?  Southward  ?  6.  What  was  in  Salem  ?  What  is  said  of  Fort 
Antonia  ?    Herod's  house  7    What  was  eastward  of  the  city  7     What  is 


180  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

.ury  Helena,  the  mother  of  Constantine,  caused  various  chapels  and  menu, 
ments  to  be  erected  on  the  places  rendered  memorable  by  events  in  the  lifb 
of  Christ.  Since  that  time,  this  city  has  been  annually  visited  by  thousands 
of  piljjrims,  from  all  parts  of  Christendom  ;  but  their  numbers  are  now  less 
than  they  vpcre  formerly.  Jerusalem  is  greatly  reduced  from  its  ancient 
extent  and  magnificence,  but  it  is  still  an  object  of  the  highest  veneration,  to 
Jews  and  Christians  as  well  as  to  Mahomedans. 


Birth  of  Christ, 

8.  Bethlehem,  six  miles  south  of  Jerusalem,  is  memorable  for  the  birth 
of  our  Lord  and  Saviour  (Matt.  ii. ;  Luke  ii.  7.),  4004  years  after  the  creation 
of  the  world  :  it  is  now  visited  chiefly  for  the  sake  of  the  convent  built  by 
the  Empress  Helena,  over  a  subterranean  grotto,  where  is  shown  a  marble 
basin,  said  to  be  the  manger  in  which  the  infant  Saviour  was  laid. 

9.  Jer'icho,  the  city  of  palm  trees,  was,  under  the  Romans,  one  of  the 
principal  towns  in  Palestine,  and  the  residence  of  Herod  the  Great.  Zao'- 
cheus,  the  chief  of  the  publicans,  lived  here,  (Luke  xix.  1 — 3.)  Near 
the  city,  Jesus  healed  two  blind  men.  (Matt.  xx.  30.)  At  Em'maus  our 
Lord  appeared,  after  his  resurrection,  to  two  of  his  disciples.  (Luke  xxiv, 
13.)  ^ 

10.  At  Jut'tah,  in  the  hill  country,  the  parents  of  John  the  Baptist  aro 
supposed  to  have  resided.  (Luke  i.  39.)  Ephraim  was  the  town  where 
Christ  lived,  for  a  time,  for  the  sake  of  security.  (John  xi.  54.)  Arimathe'a 
was  the  residence  of  Joseph,  who  begged  of  Pilate  the  body  of  our  Lord, 
and  buried  it  in  his  owu  tomb.     (Matt,  xxvii,  57,) 

11.  Perje'a  was  tlie  eastern  province  of  Palestine ;  it  comprisctl. 
m  its  enlarged  sense,  the  districts  of  Gauloni'tis,  Batanas'a,  Peras'a 

said  of  Bethphage?  Bethany?  7,  When  was  Jerusalem  taken,  &c.,  by 
Titus  ?  What  took  place  fifty  or  sixty  years  afterwards  ?  In  the  fourth 
century  ?  What  has  taken  place  since  that  time  ?  What  is  said  of  Jeru- 
salem ?  8.  What  is  said  of  Bethlehem  ?  P'or  what  is  it  now  visited  ? 
9.  What  is  said  of  Jericho?  Who  lived  here?  What  occurred  near  tho 
oily?  At  Eminaus?  10.  Who  are  supposed  to  have  resided  at  Juttah  ■? 
Wliat  is  said  of  Ephraim  ?     Arimathea?     11.  What  was  Pertea?     Wha^ 


LAND    OF    THE    PHILISTINES.  181 

Proper,  Ituroe'a,  Abile'ne,  Tmchoni'tis,  and  Aurani'tis ;  the  last 
two  lay  altogether  east  of  Palestine,  and  the  next  two  were  only 
part  in  Perce'a. 

12.  The  Dccap'olis  was  a  league  composed  often  cities,  whence  the  namcj 
tlicy  were  all  in  Pcrte'a  except  Betlishe'an  or  Scythop'olis,  wliich  lay  in  Sa- 
nia'ria.  The  inhal)itaiit3  were  chiefly  Greeks,  who  received  various  im- 
portant privilcjrca  from  the  Romans.  Multitudes  of  people  came  from  these 
cities  to  our  Lord,  at  tlie  commencement  of  his  ministry  (MatL  iv.  25), 
and  in  some  of  them  he  performed  several  miracles. 

13.  In  the  vicinity  of  Gad'ara,  called  the  country  of  the  Gadare'nes  by  St 
Mark,  and  of  the  Gergese'ncs  by  St.  Matthew,  our  Lord  met  and  healed 
"  two  possessed  with  devils."  (Alatt.  viii.  8.)  Caesare'a  Philip'pi  was  at 
first  called  Dan.  Our  Saviour  visited  and  taught  in  this  place,  and  here 
he  gave  the  memorable  rebuke  to  Peter.     (Mark  viii.  27 — 33.) 

14.  Bethsa'ida  was  surnamed  Julias  :  in  a  desert  place  belonging  to  this 
city,  Jesus  fed  the  five  thousand.  (Luke  ix.  10 — 14.)  Mag'dala  and  Dal 
raanu'tha  were  small  towns  near  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Sea  of  Gali- 
lee  :  to  the  first  named  belonged  Mary,  called  Mary  Magdalene.  (Markxv. 
40.)  Dalinanu'tlia  is  mentioned  by  Mark,  viii.  10,  and  Mag'dala  by  Matthew, 
XV.  3S).  At  Bethab'ara  beyond  Jordan,  "where  John  was  baptiidng"  (John 
L  28),  it  is  thought  lie  baptized  Christ 

Map  No.  9. — What  province  lay  north  of  Judea?  What  sea  east?  West? 
Country  south  ?  Point  out  Jerusalem.  Jericho,  The  other  towns.  Point 
out  Persea.  What  provinces  lay  west  ?  What  country  northeast  ?  South- 
east ?  Point  out  Gaulonitis.  Batanaja,  The  otlier  districts.  The  cities  of 
the  Deca[)olis.  (The  names  are  underscored,  in  the  Map.)  Where  isCassarea  ? 
The  other  towns  ? — Map  No.  11.— Point  out  Bezetha.  The  Temple.  Pool 
ofBethesdtu  Pool  of  Siloain.  Gethsemane.  Mount  Calvary.  The  Potter's 
Field.  Salem  or  Akra.  Fort  Antioehus.  Antonia  or  Anthony.  Zioru 
Herod's  house.     Bethphage.     Bethany. 


LAND   OF   THE   PHILI  S'TINES. 

TYRE    AND    SIDON,    SYRIA,    ETC. 

1.  The  Land  of  the  Piiilis'tines  extended  about  forty  miles 
along  the  coasts  of  Dan  and  Simeon ;  it  was  divided  into  five 
lordships,  which  were  named  after  the  five  chief  cities,  Ga'za, 
As'kelon,  Ash'dod,  Ek'ron.and  Gath,  These  cities  were  sometimes 
called  the  Pentap'ohs  of  Palestine. 

did  it  comprise?  What  is  said  of  the  last  two?  Tlic  next  two?  12.  Do. 
scribe  the  Decapolis.  What  were  the  inhabitants,  «&,c.  ?  What  is  said  ot 
Uie  people  from  those  cities?  13.  What  took  place  in  the  vicinity  of  Ga- 
dara?  What  is  said  of  Ccesarea  Philippi?  14.  What  was  Bclhsaida? 
Magdala  and  Dalmanutha?  What  is  said  of  Bctliabara  ? 
Q.  1.  Describ*  tlic  Land  of  the  Philistines.  IIow  was  it  divided,  ^c.  ? 
IG 


182  SACKED    GEOGRAPHY. 

2.  The  Philis'tines  were  descended  from  Miz'raim  (Gen.  x.  14);  they 
came,  probably,  from  Egypt,  expelled  the  A'vim,  and  settled  in  their  place. 
Tlicy  were  a  warlike  people,  and  several  times  oppressed  the  Israelites 
grievously;  captured  the  Ark  and  defeated  Saul.  Afterwards  they  were 
repeatedly  overcome  by  David,  and  Uzzi'ah,  king  of  Judah,  took  most  of 
tlieir  towns.  (2  Chron.  xxvi.  6.)  They  have  long  ceased  to  exist  as  a  nation, 
thus  fulfilling  the  prophecy ;  "  The  remnant  of  the  Philis'tines  shall  perisli, 
Pi! ill)  the  Lord  God."     (Amos  i.  8.) 

TYRE     AND     SI'dON    OR     ZI'dON 

3.  Tyre  and  Si'don  were  rich  commercial  cities,  that  lay  within 
the  bounds  of  the  tribe  of  Asher,  but  were  never  conquered  by  the 
Israelites.  Their  territory  was  the  Phcenic'ia  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans.  In  the  Old  Testament  it  is  called  Si'don,  and  also  Tyre 
and  Si'don.     The  New  Testament  name  is  Syro-Phoenic'ia. 

4.  Tyre  and  Si'don  were  each  governed  by  their  own  kings.  Hi'ram,  king 
of  Tyre,  was  the  friend  of  both  David  and  Solomon,  and  Eth'baal,  king  of 
Sidon,  was  the  father  of  Jez'ebel,  the  wife  of  Ahab.  (1  Kings  xvi.  31.)  In 
the  reign  of  Zedeki'ah  the  kings  of  Tyre  and  S'idon  sent  ambassadors  to 
Jerusalem  to  obtain  assistance  against  Nebuchadnez'zar.     (Jer.  xxvii.  3.) 

5.  Si'don  was  the  oldest  town  on  the  coast  of  Syria :  in  Joshua's  time  it 
was  called  Great  Zi'don.  (Josh.  xi.  8.)  After  a  long  period  of  prosperity, 
it  was,  as  predicted  by  the  prophet  Ezckicl,  destroyed  by  the  Persians  ;  it 
was  afterwards  rebuilt,  but  never  regained  its  former  importance,  and  is  now 
a  small,  unimportant  town. 


Rums  of  Tyre. 

6.  Tyre  was  a  Sidonian  colony,  whence  it  is  called  the  daughter  of  Zi'don. 
fisa.  xxiii.  12.)  It  became  the  emporium  of  the  ancient  world ;  and  at  the 
time  of  her  greatest  splendour,  Isaiah  speaks  of  Tyre  as  the  "  crowning 
city,  whose  merchants  are  princes,  whose  traffickers  are  the  honourable 
of  the  earth."  (xxiii.  8.)  The  description  given  by  Ezekiel  (xxvii.)  of  the 
trade  of  Tyre,  its  vast  extent,  and  the  variety  of  the  commodities  employed 
in  it,  forms  the  most  interesting  account  of  ancient  commerce  on  record. 


2.  From  whom  were  the  Philistines  descended  ?     What  were  they,  &c. 
What  afterwards  occurred  ?     What  is   said  of  their  national  existence  / 

3.  Describe  Tyre  and  Sidon.  What  is  said  of  their  territory,  &c.  ?  4.  O' 
tlicir  government?  Oflliram?  Elhbaal  ?  What  was  done  in  the  reign 
irf'Zcdckiah  ?  5.  Wliat  is  said  of  Sidon  ?  Of  its  destruction  ?  What  took 
place  afterwards?  6.  What  was  Tyre?  What  did  it  become?  In  what 
terms  did  Isaiah  speak  of  Tyro?     What  is  said  of  the  description  given  by 


S5  If  R I A .  183 

7.  This  city  was  taken,  after  a  siege  of  tiiirtccn  years,  and  destroyed  hy 
Ncbuciiadnez'zar,  king  of  Babylon.  It  rose  afterwards  to  vvealtli  and  dis- 
tinction,  but  its  subsequent  history  is  not  recorded  in  Scripture.  Tyre  ia 
now  a  small  fishing  village,  and  its  condition  corresponds  most  remarkably 
with  what  was  foretold  by  Ezekiel.  It  has  become  "like  the  top  of  a  rock, 
a  place  for  the  spreading  of  nets."  (xxvi.  4,  5.)  The  only  remains  of  the 
ancient  city  arc  some  broken  walls,  columns,  and  arches. 


8.  Syr'ia  was  called  at  first  A'ram,  from  being  settled  by  tbe 
descendants  of  A'ram,  the  son  of  Shem.  It  was  an  extensive  re- 
gion, and  included  Pa'dan  A'ram  and  some  other  countries,  as  well 
as  Palestine  ;  but  the  latter  is  always  mentioned,  in  the  Bible,  as 
a  distinct  territory.  Syria  comprised  several  small  kingdoms,  such 
as  Syria  of  Damas'cus,  Syria  of  Zo'bah,  of  Ish-Tob,  of  Ma'acah 
of  Ha' math,  and  of  Re'hob,  which  were  almost  constantly  at  wa  / 
with  the  Israehtes. 

9.  Nearly  the  whole  of  Syria  was  subdued  by  David  more  than  1000 
years  B.  C,  but  it  regained  its  independence,  and  was  again  conquered,  first 
by  the  Assyrians,  then  by  the  Persians,  and  next  by  Alexander  the  Great, 
The  Greek  successors  of  that  conqueror  were  the  Seleu'cidce,  who  endea- 
voured to  force  the  Grecian  idolatry  upon  the  Jews,  but  were  manfully 
resisted  by  the  latter  under  the  command  of  the  Mac'cabees.  In  the  time 
of  our  Lord,  Syria  was  a  Roman  province,  having  An'tioch  for  its  capital. 
Judea,  and  the  other  districts  of  Palestine,  were  its  dependencies. 

]  0.  Damas'cus  is  one  of  the  oldest  cities  in  the  world.  It  is  mentioned 
in  Scripture  as  early  as  the  days  of  Abraham,  whose  servant,  Eliezer,  was 
born  there.  (Gen.  xv.  2.)  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  David,  and  after- 
wards by  Jerobo'um.     It  was  captured  by  Tig'lath-pile'ser,  740  B.  C. 

11.  It  is  noted  as  the  place  where  Paul  received  his  sight,  after  the  vision 
which  he  saw  in  travelling  thither ;  and  from  the  wall  of  the  city  he  was 
let  down  in  a  basket,  when  his  life  was  in  danger.  The  street  called  Straight, 
in  which  he  lived  (Acts  ix.  11),  ia  still  shown  by  the  inhabitants.  Near 
Damas'cus  are  the  rivers  Ab'ana  and  Phar'par,  which  Na'aman,  the  Syrian, 
preferred  to  all  the  waters  of  Israel.     (2  Kings  v.  12.) 

12.  At  An'tioch  the  apostle  Luke  was  born  ;  and  there  the  followers  of  the 
Redeemer  were  first  called  Christians.  (Acts  xi.  26.)  Hel'bon  or  Chalybon 
was  noted  for  its  wine.  (Ezek.  xxvii.  18.)  Tiph'sah,  on  the  Euphrates, 
«\-as  the  boundary  of  Solomon's  kingdom  in  that  quarter.  Scleu'cia  was  a 
noted  seaport,  from  which  Paul  took  ship  for  Cyprus.  (Acts  xiii.  4.)  Tad', 
nior  in  the  Wilderness,  the  Palmy'ra  of  the  Greeks,  was  built  by  ScJomon. 
(1  Kings  ix.  18.)  Ha'raath  and  Zo'bah  were  towns  noted  in  the  time  of  David, 


Ezekiel  ?  7.  Of  its  capture  and  destruction  ?  To  what  did  it  rise  ?  What 
is  it  now  ?  With  what  does  it  correspond  ?  8.  Describe  Syria.  What  did 
it  comprise  ?  9.  By  whom  was  it  subdued  ?  Again  conquered,  &c.  ?  What 
is  said  of  the  Selcueidae  ?  Of  S^^ria  in  our  Lord's  time  ?  10.  Describe  Da- 
mascus. What  is  mentioned  of  it  in  Scrijiture?  By  whom  was  it  besieged? 
Captured?  II.  For  what  is  it  noted?  What  is  still  shown?  What  are 
near  Damascus  ?     12.   What  is   said    of  Antioch  ?     Ilelbou  ?     Tiphsah , 


l84  sacred   geography. 


PA    DAN     A 


13.  Pa'dan  A'ram  (the  Plain  of  Syr'ia)  was  the  Mesopota'mia 
of  the  Greeks :  A'ram  Nahara'im  (Syr'ia  of  the  Rivers)  is  the  He 
brew  name  for  the  same  region.  It  lay  between  the  Euphrates 
and  Tigris  rivers,  and  was  the  native  country  of  Abraham.. 

14.  Jacob  resided  in  Pa'dan  A'ram,  with  Laban,  and  it  is  believed  that 
the  wise  men  who  came  from  the  East  to  worship  Jesus,  were  Mesopota'- 
mians.  Ur  of  the  Chaldees,  the  birth-place  of  Abraham,  is  supposed  to  havo 
been  in  Pa'dan  A'ram.  At  Ha'ran,  Te'rah,  Abraham's  father,  died.  (Gen. 
xi.  32.)  In  the  New  Testament  this  town  is  called  Char'ran.  (Acts  vii.  4.) 
It  is  now  known  by  its  first  name. 

Map  No.  8. — Point  out  Dan.  Simeon.  The  Philistines.  The  five  cities. 
Point  out  Phoenicia.  The  city  of  Tyre.  Sidon.  Accho.  This  place  was 
afterwards  called  Ptolemais.  —  Map  No.  6.  —  Where  is  Aram  or  Syria  7 
Helbon?  Tiphsah?  Tadmor?  Zobah  ?  Hamath  ?— Mo/)  iVo.  2.— Where 
is  Antioch  ?  Seleucia  ?  —  Map  No.  G.  —  Where  is  Padan  Aram?  Haran? 
Ur  7 — Map  No.  8. — Point  out  Damascus.     The  river  Abana.     Pharpar. 


16 

ARABIA, 

INCLUDING    AM'aLEK,    Am'mON,    Mo'aB,   e'dOM,    MID  IAN,   ETC. 

1 .  Arabia  is  an  extensive  region  Avhich  hes  south  and  east  of 
the  Land  of  Israel.  It  comprised,  in  early  times,  a  number  of  httle 
States,  of  which  Am'alek,  Am'mon,  Mo'ab,  E'dom,and  Midian  lay 
nearest  to  Palestine.  In  the  western  part  of  Arabia  the  Israehtes 
sojourned  for  forty  years  ;  and  here  those  wonderful  miracles,  the 
passage  of  the  Red  Sea,  the  supply  of  quails  and  manna,  and  the 
giving  of  the  law  on  Mount  Sinai,  were  performed. 

2.  The  Israelites  called  Arabia  "  the  East  Country"  (Gen.  xxv.6), 
and  its  inhabitants  "the  Children  of  the  East;"  and  the  latter  are  also 
spoken  of,  in  Scripture,  as  "the  mingled  people"  that  dwelt  in  the 
desert.  (Jer.  xxv.  20 — 24.)  The  first  settlers  of  Arabia  were  the 
descendants  of  Cush,  the  son  of  Ham,  and  from  them  its  southern 
division  was,  for  a  time,  called  Cush  or  Ethiopia. 

3.  The  Arabians  of  the  present  day  are  the  offspring-  of  Ishmael,  the 
son  of  Abraham  and  Ilagar,  concerning  whom  the  prediction,  "He  will  be 
a  wild  man,"  &lc.  (Gen.  xvi.  12),  has  been  fully  accomplished.     His  descend. 

Seleucia?  Tadmor?  13.  Describe  Padan  Aram.  Who  was  born  in  it? 
U.  Who  resided  in  it?  What  is  believed?  What  is  said  of  Ur?  Of 
Haran  7 

Q.  1.  Describe  Arabia,  What  did  it  comprise  7  What  occurred  there  7 
2.  What  did  the  Israelites  call  Arabia  ?  Its  inhabitants  ?  What  is  said 
of  the  first  settlers  7     3.  Whoso  posterity  are  the  Arabians  ?     What  was  tlio 


ARABIA 


185 


Hits  arc  now  literally  wild  men,  living  by  plunder,  residing  in  tc; 
rouniing  free  ami  unsubdued  over  their  vast  sandy  deserts. 


and 


Descendants  of  Isliiiiael  or  Bedouins. 


4.  The  Amal'fkites  dwelt  in  the  desert  south  of  the  Land  of  Canaan;  they 
atlacked  the  Israelites  at  Reph'idini,  where  Joshua  defeated  llioni  ;  long 
afterwards  they  were  routed  by  Gideon,  and  then  by  Saul.  After  llezekiah'a 
lime,  nothing  whatever  is  known  of  tlicm,  as  a  nation ;  thus  fulfilling  tiie 
denuneiation  of  the  J.ord ;  "  I  will  utterly  put  out  the  remembranee  of 
Am'alek  from  under  heaven."     (Exod.  xvii.  14.) 

5.  The  AiM'momtes  and  the  IMo'abites,  the  descendants  of  Lot,  Abraham's 
nephew,  inhabited  part  of  tiie  country  that  lay  cast  of  Palestine.  They 
were  generally  hostile  to  the  Israelites,  and  oppressed  them  on  various 
occasions.  They  were  both  conquered  by  David  (2  Sam.  viii. ;  xii.  31),  but 
afterwards  they  regained  their  independence.  Rab'bath-Am'mon  and  Rab'. 
bath-i\loab,  the  capitals  of  the  Am'monites  and  the  Mo'abites,  were  both 
noted  cities. 

6.  The  Am'monites  occupied  the  lands  of  Reuben  and  Gad,  when  those 
tribes  were  carried  into  captivity ;  afterwards  they  became  gradually  inter 
mingled  with  the  neighbouring  nations,  and  have  long  ceased  to  exist.  The 
Mo'abites  lay  south  of  the  Am'monites,  and  east  of  the  Red  Sea.  Their 
country  was  noted  for  its  rich  soil  and  its  abundant  crops.  It  was  invaded 
by  Shahnane'zer,  king  of  Assyr'ia,  and  subsequently  by  Nebuchadnez'zar 
who  carried  away  the  inhabitants  captive. 

7.  Many  of  the  Mo'abites  returned  from  captivity  along  with  the  Jews, 
rebuilt  their  ruined  cities,  and  remained  independent  until  they  were  sub- 
dued by  the  Mac'caltces,  B.  C.  78.  I\Io'ab  became  with  the  Romans,  on 
account  of  its  fertility,  a  favoured  district;  but  its  rich  soil  has  long  been  a 
barren  waste,  and  is  now  the  prey  of  the  Bedouin's.     Thus  is  fulfilled  the 

send   into 
) 


prophecy,  "  Behold   the  days  come,  saith   the   Lord,  that  I  will  se 
jMo'ab  wanderers,  that  shall  cause  him  to  wander."     (Jer.  xlviii,  12, 

prediction  concerning  Ishrnael,  &.c.  ?  4.  Where  did  t!ie  Amalekitcs  dwell? 
By  whom  were  they  defeated,  Sec.  ?  Describe  their  subsequent  fata 
5.  What  is  said  of  the  Annuoniles  and  Moabites  ?  By  whom  were  they 
conquered?  6.  Wliat  did  llie  Ammonites  occupy?  What  afterwards  oc- 
curred ?  Describe  the  position  of  the  Moabites.  Their  country,  &c.  By 
whom  were  they  invaded?  7.  What  i.-*  said  of  the  return  froni  captivit,'  ? 
What  did  Moab  become,  &.c. ?  Sab;5equcutly  ?  What  is  fulfilled?  b.  Wha 
10* 


186  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

8.  E'dom,  Mount  Seir  or  Idume'a,  was  tlie  country  of  the  E'domites,  the 
Posterity  of  E'sau,  Jacob's  elder  brother.  It  lay  south  of  the  Dead  Sea,  and 
tvas  first  inhabited  by  tlie  Ho'ritcs,  who  were  expelled  by  the  children  ol 
E'sau.  The  E'domites  were  constantly  hostile  to  their  brethren  of  Israel, 
end  always  rejoiced  at  and  took  advantage  of  their  calamities. 

9.  They  were  rendered  tributary  by  David,  thus  fulfilling  the  prediction, 
"  the  elder  shall  serve  the  younger."  (Gen.  xxv.  23.)  Subsequently  they 
revolted  from  Israel ;  and,  when  Judah  was  carried  away  captive  by  Ncbu. 
chadnez'zar,  they  conquered  tiie  southern  part  of  the  country  belonging  to 
tJiat  tribe,  and  kept  possession  of  it  until  the  time  of  John  Hyrca'nus.  For 
their  selfish  conduct  to  their  brethren,  the  Lord  had  declared,  "  Thou  shalt 
be  desolate,  O  Mount  Seir, and  all  Idume'a"  (Ezek.xxxv.  15),  "and  there  shaU 
not  be  any  remaining  of  tlie  house  of  E'sau;"  (Obad.  i.  18),  propheciei 
which  have  been  fully  accomplished. 

10.  Se'lah,  their  noted  capital,  was  taken  by  Amazi'ah,  who  changed  its 
name  to  Jok'theel.  (2  Kings  xiv.  7.)  It  was  once  a  great  commercial  em- 
porium, and  almost  rivalled  Tyre.  It  was  long  forgotten,  but  its  singular 
position  and  appearance  have  latterly  attracted  visitors.  It  is  now  known 
by  its  Greek  name,  Pe'tra.  E'zion-ge'ber  and  E'lath  were  noted  seaports 
on  the  eastern  gulf  of  the  Red  Sea,  whence  the  fleets  of  Solomon  and  Hiram 
sailed  to  Ophir  and  Tarshish. 

11.  The  Land  of  Mid'ian  lay  partly  east  of  E'dom  and  partly  along  tho 
east  coast  of  the  Red  Sea  :  it  was  famous  for  its  camels.  The  Mid'ianitcs 
were  descendants  of  Abraham  and  Ketu'rah  :  they  were  early  a  commercial 
people,  and  traded  to  Egypt  in  spices,  balm,  &c.  Moses,  after  he  fled  from 
Egypt,  resided  here  forty  years,  and  kept  the  flocks  of  his  father-in-law,  Je 
thro,  priest  of  Mid'ian.    (Exod.  iii.  1.) 

12.  The  Mid'ianites  joined  with  Mo'ab  in  seducing  Israel  to  sin,  for  which 
they  were  severely  chastised.  Aflerwards,  in  conjunction  with  the  Amal'c- 
kites,  they  reduced  them  to  bondage,  but  on  the  defeat  of  their  great  army 
by  Gideon  (Judges  vii.),  the  remnant  of  these  people  became  incorporated 
with  the  Mo'abites  and  E'domites,  and  Mid'ian  ceased  to  exist  as  a  nation. 

13.  The  Land  of  Uz,  in  which  Job  resided,  was  doubtless  a  rich  pastoral 
country  (Job  i.  3) :  it  is  supposed  to  have  comprised  various  independent 
tribes,  as  Jeremiah  speaks  of  all  the  kings  of  Uz.  (Jcr.  xxv.  20.)  Ke'dar 
and  Nebai'oth  lay  south  of  Uz  :  the  people  of  the  former  are  mentioned  as 
archers  (Isa.  xxi.  17),  and  both  were  rich  in  flocks  and  herds.  (Isa.  Ix.  7.) 
Sab'tah,  Ha'zor,  Se'leph,  Te'ma,  and  Ilav'ilah  were  districts  in  tlie  central 
and  eastern  parts  of  Arabia,  of  which  but  little  is  known. 

14.  De'dan  and  Ra'amah  were  tlie  easternmost  districts  of  Arabia;  their 
inhabitants  early  engaged  in  tratlic,  and  are  mentioned  in  Scripture  in  con- 
nection with  other  commercial  States.  (Ezek.  xxvii.  22.)  She'ba,  the  queen 
of  which   visited   Solomon  (1  Kings  x.  1),  lay  in  the  most  fertile  part  of 


is  said  of  Edom,  &c.  ?  Its  position  ?  First  inhabitants  ?  The  Edomites? 
0.  What  is  said  of  David  ?  What  prediction  was  fulfilled  ?  What  occurred 
subsequently  ?  What  was  the  cflcct  of  their  selfish  conduct?  10.  What  ia 
said  of  Selah?  What  were  Ezion-geber  and  Elath?  11.  Describe  the  po- 
sition of  Midian.  For  what  was  it  famous  ?  What  were  the  Midianitcs  ? 
What  is  said  of  Moses?  12.  With  what  people  did  the  Midianitcs  join? 
What  occurred  aflerwards?  13.  Describe  the  Land  of  Uz,  &c.  Kedar  and 
Nebaioth.  Sabtah,  &.c.  14.  State  the  position  of  Dcdan  and  Raamah.  She'ja. 
What  is  said  of  Seba,  &,c,  ?     Hazarmaveth  ? 


EGYPT,    ETHIOPIA,    ETC.  1S7 

Arabia :  its  mcrclants  traded  in  gold  and  incense.  (Isa.  Ix.  G. ;  Jer.  vi.  20.) 
Se'ba  and  U'zal  were  districts  in  tlie  same  region  ;  the  former  is  often 
mentioned  with  She'ba.  In  classical  geography  the  people  of  both  these 
countries  are  included  under  the  name  of  Sabae'ans.  Ha'zaraia'votli  lay 
along  tlie  shores  of  the  Arabian  Sea. 

Map  No.  G.  —  Point  out  Arabia.  What  sea  bounds  it  on  the  west  ?  What 
river  northeast?  AVhcre  is  Amalck  ?  Amnion?  Moab  ?  Edom  ?  Mi- 
dian?  Land  of  Uz?  Kedar  ?  Ncbaioth  ?  Sabtah  ?  Hazor?  Seleph? 
Tema?  Havilah?  Dedan  ?  Raamah  ?  Sheba?  Seba  ?  Uzal?  Hazar- 
maveth?  Point  out  the  wilderness.  This  region,  probably,  lay  east  of  tlie 
Land  of  Israel,  as  the  wind  out  of  the  wilderness  is  also  called  the  East 
Wind.     (Ilosea  xiii.  15.) 


EGYPT,   ETHIO'PIA,   ETC. 

1 .  Thk  Land  of  Eovrx  was  settled  by  Miz'raim,  the  son  of 
Ilam  (Gen.  x.  6) ;  hence  the  Israelites  termed  it  Miz'raim,  and 
sometimes  "  the  Land  of  Ham."  (Ps.  cv.  23.)  The  Arabs  now 
call  it  Mazr  or  Mizr,  an  abbreviation  of  the  Hebrew  name. 

2.  Egypt  was  visited  by  Abraham  1920  B.  C,  on  account  of  a 
famine  in  the  Land  of  Canaan  (Gen.  xii.  10) ;  and  a  similar  cause 
led  afterwards  to  the  settlement  in  it  of  Jacob  and  his  sons.  (Gen. 
xlii.  12.)  Though  the  country  was  preserved  from  destruction  by 
the  inspired  wisdom  of  Joseph,  yet  his  brethren,  the  Israehtes,  were 
ci'uelly  oppressed  by  the  Egyptians ;  but  Moses  was  at  length 
enabled  to  deliver  them  from  bondage. 

3.  From  this  period  we  read  no  more  of  Egypt  in  the  Scriptures,  until 
the  time  of  Solomon,  who  married  Pharaoh's  daughter.  (1  Kings  iii.  1.) 
In  the  reign  of  his  son  Rehobo'am  Jerusalem  was  captured  by  the  Egyptian 
king  Shi'shak  (1  Kings  xiv.  25)  :  subsequently,  the  two  nations  became 
allies,  and,  when  harassed  by  the  invasions  of  the  Assyrians,  the  Hebrcwa 
often  looked  to  the  Egyptians  for  help  (2  Kings  xvii.  4 ;  xviii.  21),  though 
warned  by  the  prophet  not  "to  strengtlien  themselves  in  the  strength  of 
Pharaoh,  and  to  trust  in  the  shadow  of  Egypt."     (Isa.  xxx.  2.) 

4.  In  these  expectations  they  were  generally  deceived,  and  heavy  judg. 
ments  are  denounced  against  the  treachery  of  Egypt  (Ezek.  xxix.),  which 
have  been  signally  fulfilled.  "There  shall  no  more  be  a  prince  of  the  Land 
of  Egypt,"  is  the  doom  pronounced  (Ezek.  xxx.  13)  about  572  B.C.,  and  fro-n 
that  period  until  the  ])resent  day,  tliat  country  has  been  ruled  entirely  by 
foreigners,  and  has  never  had  a  native  prince. 

5.  The  Nile  is  the  only  river  in  Egypt ;  and  it  was  the  largest  known  to 
the  ancients:  it  is  alluded  to,  in  Scripture,  as  "the  river"  (Gen.  xli.  1),  and 

Q.  1.  By  whom  was  Egypt  settled?  What  did  the  Israelites  term  it? 
What  do  the  Arabs  call  it ?  2.  What  is  said  of  Abraham  ?  Jacob?  Ju- 
scph  ?  Moses  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  Egypt  ?  Wbut  took  place  in  the  reign- 
of  Rehoboam  ?  What  did  the  Hebrews  do  subsequently,  &,c.  ?  4.  What 
was  the  result?     What  judgments  have  been  fulfilled?     5.  What  is  baiJ 


188  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

also  as  the  "  flood  of  Eg^ypt."  (Amos  viii.  8.)  Its  inundations  diffused  fer- 
tility and  plenty  ovor  the  land,  while  their  failure  occasioned  famine  and 
distress.  The  prophets  often  foretold  a  decrease  of  the  usual  supply  of  water, 
as  a  judgment  upon  Egypt,  for  its  wickedness.  (Isa,  xix.  5.)  Among  tlie 
flags  on  the  banks  of  this  stream  Moses  was  hid  by  his  mother,  in  an 
ark  of  bulrushes,  irom  the  cr/itlty  of  the  Egyptians,  but  was  discovered  by 
the  d  1  1   It  r  ni  PhdTd  h,  ulio  1  k  u^rht  him  up  is  her  own  =on      (E\od.  u<> 


Moses  found  by  Pharaoh's  Daughter. 

6  The  southern  division  of  Egypt,  the  Theba'is  of  the  Greeks,  was 
called,  by  the  Hebrews,  Path'ros,  and  its  inhabitants,  the  Pathru'siin.  In  tliis 
district  stood  the  city  of  No,  called,  in  Scripture,  "  populous  No"  (Nahum 
iii  8) ;  it  was  the  renowned  Thebes,  the  city  of  an  hundred  gates.  Sye'ne, 
now  Assouan',  is  still,  as  it  was  in  tlie  days  of  the  prophets,  the  most  southern 
town  in  Egypt, 

7.  In  Lower  Egypt  stood  Sin  or  Pelu'sium  ;  a  strongly  fortified  city,  and 
called,  in  Scripture,  "the  strength  of  Egypt."  (Ezek.  xxx.  15.)  Pi'thoin 
and  Raam'ses  or  Ram'eses  were  the  treasure-cities,  built  by  the  Israelites. 
(Ex.  i.  11.)  On  or  Beth'-slicmesh,  the  Heliop'olis  of  the  Greeks,  was  a 
large  city,  not  far  from  Cairo.  Joseph  married  the  dausrhtcr  of  the  priest 
of  On.  (Gen.  xli.  45.)  Phib'eseth  is  mentioned  Ezek.  .\x.\-.  17,  and  Ha'nes, 
Isa.  xxx.  4.  Goshen,  the  rich  pastoral  district  in  which  ti.i:  Israelites  first 
dwelt,  lay  in  Lower  Egypt,  along  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Nile. 

8.  Tahap'ancs  orTah'panhcs  was  a  resort  for  many  of  the  Jews,  after  the 
destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  Nebuchadnez'zar.  (Jci .  xliii.  7—9.)  Zo'an  was 
the  place  where  Moses  wrought  miracles  in  the  presence  oi'  Pharaoh.  (Fs. 
Ixxvii.  12.)  Noph  or  Memphis,  once  the  capital  of  Egypt,  is  now,  as  pre- 
dicted by  the  prophet,  "waste  and  desolate."     (Jer.  xvi.  19.) 

9.  Alexandria,  so  renowned  for  its  commerce,  is  alluded  to  only  in  the 
New  Testament :  some  of  those  who  disputed  witli  Stephen  were  Alexi>n 
drians.     (Acts  vi.  9.)     Apol'los,  the  associate  of  Paul,  was  a  Jew  of  Alexan. 

of  the  Nile  ?  Of  its  inundations  ?  What  did  the  prophets  foretell  ?  V'hc 
was  hid  among  the  flags  on  the  banks  of  the  Nile?  G.  Wliat  was  tlie 
Bouthcrn  division  of  Egy])t,  &c.  called  ?  What  city  was  in  this  district? 
7.  What  is  said  of  Sin  ?  Pithoin  and  Raamses  ?  On?  Phibcscth?  Ha- 
Hfcs?     Goshen  t     8.  Tahapaucs?     Zoan  ?     Noph?     9.  .Vltxaiidiia?     Vi'ho 


ETHIOPIA.  189 

dria  (Acts  xviii.  24),  and  it  was  in  a  ship  of  Alexandria  that  the  apostlo 
Bailed  from  My'ra  to  Italy,     (Aet3  xxvii.  G.) 

ETHIO'PIA    OR     CUSH. 

10.  The  term  Ethiopia  is  used  in  Scripture  to  designate  Cush 
or  Southern  Arabia,  the  rec;ion  that  was  settled  by  C'lsh,  the 
son  of  Ham,  and  it  is  thought,  also,  to  signify  Babylon  as  well 
as  India.  Both  the  territories  now  known  as  Nu'bia  and  Abyssin'iu 
were  hkewise  called  Ethio'pia. 

1 1 .  The  latter  is  the  countiy  of  Queen  Can'dace,  whose  treasurer 
was  baptized  by  the  apostle  Philip,  f  Acts  viii.  3G.)  Her  king>- 
dom,  it  is  believed,  was  the  Mer'oe  of  the  Romans.  That  part  of 
Africa  is  well  watered  by  the  Nile  and  its  branches  ;  hence  the 
prophets  (Zeph.  iii.  10;  Isa.  xviii.  1)  speak  of  the  rivers  of 
Ethio'pia. 

12.  The  Ethio'pians  are  mentioned,  in  Scripture,  as  "  men  of  stature" 
(Isa.  xlv.  14) :  some  of  tlie  classic  writers  speak  of  them  in  the  same  way, 
and  modern  travellers  have  noticed  tribes,  on  the  Upper  Nile,  remarkable 
for  tlieir  lieight.  Tliese  people  are  enumerated,  with  other  nations,  as  allies 
of  the  Egyptians  (2  Chron.  xii.  3). 

13.  Seba,  mentioned  in  connection  with  Ethio'pia  (Isa.  xliii.  3),  is  sup- 
posed  to  have  been  a  district  on  the  river  Nile.  Lu'dim  (Isa.  Ixvi,  19)  and 
Chub  (Ezek.  xxx.  6),  were  probably  in  the  same  region.  Tlie  Lu'bims  and 
Suk'kiims  were,  with  tlie  Ethio'pians,  tlie  auxiliaries  of  Shi'shak's  army  wlien 
he  invaded  Judali.  The  first  were  doubtless  the  Le'habim  or  Lib'yans  of 
Gyrene,  now  Barca.  The  other  is  conjectured  to  liave  been  a  Nu'bian  nation, 
near  the  Red  Sea.     The  Naph'tuhim  dwelt  west  of  the  Land  of  Egypt. 

14.  PuL,  spoken  of  by  Isaiah  (Ixvi.  19),  was  a  district  in  the  vicinity  of 
tlie  soutliern  boundary  of  Egypt.  An'amim  was  probably  the  country  of  the 
Ammo'nians,  now  the  oasis  of  Siwah,  Put  or  Phut  was  one  of  the  sons 
of  Ham  ;  his  descendants  were  the  Maurita'nians  and  Numid'ians  ;  they  are 
mentioned  by  the  propliet  Nahum  (iii.  9),  as  helpers  of  Nineveh,  and  by 
Ezekiel  (xxvii.  10),  aa  soldiers  in  the  armies  of  Tyre. 


Map  No.  G. — Point  out  Egypt  or  Mizraim.  What  bounds  Egypt  on  thj 
north  ?  On  the  east  ?  What  is  the  Scripture  name  of  the  stream  that  flows 
tlirough  it  ?  Where  is  Pathros  ?  No  or  Thebes  ?  Syene  1—Map  No.  7. — 
Point  out  Goshen.  Sin  or  Pclusium.  Pithom  and  Rameses  or  Raamse* 
On  or  Betlishemesh.  Nopli  or  Memphis.  Pliibeseth.  Hanes.  Tahapanca. 
Zoan. — Map  No.  6. — Where  is  Ethiopia  ?  What  sea  lies  eastward  ?  Point 
out  Seba.  Ludim.  Chub.  TheSukkiims.  Where  is  Lubim  or  Lehabimf 
Naphtuhim  ?     Pul  ?     Anamim  ?     Point  out  Put  or  Phut. 

were  Alexandrians?  10.  For  what  was  the  term  Ethiopia  used  ?  Wha» 
was  it  thought  to  signify  ?  What  territories  were  likewise  called  Ethiopia? 
11.  What  is  the  latter  ?  What  was  her  kingdom  believed  to  be  ?  By  what 
river  was  it  watered,  Sec.  ?  12.  How  are  the  Ethiopians  mentioned  in  Scriju 
ture,  &c.  ?  How  are  they  enumerated  ?  13.  What  is  said  of  Seba?  Ludim? 
TheLubimsandSukkiims?  What  were  the  first  ?  The  other  ?  14.Wh;it 
is  said  of  Pul  ?  Anamim  ?  Put  or  Phut  7  For  what  are  they  mentioned 
by  the  prophets  ? 


*90  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 


18 


THE   EAST. 

1.  The  East  is  a  general  term,  with  the  sacred  writers,  for  alJ 
the  countries  that  lay  eastward  of  the  Land  of  Israel.  Somelimes 
It  applied  to  Am'mon,  Mo'ab,  Ke'dar,  Uz,  &c.,  but  more  especially 
to  Shinar  or  Babylon,  Assyr'ia,  Elam,  and  the  other  regions  be- 
yond the  Euphrates. 

SHI'naR     or     BABYLON. 

3.  The  Land  of  Slii'nar  was  the  scene  of  some  of  the  earliest 
recorded  events.  Here  was  built  the  Tower  of  Babel,  and  here, 
the  language  of  the  children  of  men  was  confounded.  In  the 
days  of  Abraham  the  king  of  Shi'nar  Avas  one  of  the  confederate 
princes  who  invaded  Canaan.  (Gen.  xiv.  1.)  It  was  one  of  the 
most  fertile  countries  in  the  world,  but  now,  as  foretold  by  Jere- 
miah, it  is  "  become  a  desolation  among  the  nations."     (Jer.  1.  23.) 

3.  This  region  comprised  Babel,  Babylonia  or  Chalde'a,  and  probably, 
at  first,  some  portions  of  the  adjacent  territories.  In  Scripture  it  is  gene- 
rally called  Babylon.  It  was  intersected  by  tJie  Euphrates,  and  bounded,  on 
the  east,  by  the  Tigris  river,  and  was  watered  by  numerous  canals ;  hence 
it  was  said  "to  dwell  upon  many  waters"  (Jer.  li.  13) ;  and  Isaiah  called  it 
the  "desert  of  the  sea"  (xxi.  1),  probably  because  during  the  inundation  of 
its  rivers  the  surface  of  the  country  resembled  a  sea. 

4.  Babylon  was,  for  many  centuries,  a  mere  province  of  the  Assyr'ian 
empire,  but  it  attained  to  independence,  and  became  a  powerful  monarcliy. 
Its  first  king,  mentioned  in  Scripture,  is  Bero'dach  Bal'adan,  who  sent  let- 
ters and  a  present  to  Hezekiah.  (2  Kings  xx.  12.)  Subsequently  Babylon 
was  again  brought  under  the  power  of  Assyr'ia,  but,  after  a  period,  Nabo- 
polaz'zar  rendered  it  once  more  independent,  when  it  became  the  greatest 
empire  of  that  time.  Nebwchadnez'zar,  the  successor  of  Nabopolaz'zar,  con- 
quered  Judea,  destroyed  Jerusalem,  and  carried  away  the  people  captive. 

5.  With  the  impious  Belshaz'zar,  the  grandson  of  Nebuchadnez'zar,  the 
Babylonish  monarchy  came  to  an  end.  On  the  last  night  of  his  reign  he 
gave  a  splendid  feast  to  his  court,  in  the  midst  of  which  the  scene  of  tlve 
hand-writing  on  the  wall,  as  related  Dan.  v.  5 — 25,  took  place.  The  city  was 
then  taken  by  the  Medes  and  Persians.  From  that  period  Babylon  sunk 
rapidly  into  decay,  and  for  many  ages  tliis  once  proud  city  has  remained  in 
the  condition  predicted  by  the  propliet :  "  Babylon  shall  become  heaps ;  aa 
astonishment ;  without  an  inhabitant."   (Jer.  li.  37.) 

Q.  1.  What  is  the  East  ?  How  is  the  term  sometimes  applied  ?  More 
especially  ?  2.  What  was  the  Land  or'  Sliin:ir,  &,c.  ?  Wluit  is  said  of  ita 
king?  What  was  this  country?  .'!.  Vvhat  did  it  comprise?  How  was  it 
intersected  ?  Bounded,  ifec.  ?  Wh;i  t  did  Isaiah  call  it  ?  4.  What  is  said  of 
Babylon  ?  Its  first  king  mentioned  in  Scripture  ?  What  occurred  suljse- 
quenlly,  &c.  ?  What  is  said  of  Nebuchadnezzar?  5.  With  whom  did  the 
nionarciiy  end?     What  took  p'lcc  on  the  last  night  of  his  reign?     WJia. 


ASSHUR    OR    ASSYRIA. 


Idl 


6.  The  city  of  Babylon  was  built  by  Nimrod,  where  tlie  tower  of  Babe! 
irtood.  In  Scri|)lure  it  is  called  the  "lady  of  kingdoms,"  "given  to  plea. 
Kures"  (Isa.  xlvii.  5 — 8),  "the  beauty  of  the  Chaldecs  excellency"  (Isa.  xiii 
19),  and  is  always  spoken  of  as  a  proud  and  luxurious  city. 

7.  When  at  the  liciglit  of  its  power,  Babylon  was  the  centre  of  a  vast 
commerce.  It  is  styled  a  "  land  of  trallic,"  "a  city  of  mcrciiants."  (Ezeiu 
rvii.4.)  Its  manufactures  were  doubtless  noted  at  a  very  ear'y  period,  a« 
»o  read  in  Joshua  of  a  "  goodly  Babylonish  garment."     (Josh.  vii.  21.) 


n  Image,  wilh  the  fiery  furnace. 


8.  Near  the  city  of  Babylon  was  the  Plain  of  Dura  (Dan.  iii.  1),  where 
the  golden  image  of  Ncbucliadncz'zar  was  set  up,  in  the  time  of  Daniel,  to  be 
worshipped  ;  wliich  Sha'draeh,  I\Ie'shach,and  Abcd'-ncgo  refusing  to  do,  they 
were  cast  into  a  fiery  furnace,  in  the  midst  of  which  they  were  most  miracu- 
lously preserved.     (Dan.  iii.  21 — 27.) 


ASSn    VR     OR     ASSYR'IA. 

9.  Assii'uR  or  Assvr'ia  lay  northeast  of  Shlnar,  and  was  one  of 
the  first  settled  countries  in  the  world.  Nin'eveh,  its  capital,  was 
founded  by  Assh'ur,  the  socoiid  son  of  Shem.  (Gen.  x.  11.)  Il 
became  a  great  empire,  and  its  monarchs  conquered  the  kingdom 
of  Israel,  and  carried  away  the  ten  tribes  into  captivity. 

10  Nothing  is  said  of  Assyr'i-i,  in  Scripture,  from  its  first  settlement 
until  the  time  that  the  prophet  Jonah  visited  Nin'eveh,  825  B.  C.  (Jonah 
i.  2) ;  about  fifty  years  afterwards,  Pul  rendered  the  kingdom  of  Israel  tribu- 
tary. (2  Kings  XV.  I'J.)  His  successors,  Tig'lath-pilc'ser  and  Slialmane  zer, 
executed  the  threatcnings  of  the  Lord  against  the  rebellious  house  of  IsraeL 
(1  Chron.  v.  2G  ;  2  Kings  xvii.  6.)  Judah,  in  the  reign  of  Hezekiah,  was 
threatened  by  Sennacherib,  but  the  latter  was  thwarted  in  his  purpose  in  a 
miraculous  manner.     (2  Kings  xix.  35.) 

was  the  fate  of  Babylon  from  that  period  ?  C>.  When  and  by  whom  was 
Babylon  built?  What  was  it  called  in  Scripture  ?  7.  What  was  Babylon 
when  at  the  height  of  its  power  ?  What  is  said  of  its  manufactures  ? 
8.  What  is  said  of  the  Plain  of  Dura  ?  Of  Shadrach,  Meshach,  and  Abed- 
ncgo?  9.  What  is  said  of  Assliur  ?  Of  Nineveh  ?  What  did  it  become  7 
.0.  When  did  Jonah  visit  Nineveh?     What  i.s  said  of  Pul?     His  succes 


192  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

11  The  Assyr'ian  empire,  styled  by  God  himself  "  the  rod  of  mine  anger" 
(Isa.  X.  5),  having  fulfilled  the  purposes  of  the  Almighty  in  the  chastisement 
of  the  apostate  Jews,  was,  in  accordance  with  prophecy  (Isa.  xxx.  31  ;  Mi- 
cahv.  6;  Zeph.  ii.  13),  itself  "  beaten  down"  and  destroyed.  This  event 
occurred  about  the  year  607  B.  C,  when  the  Medes  and  Babylonians  cap 
tured  Nin'eveh,  and  partitioned  its  territories  between  them. 

12.  Nin'iveh,  the  capital  of  Assyr'ia,  was  built  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Hid'dekel  oi  Tigris  river  ;  it  is  called,  by  Jonah,  "  an  exceeding  great  city 
of  three  days'  journey"  (Jonah  iii.  3) ;  and  profane  writers  describe  it  as 
equalling  Babylon  in  size  and  splendour.  Its  wickedness  occasioned  the 
mission  of  the  prophet,  which  produced  a  temporary  reformation  of  the 
inhabitants  ;  but  succeeding  prophets  speak  of  the  Ninevites  as  a  proud 
and  cruel  people,  and  denounce  fearful  judgments  against  them,  which  have 
been  long  ago  accomplished. 

13.  Nothing  now  remains  of  this  great  capital  except  some  huge  mounds 
of  rubbish,  which  lie  opposite  to  Mo'sul,  thus  verifying  the  prediction  of 
Zephani'ah ;  "  He  will  make  Nin'eveh  a  desolation,  and  dry  like  a  wilder- 
ness." (Zeph.  ii.  13.)  The  small  village  of  Nu'nio  is  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  city,  the  name  of  which  is,  no  doubt,  derived  from  the  latter. 

Map  No.  6. — Point  out  Ammon.  Moab.  Kedar.  TJz.  Shmar.  Baby. 
Ionia  or  Chaldea.  The  city  of  Babylon.  Assyria.  Elam.  The  Euphra- 
tes river.     The  Hiddekel  or  Tigris.     The  city  of  Nineveh. 

19 

E'LAM,   ME'DIA,   ETC. 

1.  E'lam  was  named  from  E'lam,  the  son  of  Shem ;  it  lay  east 
of  the  Tigris  river,  and  was  a  very  early  established  kingdom. 
Chedorla'omer,  its  first  known  sovereign,  lived  in  the  days  of 
Abraham.  (Gen.  xiv.  15.)  Elam  was  the  Scripture  name  for  Per- 
sia, before  the  time  of  Daniel,  but  afterwards  it  became  a  mere 
province  of  the  empire  founded  by  Cyrus.  It  was  the  Elyma'is  of 
the  Greek  geographers. 

2.  The  E'lamites  are  enumerated  by  Ezra  (iv.  9)  among  the  people  of  the 
Persian  empire  ;  by  Isaiah,  as  archers,  with  chariots  and  horsemen  (xxii.  6), 
and  by  Jeremiah  and  Ezekicl,  as  a  nation  destined  to  be  visited  by  the  ter- 
rible judgments  of  God.  (Ezek.  xxxii.  24.)  In  Acts  ii.  9,  E'lamites  are 
mentioned  as  being  present  at  the  miraculous  occurrences  of  the  day  of 
Pentecost. 

sors?     OfJudah?     ll.What  was  the  Assyrian  empire  styled,  &,c.  ?     Wha. 
took  place  in  accordance  with  prophecy  ?     When  did  this  event  occur,  &c.? 

12.  Describe  Nineveh.     What  is  it  called  by  Jonah?     What  did  its  wicked- 
ness occasion,  &,c.  ?     How  do  succeeding  prophets  speak  of  the  Ninevites? 

13.  What  is  said  of  the  remains  of  Nineveh  7     The  prediction  of  Zephaniah  ? 
What  stands  on  its  site  ? 

Q.  1.  What  is  said  of  Elam?  Of  Chedorlaomer  ?  What  was  Elam  7 
2.  What  is  said  of  the  Elamites  by  Ezra  ?  By  Isaiah  ?  Jeremiali  and 
Ezekicl  ?    Where  were  Elamites  present  7    3.  What  is  said  of  tihushan  7 


E  J.  AM,    MEDIA.    ETC.  193 

.■».  Sliu'.slian,  tlic  capital  of  E'lam,  stood  on  the  river  U'lai.  the  (-lioas'pca 
•f  llic  Greeks.  Daniel  resided  at  Slm'siian,  "which  is  in  the  province  of 
E'lam."  (Dan.  viii.  2.)  It  was  once  tlic  capital  of  the  Persian  empire,  and 
Ahasue'rus,  the  monarch  mentioned  in  Estiier  (i.  1),  reigned  there. 

4.  The  renowned  Cyrus  became  king  of  botli  E'lam  and  Me'dia,  and 
founded  the  Persian  en)pirc.  He  is  called,  in  Scripture,  "  the  shepherd  and 
the  anointed  of  the  Lord"  (Isa.  xliv,  28;  xlv.  1),  and  became  a  chosen  in. 
etrumcnt,  in  the  hand  of  Jehovali,  to  fulfd  various  important  i)rophcciea. 
Cyrus  restored  tlie  captivity  of  tlie  Jews,  permitted  them  to  rebuild  tiic  ciljr 
and  temple  of  Jerusalem,  and  returned  to  them  tlie  sacred  vessels  that  had 
been  carried  away  by  Nebuchadncz'zar. 

5.  Aliasue'rus,  Artaxcrx'cs,  Dari'us,  and  a  second  Artaxcrx'cs  are  tlio 
successors  of  Cyrus  mentioned  in  Scripture.  The  first  was  probably  Canv. 
by'ses,  the  conqueror  of  Egypt.  Artaxcrx'cs  is  called,  in  profane  history, 
Smer'dis,  the  Magian  ;  by  his  decree  the  building  of  the  temple  at  Jeru- 
salem was  suspended.  (Ezra  iv.  24.)  Dari'us,  surnamed  Hystas'pes,  was 
the  first  Persian  monarch  who  invaded  Greece;  in  his  reign  the  temple  was 
completed.  (Ezra  vi.  5.)  The  second  Artaxerx'es,  called  Longim'anus, 
from  the  length  of  his  hands,  is  supposed  to  be  the  Aliasue'rus  to  whom 
Esther  was  queen. 

G.  IMa'dai  or  Me'dia  layweast  of  Assyria,  and  was,  for  a  long 
period,  one  of  its  provinces.  On  attaining  to  independence,  Me'dia 
became  a  leading  State  in  western  Asia,  and  its  people  were  em- 
ployed as  instruments  in  executing  the  Divine  decrees  against 
Babylon  (Isa.  iii.  7),  which  were  fully  accomplished  in  the  de- 
struction of  that  wicked  city.  Cyax'ares,  who  conquered  Babylon, 
in  conjunction  with  Cyrus,  his  nephew,  was  Idng  of  Me'dia;  he  is 
called,  l)y  Daniel,  Dari'us  the  Mede. 

7.  Ha'lah  and  Ha'bor,  by  the  river  of  Go'zan,  and  the  cities  of  the  Medes, 
4re  mentioned  (2  Kings  xvii.  6)  as  places  to  which  the  ten  tribes  were 
carried  away  captive ;  but  they  caimot  now  be  identified.  Me'dia  became 
a  Persian  province;  the  inhabitants,  however,  long  continued  to  be  a  distinct 
people.  Jews  from  JMe'dia  are  enumerated  (Acts  ii.  9)  as  among  those  who 
were  with  the  apostles  on  the  day  of  Pentecost.  At  Ecbat'ana  or  Ach'metha 
tlie  records  of  the  kingdom  were  kept.     (Ezra  vi.  2.) 

8.  Goo  and  Ma'gog,  Go'mer,  Togar'mah,  and  the  North,  are 
alluded  to,  by  the  Hebrew  writers,  as  regions  very  remote,  and 
inhabited  by  warlike  nations,  riding  on  horses  and  striking  terror 
into  the  surrounding  countries  by  their  numbers  and  fierceness. 
They  are  also  described  as  eager  "  to  take  a  prey,  to  carry  away 
silver  and  gold,  to  take  away  cattle  and  goods,  to  take  a  great 
spoil."     (Ezek.  xxxviii.  13.) 


What  was  it  once  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  Cyrus  ?  What  is  he  called  in  Scrip, 
ture  ?  What  did  he  become  ?  How  did  Cyrus  favour  the  Jews  ?  5.  Who 
are  the  successors  of  Cyrus  mentioned  in  Scripture?  What  is  said  of  the 
first?  Artaxcrxcs?  Darius?  The  second  Artaxerxes  ?  6.  What  is  said 
of  Madai  or  Media?  For  what  purpose  were  the  Medes  employed  ?  Wliat 
is  said  of  Cyaxarcs?  7.  What  is  said  of  Ilalah,  Habor,  &.c.?  What  did 
Media  become  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Jews  from  Media  ?  8.  What  is  said 
17  N 


194  SACRED    GEOGRAPHY. 

9.  These  descriptions  have  been  thought  to  apply  to  some  of  the  tnbea 
of  Central  Asia;  but  the  early  inhabitants  of  the  regions  east  and  south  of 
the  Black  Sea,  who  were  always  noted  for  the  numbers  of  their  horses,  and 
their  predatory  habits,  are  believed  to  be  the  nations  meant  by  the  inspired 
'vritcrs. 

10.  Goaf  and  Ma'gog-  were  probably  Scythian  tribes.  Go'mer  comprised 
some  of  tiie  Celtic  nations.  Togar'mah  was  a  disirict  not  far  from  Mount 
Ararat :  in  the  same  region  were  the  kingdoms  of  Ar'arat  and  Min'ni,  as 
well  as  Me'shech,  Tu'bal,and  Kir  :  adjacent  were  Hul  and  Ge'ther ;  westward 
were  Ash'kenaz,  Ri'phath,  and  Ke'dar,  Lud  was  the  ancestor  of  the  Ly- 
dians.  The  Greek  colonics  of  iEo'lia,  lo'nia,  and  Do'ris  were  probably  in- 
eluded  in  the  Ja'van  of  th«  Hebrews. 

11.  Tar'shish  and  O'phir  were  celebrated  regions,  often  men- 
tipped  in  Scripture  ;  but  they  are  now  both  unknown.  The  first 
was  noted  for  its  ships,  its  merchants,  and  its  commerce ;  and  the 
other  for  its  gold,  which  is  alluded  to  in  many  places  in  the  Old 
Testament.     (Job  xxxviii.  16 ;  Ps.  xlv.  19.) 

19.  Solomon  obtained  gold,  almug  trees, and  precious  stones  from  O'phir. 
(1  Kings  X.  11.)  Some  suppose  that  it  was  in  southern  Arabia  ;  others,  in 
India,  Suma'tra,  and  Sofa'la,  in  Africa.  Tar'shish  is  believed,  by  different 
authors,  to  have  been  Carthage  in  Africa,  Tartes'sus  in  Spain,  Tarsus  in 
Cilicia,  as  well  as  the  whole  of  Africa,  except  Egypt  and  Ethiopia.  Silver, 
*ron,  tin,and  lead  were  brought  to  Tyre  from  Tar'shish.    (Ezek.  xxvii.  12.) 

13.  There  are  two  different  voyages  to  Tar'sliish  described  in  the  Old 
Testament,  one  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  tlie  other  by  the  Red  Sea.  By 
the  latter,  which  occupied  a  period  of  three  years,  "gold  and  silver,  ivory 
and  apes  and  peacocks"  were  imported  (2  Chron.  ix.  21) ;  and  it  seems  to 
have  been,  in  every  respect,  the  same  as  tlie  voyage  to  O'phir. 

14.  The  navy  built  by  Solomon  and  Hi'ram  at  E'zion-ge'ber  (1  Kings  ix. 
26),  as  also  that  of  Jehosh'aphat  (2  Chron.  xx.  36),  was  composed  of  ships 
of  Tar'shish.  The  vessel  in  which  Jonah  sailed  from  Jop'pa,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea,  was  destined  for  Tar'shish,  and  seems  to  have  been  a  regu- 
lar passage  ship :  "  so  he  paid  the  fare  thereof,"  &c.     (Jonah  i.  3.) 


MapNo.%. — Point  out  Elam  or  Persia.  The  Ulai  river.  The  city  of 
Shushan.  Sabtecha.  This  country  was  settled  by  one  of  the  sons  of  Cush. 
Where  is  Madai  or  Media  ?  Ecbatana  or  Achmetha  ?  At  a  vague  and 
indefinite  distance  beyond  the  foregoing  regions  the  ends  of  the  earth  were 
supposed  to  exist.  The  term  is  frequently  met  with  in  Scripture.  (Zcch, 
ix.  10  ;  Acts  xiii.  47.)  Where  is  Gog  ?  Magog  ?  Gomer  ?  Togarmah  ? 
Mealiech?  Minni?  Tubal,  &c.?  Mount  Ararat?  Hul?  Gether?  Ashkcnaz? 
Riphath  ?     Lud  ?  

of  Gog  and  Magog,  &c.  ?  How  are  they  described  ?  9.  To  whom  have 
these  descriptions  been  thought  to  apply  ?  Whom  are  they  believed  to  be  ? 
10.  What  were  Gog  and  Magog  probably?  Gomer?  Togarmah,  &.c. T 
What  kingdoms  were  in  the  same  region  ?  What  were  Tarshish  and 
Ophir?  For  what  was  the  first  noted  ?  The  other?  12.  What  did  Solo, 
nion  obtain  from  Ophir  ?  Where  was  it  supposed  to  be  ?  What  is  Tarshish 
believed  to  have  been  ?  What  was  brought  to  Tyre  from  Tarshish  ? 
13  What  is  said  of  the  two  voyages  to  Tarshish?  Of  the  Red  Sea  voyage  . 
J  4.  Of  the  navy  of  Solomon,  &,c.  7    The  vessel  in  which  Jonaii  sailed  7 


ASIA,    ETC.  195 

20 

ASIA,   ETC. 

1  The  term  Asiji,  as  now  understood,  was  not  used  by  the  in 
«pired  writers.  The  Asia  mentioned  in  the  New  Testament,  was 
Uie  Roman  proconsulship  of  Asia,  of  which  Eph'esus  was  the 
capital.  This  is  the  region  alhided  to  1  Cor.  xvi.  19;  "The 
cluirches  of  Asia  salute  you."  It  was  the  principal  scene  of  the 
missionary  labours  of  St.  Paul,  where  he  and  his  fellow  apostles 
established  the  "Seven  Churches"  enumerated  in  Rev.  i.  11. 

2.  The  cities  in  which  they  were  founded  were  Eph'esus, 
Smyr'na,  Per'gamos,  Thyati'ra,  Sar'dis,  Pliiladel'phia,  and  Laodi- 
ce'a.  These  cities  are  all,  now,  with  the  exception  of  Smyr'na 
and  Philadel'pliia,  either  greatly  decayed  or  in  ruins,  and  the 
churches,  once  so  distinguished,  have  hardly  an  existence.  A  few 
Christians,  mostly  of  the  Greek  faith,  are  still  to  be  found  in  Smyr'- 
na, and  some  of  the  other  towns. 

3.  Eph'esus,  so  noted  in  ancient  times  for  its  splendid  temple  of  Dla'na, 
IS  now  a  mean  Turkish  village.  The  Gospel  was  introduced  there,  by  tha 
ajjostle  Paul,  about  A.  D.  54.  It  was  also  visited  by  Apollos,  and  was  tlie 
place  where  Oncsiph'orus  showed  kindness  to  Paul.  (2  Tim.  i.  18.)  It  is 
charged  with  a  falling  off  from  the  faith,  and  is  tlireatened,  in  consequence, 
that  its  candlestick  shall  be  removed  out  of  its  place.     (Rev.  ii.  5.) 

4.  Smyr'na  is  the  only  one  of  the  cities,  of  this  part  of  Asia,  noted  in 
ancient  times,  that  is  now  important.  The  ciiurch  at  this  place  is  com- 
mended,  in  the  address  to  the  seven  churches,  and  is  promised  "  a  crown  of 
life."  (Rev.  ii.  8 — 10.)  The  martyr  Polycarp,  who  was  put  to  death  during 
the  persecution  of  the  Christians  by  Marcus  Aurelius,  about  the  year  A.  D. 
169,  was  bisliop  of  Smyrna. 

5.  Per'gamos  was  once  a  renowned  city,  and  was  famous  for  its  library. 
Tlic  Gospel  was  established  here,  but  it  was  soon  corrupted  by  the  heresy 
of  the  Nicoia'itanes,  for  which  tlie  church  was  reproved,  and  urged  to  re 
pent  (Rev.  ii.  14 — 16) :  it  is  still  a  considerable  town,  situated  amongst  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  city,  and  has  a  small  Christian  community.  Tro'as 
and  As'sos,  in  the  vicinity,  were  both  visited  by  the  apostle  Paul.  Not  far 
distant  was  Thyati'ra,  tlie  birth-place  of  the  pious  Lyd'ia.  (Acts  xvi.  14.) 
Tlie  church  here  was  censured  on  account  of  the  prevalence  of  laLsc  doc- 
trine.    (Rev.  ii.  20.)     Thyati'ra  is  now  a  poor  village. 

6  Sar'dis,  the  ancient  capital  of  Lyd'ia,  was  once  a  very  important  placej 
it  became  a  Christian  city,  but  its  works  were  found  not  "perfect  before  God.* 
(Rev.  iii.  2.)  Philadel'jjhia  also,  in  Lyd'ia,  is  commended  in  tlie  Revelation 
for  its  diligence  and  patience,  and  encouraged  by  gracious  promises  of  Di- 

Q.  1.  Wliat  is  said  of  the  term  Asia  ?  Of  tlie  Asia  mentioned  in  the  New 
Testament,  &c.  ?  What  was  established  here  ?  2.  In  what  cities  were  they 
founded  ?  What  are  these  cities  now  ?  What  are  still  to  be  found  7 
3.  What  is  said  of  Epliesus,  &,c. ?  4.  Of  Smyrna?  The  church  there? 
The  martyr  Polycarp?  5.  What  is  said  of  Pergamos?  What  is  it  now  7 
Wiiat  is  said  of  Troas  aud  Assos  ?     Of  Thyatira?     G.  What  is  said  of  Sax 


196  SACRED   GEOGRAPHY. 

vino  protection.  (Hev.  iii.  7—10.)  It  is  at  present  a  town  of  some  note :  pari 
ot  the  population  are  Christians.  Laodicc'a,  in  Phryg-'ia,  was  once  cele- 
brated  lor  its  magnificence,  but  is  now  a  heap  of  ruins  ;  in  the  Revelations 
it  is  rebuked  for  its  lukewarmness  in  the  cause  of  the  Gospel,  and  is  coun- 
sellcd  to  reform,     (iii.  15 — 18.) 

7.  Mile'tus  and  Trogyl'lium  were  visited  by  the  apostle ;  at  the  former 
he  gathered  the  elders  of  Eph'esus  together,  exhorted  them  to  diligence  and 
watchfulness,  and  bade  them  farewell.  (Acts  xx.  17— 38.)  There,  on  one 
occasion,  Paul  left  Troph'imus  sick.  (2  Tim.  iv.  20.)  Cni'dus  he  passed 
on  his  voyage  to  Rome.  (Acts  xxvii.  7.)  The  cities  of  Pat'ara,  My'ra, 
Attali'a,  Per'ga,and  An'tioch,  in  Pisid'ia,  were  also  visited  by  Paul ;  in  tlie 
latter  he  preached  a  memorable  discourse,  but  the  Jews  stirred  up  the  people 
against  him,  and  forced  him  to  leave  the  place.     (Acts  xiii.  14 — 50.) 

8.  At  Ico'nium,  the  chief  city  of  Lycao'nia,  a  district  in  Phry'gia,  the 
Gospel  was  preached  by  Paul  and  Barnabas,  and  with  great  success,  al- 
though they  were  afterwards  obliged  to  leave  the  city  also,  througli  the  hos- 

■  tility  of  the  Jews,  and  proceed  to  Lys'tra  and  Der'be.  At  the  latter  Ga'ius, 
tlie  fellow  traveller  of  Paul,  was  born.     (Acts  xx.  4.) 

9.  Lys'tra  was  the  native  town  of  Timothy  :  here  the  apostle  miraculously 
cured  a  man  who  had  been  a  cripple  from  his  birth,  which,  when  the  people 
saw,  tliey  called  Paul  and  Barnabas  gods,  and  could  hardly  be  restrained 
from  worshipping  them ;  but  being  instigated  by  certain  malicious  Jews, 
they  afterwards  stoned  Paul,  and  left  him  for  dead.     (Acts  xiv.  8 — 19.) 

10.  Colos'se  or  Colos'sce  and  Hierap'olis  were  cities  in  Phryg'ia,  in  which 
Christianity  was  early  established.  Ep'aphras  is  mentioned  (Col.  i.  7 ;  iv, 
12,  13)  as  pastor  of  the  church  of  Colos'se,  and  he  is  said  to  have  great  zea, 
for  tiiem  that  are  in  Hierap'olis.     (Col.  iv.  13.) 

11.  Gala'tia,  a  province  adjacent  to  Phryg'ia,  was  twice  visited  by  Paul ; 
the  first  time  in  company  with  Silas  and  Timothy.  Here  he  introduced  the 
worsliip  of  the  Redeemer  (Gal.  i.  6 — 8  ;  iv.  13) ;  he  also  addressed  an  epistle 
from  Rome  to  the  Galatians. 

12.  Pon'tus,  a  province  on  the  Eux'ine  Sea,  was  the  native  country  of 
Aq'uila,  with  whom  Paul  abode  in  Cor'intli  (Acts  xviii.  2),  and  who  after- 
wards became  one  of  his  companions.  The  apostle  Peter  addressed  his  first 
epistle  to  the  people  of  Pon'tus,  as  well  as  to  those  of  Gala'tia,  Cappado'cia, 
Asia,  and  Bithyn'ia.     (1  Pet.  i.  1.) 

13.  Cyprus,  once  an  important  island,  is,  by  some,  supposed  to  be  the 
Chittim  or  Kittim  of  the  Old  Testament ,  but  others  believe  that  the  term 
was  applied   so  as  to  include  the  coasts  and  islands  of  Greece,  Italy  and 

'Macedonia.     The  Christian  religion  was  established  in  it  at  an  early  period. 

14.  Paul  and  Barnabas  preached  the  Gospel  in  Cyprus.  In  Pa'phos,  its 
lliicf  city,  tlie  former  converted  the  Roman  deputy,  Ser'gius  Pau'lus,  and 


dis  ?  Of  Philadelphia  ?  Laodicca  ?  7.  Miletus,  &.c.  ?  What  occurred  at 
Miletus?  What  is  saidofCnidus?  The  cities  of  Patara ?  Myra?  At. 
talia,  &,c.  ?  What  did  Paul  do  at  Antioch  ?  8.  What  is  said  of  Iconium  ? 
Of  Paul  and  Barnalias  ?  State  the  result.  9.  Who  was  born  at  Lystra? 
What  was  done  by  Paul?  What  then  took  |)lace?  10.  Wliat  is  said  of 
Colossc  and  Hicrapolis  ?  11.  Of  Galatia  ?  12.  What  was  Pontus  ?  Of 
whom  was  it  the  native  country  ?  To  whom  did  Peter  address  liis  first 
epistle?  13.  What  is  the  island  of  Cyprus  supposed  to  liave  been,  &.c.  ? 
14.  Who  preached  the  Gospel  in  Cyprus?  What  occurred  at  PaplnsT 
What  is  said  of  Joses  ?     Of  tlie  brctlircu  ? 


GREECE,   ITALY,   ETC.  197 

Btruck  the  sorcerer  El'ymas  with  blindness,  because  he  opposed  the  conver 
sion  of  the  magistrate,  (Acts  xiii.  7 — 11.)  Of  this  island  was  Joses,  sur- 
nanied  Barnabas,  who,  having  land,  sold  it  and  brought  tlie  money  and  laid 
it  at  tlic  apostles'  feet.  (Acts  iv.  36.)  Many  of  the  brethren  resorted  hitlier, 
in  lime  of  persecution,  from  Palestine.     (Acts  xi.  19.) 

Map  No.  2.  —  Point  out  Mysia.  Lydia.  Caria.  These  provinces,  with 
the  western  part  of  Phrygia,  comprised  the  Asia  Proconsularis  of  the  Ro- 
mans— the  Asia  of  New  Testament.  Where  is  Smyrna  ?  Ephusus?  Por- 
gamos?  Thyatira?  Troas  ?  Assos  ?  Sardis  ?  Philadelphia?  Laodieea? 
Point  out  Miletus.  Trogy Ilium.  Cnidus.  Patara.  Myra.  Attalia.  Perga. 
Antioch  in  Pisidia.  Iconium.  Lystra.  Derbc.  Colosse  or  Colossaj.  Hicra- 
polis.  Point  out  the  Province  of  Galatia.  Pontus.  The  island  of  Cyprus. 
Paphos. 


GREECE,   ITALY,   ETC. 

1.  Greece  or  Gre'cia  was  called  at  first  Ja'van,  by  the  He- 
brows.  It  is  mentioned  in  Isa.  Ixvi.  19;  Zech.  ix.  13;  Dan. 
viii.  21  ;  and  is  supposed  to  have  signified  not  only  Greece  Proper, 
but  aiso  Thes'saly,  Macedonia,  and  part  of  Asia  Minor.  Eli'shah, 
a  country  with  which  the  Tyr'ians  traded  (Ezek.  xxvii.  7),  was 
probably  Hel'las,  or  perhaps  E'hs,  in  the  Peloponne'sus. 

2.  In  the  time  of  the  apostles,  Greece  was  divided  into  the  pro- 
vinces of  Acha'ia  and  Macedo'nia.  The  first  comprised  Greece 
Proper  and  the  Peloponne  sus,  and  the  other,  Macedo'nia  Proper, 
Thes'saly  and  Epi'rus.  These  regions  were  visited  by  Paul,  and 
other  apostles,  and  they  established  the  Gospel  in  several  cities. 

3.  Neap'olis  was  the  first  city  in  Macedo'nia  visited  by  St.  Paul  (Acts  xvi. 
11):  from  Nicop'olis  ho  wrote  the  Epistle  to  Titus.  (Tit.  iii.  12.)  At  Philip'pi 
he  founded  a  cimrch,  to  which  he  dedicated  an  epistle  from  Rome.  In  this 
city  Paul  and  Silas  were  put  in  prison,  but  an  earthquake  occurring  while 
tliey  were  confined,  tiie  prison  doors  were  opened.  The  apostles  afterwards 
converted  the  jailer  and  his  family.     (Acts  xvi.) 

4.  Thessaloni'ca  was  the  birth-place  of  Aristar'chus  and  Secun'dus,  com 
panions  of  Paul  in  his  travels.  (Acts  xx.  4  ;  xxvii.  2.)  To  the  church  in  this 
city  Paul  addressed  two  epistles.  Here  Lydia  of  Thyati'ra  was  baptized, 
with  all  her  household.  (Acts  xvi.  14.)  Bcrc'a  or  Bercca,  which  lay  soutlw 
west  of  Thessaloni'ca,  gave  birth  to  Sop'ater,  another  of  Paul's  companion*. 
(Acts  XX.  4.)  The  Bere'ans  are  coinniendcd,  by  the  apostle,  for  their  dili 
genee  in  searching  the  Scriptures  daily.     (Acts  xvii.  11.) 

Q  1  What  was  Greece  called  at  first  7  What  was  it  supposed  to  have 
signified  ?  What  was  Elishah  ?  How  was  Greece  divided  in  the  time  of 
the  apostles  ?  What  did  the  first  comprise  ?  The  other?  By  whom  were 
these  regions  visited  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  Ncapolis  ?  Nicopolis  ?  Philippi  7 
What  occurred  to  Paul  and  Silas  there  ?  4.  Who  was  born  at  Thessalonica? 
What  did  Paul  address  to  the  church  there?  Who  was  baptized  there  ? 
What  Is  said  of  JJerea?  For  what  were  the  Bereans  commended  ?  5.  When 
17* 


198  SACRED    GEOGRAPHY 

5.  The  renowned  city  of  Alliens  was  visited  by  St.  Paul  about  tlie  yeal 
A.  D  52.  It  was  famous  for  its  arts,  literature,  and  learned  men  ;  tlic  lattei 
were  constantly  employed  in  discussions  with  each  other,  while  the  rest  of 
the  people  "  spent  their  time  in  nothing  else  but  either  to  tell  or  to  hear  some 
new  thing."     (Acts  xvii.  21.) 


The  Apostle  Paul  preaching  to  the  Athenians  on  Mars-hill. 

6»  Here  Paul's  "spirit  was  stirred  in  him,  when  he  saw  the  city  wholly 
jrven  to  idolatry."  Thougli  the  Athenians  worshipped  many  gods  and 
gtjddesses,  yet  he  found  an  altar  inscribed  "  to  the  unknown  God."  (Acts 
X»ii.  23.)  Mars-hill  was  a  rocky  height,  wliere  the  celebrated  court  of  the 
Areop'agus  was  held.  To  this  place  Paul  was  brought,  as  "  a  setter  forth  of 
strange  gods,"  when,  boldly  standing  up,  he  reproved  tl>e  Athenians  for 
their  idolatry,  and  preached  to  them  Christ  and  the  resurrection. 

7.  From  Athens  the  apostle  proceeded  to  Corinth :  he  resided  there 
eighteen  months,  and  founded  a  cluirch,  to  which  he  afterwards  wrote  two 
epistles.  At  Ctn'chrea,  one  of  the  ports  of  Corinth,  he  embarked  for  Syria. 
The  pious  Pliebe  was  a  servant  of  the  church  at  this  place.     (Rom.  xvi.  1.) 

8.  The  islands  in  the  iEge'an  and  lo'nian  seas,  as  well  as  the  almost 
insular  regions  of  southern  Greece  and  Italy,  were  called,  by  the  Israelites, 
the  "Isles  of  the  Sea,"  and  the  "Isles  that  are  in  the  Sea,"  and  they  are 
doubtless  tlie  same  as  the  "Isles  of  the  Gentiles"  (Gen.x.5);  while  those  more 
remote,  comprising  Sicily,  Malta,  and  the  Ealear'ic  Islands,  were  probably 
the  "  Isles  afar  otT."  They  seem  to  have  regarded  as  insular  all  regions 
separated  from  them  by  the  sea,  or  to  whicli  they  went  by  water. 

9.  Crete,  now  Candia,  was  once  an  important  island,  and  contained  a  hun- 
dred large  cities  ;  its  inhabitants  were  spoken  of  unfavourably  by  ancient 
writers,  "and  this  witness  is  true,"  says  St.  Paul.  (Titus  i.  13.)  Salmo'- 
ne,  a  city  of  Crete,  is  mentioned  Acts  xxvii.  7,  as  are  also  Fair  Havens, 

did  Paul  visit  Athens  ?  For  what  was  it  famous  ?  How  were  its  learned 
men  employed  ?  The  rest  of  the  people  ?  6.  What  is  said  of  Paul  ?  De- 
scribe  Mars-hill.  With  what  was  Paul  charged  ?  What  did  he  then  do  ? 
7.  To  what  place  did  the  apostle  proceed  from  Athens  ?  What  did  lie 
found  ?  Where  did  he  embark  for  Syria  ?  8.  What  were  the  islands  in  the 
iEgean  and  Ionian  seas  called  by  the  Israelites  ?  The  more  remote  " 
What  did  the  Israelites  regard  as  insular?  9.  What  is  said  of  Crete  ?  Its 
inhabitants  ?     Of  Salmone,  &,c  ?     The  island  of  Clauda  ?     Wliat  occuTyd 


G  R  E  E  C  E  ,    I  T  A  L  Y  ,    E  T  C  .  199 

l^se'a,  and  Plicni'cc.  (xxvii.  8 — 12.)  Tlic  island  of  Clau'da  or  Gavi'los 
was  passed  by  St,  Paul,  in  his  voyaffc  to  Italy.  On  tlic  island  of  Md'ita 
the  apostle  was  shipwrecked,  and  there  the  miracle  of  the  viper  fastening 
on  his  hand,  without  injury,  occurred.     (Acts  xxviii.  1 — 5.) 

10.  Sainothra'cia  or  Saniothrace  (Acts  xvi.  11),  Mityle'ne  or  Les'bos  (xx. 
14),  Clii'os  (XX.  15),  Sa'nios  (xx.  15),  Co'os  or  Cos  (xxi.  1),  Rhodes  (xxi.  1) 
and  Pat'nios,  arc  mentioned  in  tlic  narrative  of  Paul's  travels;  they  are  all 
islands  in  the  /Ege'an  Sea,  and  were,  in  ancient  times,  fertile  and  populous. 
To  Pat'mos  the  apostle  John  was  banished  by  the  Roman  emperor  Domit'iau. 
(Rev.  i.  9.)  There  he  wrote  the  Book  of  the  Revelations.  A  cave,  in  which 
he  is  said  to  have  lived,  is  still  sliown  by  the  inhabitants. 

11.  Itaxy  was  but  imperfectly  known  to  the  Jews,  until  after 
tlioy  were  conquered  by  the  Romans.  In  early  times  it  was  pro- 
bably included  in  the  region  which  they  called  Kit'tim  or  Chit'tim. 
In  the  New  Testament  it  is  mentioned  in  Acts  xviii.  2 ;  xxvii.  1  ; 
Heb.  xiii.  24. 

12.  Rome,  in  New  Testament  times,  was  the  capital  of  the  civili7.cd  world. 
It  was  a  corrupt  and  wicked  city.  A  church  was  established  in  it,  by  tlie 
a|)ostlcs  Peter  and  Paul,  and  there  they  both  suffered  martyrdom  in  the  rcigu 
of  Nero,  A.  D.  06.  Previous  to  his  death,  Paul  resided  in  Rome  about 
two  years,  preaching  and  teaching-  tlie  Word.  Syracuse,  in  Sicily  ;  Rhe'- 
gium,  in  the  soutiiern  part  of  Italy ;  Pute'oli,  near  Naples,  and  Ap'pii  Fo'rum 
and  the  Three  Taverns,  in  the  vicinity  of  Rome,  were  places  which  the 
apostle  Paul  passed  through,  on  jiis  way  to  tlie  Roman  capital. 

13.  Illyr'icum  lay  along  the  cast  coast  of  the  Adriat'ic  Sea;  it  is  the 
region  alluded  to  by  St.  Paul  (Romans  xv.  I'J),  where  he  says  that  he 
preached  the  Gospel  from  Jerusalem  "  round  about  unto  Illyr'icum."  Dal- 
ma'tia,  its  soutjiern  district,  is  the  country  to  which  Titus  went  and 
preached  the  Gospel,  when  he  left  Paul  at  Rome.     (2  Tim.  iv.  10.) 

14.  Cvre'ne  or  Cvrenaica  was  a  district  of  Lib'ya,  some  distance  west- 
ward  of  Egypt ;  it  is  now  a  part  of  Bar'ca.  It  is  several  times  alluded  to  in 
the  New  Testament.  Simon,  a  man  of  Cyre'ne,  bore  our  Saviour's  cross 
to  the  place  of  execution.  (Matt,  xxvii.  32.)  From  "the  parts  of  Libya 
about  Gyrene"  came  also  devout  Jews  to  celebrate  the  feast  of  Pentecost 
(Acts  ii.  10.)  Lu'cius,  of  Cyre'ne,  was  a  preacher  at  Antioch.  (Act/ 
xiii.  1.).  

Map  No.  5.  —  Point  out  Greece.  Macedonia.  The  Peloponnesus.  Ne- 
npolis.  Philippi,  Thessalonica.  Beroja.  Atiiens.  Corinth.  Ccnchraea. 
'J'he  /Egean  Sea.  Ionian  Sea.  Island  of  Crete.  Salmone,  Fair  Havens. 
I/:isea.  Phoenice  or  Phenice.  Gaulos  or  Clauda.  Melita. — Map.  No.  2. — 
Where  is  Samothracia  or  Samothrace  ?  Mitylcne  or  Lesbos  ?  Sainos  ?  Coos 
or  Cos?  Rhodes?  Patmos?  Point  out  Italy.  Illyricum.  Rome.  Syra 
cusc.     Rhcgiuni.     Puteoli.     Appii  Forum.     Cyrene  or  Cyrenaica. 

on  Melita?  10.  What  is  said  of  Samothracia,  Mitylcne,  &c.  ?  What  are 
they  ?  Where  and  by  whom  was  the  apostle  John  banished  ?  What  did 
he  write  tlierc  ?  What  is  still  shown  ?  II.  What  is  said  of  Italy  ?  In 
wliat  was  it  probably  included?  12.  What  was  Rome?  By  whom  was 
the  church  eslalilishcd  there  ?  What  is  said  of  the  apostles  Peter  and  Paul  ' 
Of  Paul?  Of  Syrncuse?  Rhcgium  ?  Puteoli?  Appii  Forum,  &c.  T 
il.  What  is  said  o"f  Illyricum  ?  Dalmatia  ?  14.  What  was  Cyrene,  &c  i 
What  is  said  of  the  Jews  1     Cliristians  ?     Of  Simon  ?     Lucius  ? 


200  SACKED   GEOGRAPHY" 


22 


GEOGRAPHY    ILLUSTRATING    OUR    SA- 
VIOUR'S   MINISTRY. 

L  Jesus  Christ,  our  Lord  and  Saviour,  was  born  m  the  time 
of  Her'od,  king  of  Judea,  in  the  twenty-seventh  year  of  the  reign 
of  the  Emperor  Augustus,  and  four  years  before  the  commence- 
ment of  the  common  era. 

2.  His  parents,  Joseph  and  the  Virgin  Mary,  resided  in  Naz'a- 
reth,  in  Gahlee  ;  but  they  were  obhged  to  repair  to  Beth'lehem, 
Joseph's  birth-place,  in  order  to  be  taxed ;  and  there  the  Saviour 
of  the  world  was  born,  and  laid  in  a  manger,  because  there  was 
no  room  for  them  in  the  inn.    (Luke  ii.  7.) 

3.  Various  distinct  prophecies  proclaim  the  time  wlien  the  Messiah  should 
come.  The  announcement  made  by  the  angel  Gabriel  to  Mary,  his  mother, 
(Luke  i.  35),  as  well  as  that  of  the  angel  that  appeared  to  the  shepherds  at 
night  (Luke  ii.  11),  sufficiently  testify  to  the  divine  nature  of  his  person 
and  mission. 

4.  On  the  eighth  day  after  his  birth  the  youthful  Jesus  was  circumcised, 
according  to  the  law  of  Moses,  and  on  tlic  fortieth  day  lie  was  presented  in 
the  temple,  when  tlie  aged  and  devout  Simeon  pronounced  him  to  be  "a 
light  to  lighten  the  Gentiles,  and  the  glory  of  Israel."     (Luke  ii.  32.) 

5.  The  coming  of  the  Divine  infant  was  also  hailed  by  the  wise  men  from 
tlie  East,  whose  journey  to  Jerusalem  and  subsequent  inquiries  troubled 
ller'od,  and  being  determined  to  destroy  him,  he  cruelly  ordered  all  the 
children  in  Betli'lehem,  under  two  years  of  age,  to  be  put  to  deatii ;  but  Jo- 
seph, forewarned  of  the  danger,  fled  to  Egypt,  with  tlie  virgin  and  her  child, 
and  on  his  return,  after  the  death  of  the  tyrant,  went  and  resided,  as  before, 
at  Naz'areth.      (Matt.  ii.  1—23.) 

6.  We  have  no  farther  account  of  the  earlier  years  of  Jesus,  save  that  he 
"grew  and  waxed  strong  in  spirit,"  Sec.  (Luke  ii.  40).  When  twelve  year 
of  age,  the  remarkable  scene  in  the  Temple  at  Jeru'salem,  recorded  Luke 
ii.  4(j,  occurred;  after  which  he  returned  into  Naz'areth,  with  his  parents 
"  and  was  subject  unto  them."     (ii.  52.) 

7.  At  the  age  of  thirty  (Luke  iii.  23)  Jesus  was  baptized  by  John  in  the 
river  Jordan,  when  the  Holy  Ghost  descended  "like  a  dove  upon  him,  and  a 
voice  came  from  heaven  which  said  '  Thou  art  my  beloved  Son.' "  His 
ministry  is  supposed  to  have  lasted  about  three  years,  during  wliich  time 
he  taught  higher  ideas  of  God,  a  purer  system  of  morals,  and  nobler  views 
cf  man  and  his  destiny,  than  had  yet  been  presented  to  the  world ;  he  also 


Q.  1.  In  whose  time  was  our  Lord  born  ?  2.  What  is  said  of  his  parents  ? 
Of  his  birth?  3.  What  do  various  prophecies  proclaim?  What  does  the 
announcement  of  the  angels  testify?  4.  What  occurred  on  the  eighth  day 
of  his  birth  ?  On  the  fortieth  ?  5.  Wliat  is  said  of  the  wise  men  ?  Of 
Herod  ?  Of  Joseph  ?  6.  What  is  said  of  the  earlier  years  of  Jesus  ? 
7.  Wiiat  occiirrcd  when  he  had  arrived  at  the  age  of  thirty  ?  How  long  did 
his  ministry  last  ?     What  did  lie  teach  ?     What  did  he  perform  7     8.  What 


OUR    SAVIOUR'S    MINISTRY.  201 

performed  numerous  acts  of  g^oodncss  and  mercy,  healed  the  sick,  cured  tlio 
deaf  ami  the  lame,  and  j^avc  sight  to  the  blind. 

8.  Some  time  after  the  commencement  of  his  ministry,  Christ  chose  twehe 
disciples  as  assistants  in  his  jrrcat  work  of  teacliing  and  regenerating  man- 
kind. Tlicir  names  were  Simon  Peter,  and  Andrew  liis  brother ;  James, 
the  son  ofZcbcdce,  and  John  iiis  brother;  Pliilip  and  Barthol'omew;  Thomas, 
and  Matthew  the  publican;  James,  the  son  of  Alphe'us,  and  Lebbc' us,  whose 
Burname  was  Thadde'us ;  Simon  Zclotes,  and  Judas  Iscar'iot. 

9.  After  his  baptism  Jesus  was  led  by  tlie  spirit  into  the  wilderness,  being 
forty  days  tempted  of  the  Devil,  and  did  eat  nothing.  He  repelled,  how 
ever,  all  the  arts  of  the  tempter.  (Luke  iv.  13.)  lie  then  departed  for  Gali- 
lee, and  came  to  Naz'areth  and  taught  in  tlie  synagogue,  but  the  people 
thrust  him  out  of  their  city.  (Luke  iv.  IG— 2!J.)  Thence  he  went  to  Cana, 
where,  being  invited  to  a  wedding,  he  performed  his  first  recorded  miracle 
by  turning  water  into  wine.     (John  ii.  7 — 9.) 

10.  After  a  short  stay  at  Caper'naum,  lie  visited  other  places  in  Galilee 
and  taught  in  the  synagogues.  Jesus  tlien  went  up  to  the  Feast  of  the 
Passover  at  Jeru'salem  A.  D.  30,  where  he  expelled  the  dealers  in  sheep, 
oxen,  &e.  from  the  courts  of  the  temple.  (John  ii.  12—25.)  Departing, 
after  a  time,  from  Judea,hc  journeyed  northward  to  Galilee,  through  Sama'- 
ria.  At  Jacob's  Well,  near  Sy'char,  he  held  the  noted  conversation  with  the 
Samaritan  woman,  and  many  of  the  people  of  Saraa'  ria  believed  on  him. 
(John  iv.  9.) 

11.  Arriving  at  Cana,  he  healed  the  nobleman's  son,  who  M'as  sick  at 
Capernaum.  (John  iv.  51.)  Proceeding  thither  he  taught  in  the  synagogue 
as  one  having  authority  ;  tliere  he  also  cast  out  an  unclcan^spirit,  and  healed 
Peter's  wife's  mother ;  after  which  he  preached  throughout  all  Galilee  and 
cast  out  devils.     (Mark  i.  14—39.) 

12.  On  going  to  Jerusalem,  to  his  second  Passover,  A.  D.  31,  Jesus  cured 
the  lame  man  at  tlie  Pool  of  Bethcsda,  on  the  Sabbath.  (John  v.  8.)  Sub- 
scfjuently  he  delivered  tlie  sublime  discourse  called  the  Sermon  on  the  Mgunt 
(Matt.  v.  1 — 16),  after  which  he  healed  the  Centurion's  servant,  and  raised 
the  son  of  the  widow  of  Nain  to  life.     (Luke  vii.  1 — 15.) 

13.  Christ  afterwards  takes  another  journey  through  Galilee,  attended  by 
his  disciples  and  several  pious  women  ;  crosses  the  Sea  of  Tibe'rias  ;  stills 
tlie  tempest  (Matt.  viii.  18 — 27),  and  arrives  in  the  country  of  the  Gergcse'nes 
or  Gadare'nes,  where  he  cast  devils  out  of  two  madmen  :  he  then  reerosses 
the  sea,  to  his  own  city  (Caper'naum),  and  restores  to  life  Jai'rus's  daugh 
ter.     (Matt.  ix.  25.) 

Map  No.  9.  —  Point  out  Nazareth.  Bethlehem.  Bethabara.  (This  wom 
the  place  where  our  Lord  was  baptized.)  The  Wilderness  of  Judea.  (Here 
he  was  tempted.)     Mount  Quarantania.     (This  is  said  to  be  the  mountain 

Ih  Bdid  of  the  disciples?  Name  them.  9.  What  occurred  after  our  Lord's 
baptism?  What  took  place  at  Nazareth?  At  Cana?  10.  What  is  said 
ofCapernaum,  &c.  ?  Of  Jerusalem  ?  What  occurred  afterwards  at  Jacob's 
Well?  II.  Whom  did  Christ  heal  at  Cana?  To  what  city  did  he  then 
proceed?  What  took  place  there?  Afterwards?  12.  Whom  did  Jesus 
cure  at  the  second  Passover  ?  What  did  he  do  subsequently  ?  Whom  did 
he  heal  and  raise  to  life?  13.  W'liither  did  Christ  afterwards  journeyl 
What  sea  did  ho  cross?  At  what  country  did  he  arrive?  What  miracle 
did  he  perform  there  ?     At  Capernaum  ? 


202  SACRED    GEOGRAPHY. 

from  whose  summit  the  Devil  showed  Christ  all  the  kingdoms  of  the  world. 
(Luke  iv.  5.)  Point  out  Cana.  Capernaum.  Galilee.  Samaria.  Jacob's 
Well.  Sychar.  Nain.  Mountain  of  the  Beatitudes.  (Here  Christ  delivered 
his  divine  sermon.)  The  country  of  the  Gadarenes  or  Gergesenes.  (This 
was  the  territory  around  the  city  of  Gadara.)— Ma;).  No.  11  —Where  is 
the  Pool  of  Bethesda  7 

23 

GEOGRAPHY  ILLUSTRATING    OUR  SAVIOUR'S 
MINISTRY— [continued.] 

1.  About  this  time,  A.  D.  32,  John  the  Baptist  was  beheaded  by  Hcr'od, 
which  Jesus  hearing  of,  retires  to  a  desert  place  near  Buthsa'ida,  in  Peraj'a. 
Multitudes  flock  to  hear  him.  There  he  miraculously  fed  the  5000.  (Mate 
xiv.  19,  20.)  From  this  place  he  sent  his  disciples  to  cross  the  Sea  of  Tibe- 
rias, while  he  went  up  into  a  mountain  to  pray.  During  the  night,  "Jesus 
went  unto  them  walking  on  the  sea."  When  near  the  ship,  Peter,  going 
out  to  meet  him,  was  about  to  sink,  but  his  master  stretched  forth  his  hand 
and  saved  him.     (Matt.  xiv.  31.) 

2.  About  the  time  of  his  third  Passover,  the  Redeemer  withdrew  to  the 
borders  of  Tyre  and  Sidon,  and  cast  forth  the  devil  out  of  the  Syro-Phcenic'ian 
woman's  daughter  (Mark  vii.  25 — 30);  returning  theru;e  he  passed  through 
the  coasts  of  the  Decap'olis  ;  feeds  the  4000 ;  thence  embarking  on  the  Sea 
of  Tibe'rias,  he  lands  near  Dalmanu'tha,  from  which  place  he  went  to  Beth- 
Ba'ida,  wliere  he  restores  a  blind  man's  sight.     (Mark  viii.  5 — 23.) 

3.  Proceeding  northward,  to  CiEsare'a  Philip'pi,  Christ  acknowledges 
himself  to  be  the  Messi'ah,  and  rebukes  Peter.  (Matt.  xvi.  13— 23.)  Six 
days  afterwards  he  ascends  Mount  Tabor,  as  is  supposed,  where  his  trans- 
6guration  took  place.  Descending  from  the  mount  he  casts  out  a  deaf  and 
dumb  spirit;  and  at  Caper'naum  directs  a  fish  to  be  caught,  in  the  mouth 
of  which  a  piece  of  money  was  found,  which  he  paid  to  the  collector  as  tri- 
bute.    (Matt.  xvii.  27.) 

4.  Our  Saviour  next  went  up  to  the  Feast  of  Tabernacles,  at  Jcru'salem, 
where  he  preached  in  the  Temple  (John  vii.  2 — 14),  and  restored  the  blind 
man  to  siglit  by  directing  him  to  wasli  in  the  Pool  of  Silo'am.  Leaving 
Jeru'salem  he  proceeds  to  Beth'any ;  enters  into  the  house  of  Martlia  and 
Mary,  and  commends  the  attention  and  choice  of  the  latter.  (Luke  x.  38 — 
42.) 

5.  Returning  to  Galilee,  he  instructs  his  disciples  how  to  pray,  and  utters 
the  Lord's  Prayer.  (Luke  xi.  1.)  Subsequently  he  cured  the  woman  who 
had  an  infirmity  for  eighteen  years,  on  the  Sabbath  day  (Luke  xiii.  11 — 13), 
and  afterwards,  travelling  through  Samaria,  cleansed  the  ten  lepers.  (Luk 
xvii.  11—14.) 

Q.  1.  Who  was  beheaded  by  Herod  ?  Where  did  Jesus  retire  ?  What 
miracle  did  he  perform?  What  did  he  then  do?  What  occurred  during 
the  niglit?  2.  What  miracle  did  Clirist  perform  in  Tyre  and  Sidon?  In 
the  Decapolis  ?  At  Bcthsaida  ?  3.  What  occurred  in  proceeding  north, 
ward  ?  Six  days  afterwards  ?  What  did  our  Saviour  do  on  descending  the 
Mount?  At  Capernaum?  4.  Where  did  he  next  proceed  ?  What  mira. 
clc«  did  he  perform  tlierc  ?  What  is  said  of  Bethany  ?  5.  In  what  does  our 
.Saviour  instruct  his  disciples  ?    What  miracles  does  he  afterwards  perform  7 


OUR    SAVIOUR'S    MINISTRY. 


203 


6.  At  Jerusalem,  A.  D.  33,  at  the  Feast  of  Dedication,  his  discourses  in  the 
,cmplc  so  incensed  tlic  Jews,  tliat  tiicy  took  up  stones  to  stone  him  ;  he  there- 
fore retired  beyond  Jordan,  to  tlic  place  where  John  hau  baptized.  (John 
X.  22 — 40.)  Returning:,  alter  a  time,  to  Ik-th'any,  Christ  raises  Laz'arus  from 
the  dead.  The  Jews  seekinjj  to  I'uthiiii  to  death  for  this  miracle,  he  retires 
to  a  city  called  E'phraim.  (John  .\i.  r>-l.)  Soon  allervvards,  returning:  towards 
Jeru'salem  through  Jer'iclio,  ho  restores  two  blind  men  to  sight  (Matt.  xx. 
17 — 34),  and  converts  Zaeelie'us  the  publican.  (Luke  xix.  1.)  Subpe. 
quently,  at  Bcth'any,  he  sups  with  Laz'arus,  and  is  anointed  by  Mary,  (Jolin 
xii.  1—13.) 

7.  On  the  following  day  Jesus  rode  into  Jeru'salem,  attended  by  a  great 
multitude  of  people,  who  spread  their  garments  in  the  road,  and  cut  down 
branches  of  trees  and  strewed  them  in  the  way.  On  arriving  at  the  Tem- 
ple, he  cast  out  all  that  bought  and  sold  in  it,  and  overthrew  the  tables  of 
the  money-changers,  and  the  tables  of  them  that  sold  doves,  and  the  blind 
and  the  lame  came  to  him  there,  and  he  healed  them.     (Matt.  xxi.  14.) 


Ctirist  healing  tlie  lame  and  the  blind  in  the  Temple. 

8.  At  this  time  the  Jewish  rulers  plot  our  Saviour's  destruction,  and  Ju 
das  agrees  with  them  to  betray  him.  The  night  before  his  death  he  ate  the 
fourth  Passover  with  his  disciples,  and  instituted  the  Lord's  Supper.  He 
then  retires  to  the  garden  at  Gethsem'ane,  where  he  is  arrested  by  his  ene- 
mies. Being  carried  before  the  Jewish  priests,  they  pronounce  him  guilty 
and  deliver  him  over  to  the  Roman  magistrates,  who  alone  had  the  power, 
at  that  period,  in  Judea,  of  life  and  death  ;  the  Jews  declaring,  "  His  blood 
be  on  us  and  on  our  children."     (Matt.  xxvi.  1 — 75  ;  xxvii.  1 — 25.) 

9.  Condemned  to  die  as  a  malefactor,  he  is  nailed  to  the  cross  on  Mount 
Calvary,  and,  in  the  agony  of  this  bitter  death,  prays  for  the  forgiveness  of 
his  executioners  (Luke  xxiii.  34),  and  with  a  touching  act  of  filial  piety 
commends  his  mother  to  his  favourite  disciple.     (John  xix.  27.) 


6.  What  occurred  at  Jerusalem,  at  the  Feast  of  Dedication,  &c.  ?  Whom 
did  Clirist  raise  from  the  dead  ?  What  followed  ?  What  took  place  after- 
wards  ?  Subsequent!}'  ?  7.  What  did  Jesus  do  on  the  following  day  7  On 
arriving  at  the  temple  ?  What  is  said  of  the  blind,  &c.  ?  8.  What  is  said 
of  tlic  Jewish  rulers  ?  Of  Judas  ?  The  night  before  liis  death  ?  Where 
did  he  then  retire  7     What  is  furtJicr  related  7     'J.  What  is  stated  respecting 


204  SACRED    GE  (3  GRA  PHY. 

10.  Ti.fi  evangelists  relate,  that  from  the  time  of  noon  the  sun  waa 
darkened,  and  about  three  hours  afterwards,  Jesus,  having-  cried  with  a 
loud  voice,  gave  up  the  ghost.  The  vail  of  the  temple,  they  add,  was  rent 
in  twain,  from  the  top  to  the  bottom ;  rocks  were  rent,  and  the  graves  were 
opened.  The  Centurion  who  was  pruseut  directing  the  execution,  ex- 
claimed, "  Truly  tliis  was  the  Son  of  God."     (Matt,  xxvii.  45—54.) 

11.  The  body  of  Jesus  was  taken  down  from  the  cross  by  Joseph  of  Ari- 
mathe'a,  and  placed  in  a  new  sepulchre  that  was  in  a  garden  near  to  Mount 
Calvary  (John  xix.  41.)  The  Jewish  priests,  remembering  our  Lord'a 
propliecy,  that  he  should  rise  on  the  third  day,  set  a  guard,  sealing  up  tlia 
great  stone  that  secured  the  entrance.     (Matt,  xxvii.  57 — 66.) 

12.  Notwithstanding  these  precautions,  tlie  prophecy  was  fulUlled  by  his 
resurrection  on  the  first  day  of  the  week;  and  he  appeared  afterwards  re- 
peatedly to  his  disciples,  encouraging,  consoling,  and  instructing  them.  On 
the  fortieth  day  after  his  resurrection,  while  with  them  on  the  Mount  of 
Olives  or  Olivet,  "  he  was  taken  up,  and  a  cloud  received  him  out  of  their 
sight    (Acts  i.  1—11.) 

Map  iVo.  9.  — Where  is  Bethsaida  in  Pera;a?  Sea  of  Tiberias  ?  Tyre 
and  Sidon  ?  Decapolis  ?  Dalmanutha  ?  Cajsarea  Philippi  ?  Mount  Ta- 
bor ?  Bethany?  Galilee?  Samaria? — Map  No.  11.  —  Point  out  Jerusa- 
lem. The  Temple.  Pool  of  Siloam.  Gethsemane.  Mount  Calvary.  Point 
out  the  garden  in  which  was  the  sepulchre  where  the  body  of  Christ  was 
laid. 

24 


GEOGRAPHY   ILLUSTRATING  THE  FIRST  SETTLE- 
MENT OF  THE  CHURCH. 

1.  After  the  ascension  of  the  Saviour,  the  eleven  disciples 
returned  to  Jerusalem,  in  order  to  begin  their  important  mission, 
m  obedience  to  the  command  of  their  Divine  Master.  "  Go  ye, 
therefore,  teach  all  nations,  baptizing  them  in  the  name  of  the 
Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost ;  teaching  them  to 
observe  all  things  whatsoever  I  have  conunanded  you."  (Matt, 
xxviii.  19,20.) 

2.  The  first  act  of  the  apostles  was  the  selection  of  Matthias  to 
fill  the  place  of  Judas,  the  betrayer,  who  had  committed  suicide. 
(Acts  i.  26.)  On  the  tenth  day  after  the  Ascension,  the  day  of 
Pentecost,  the  Holy  Ghost  came  down  upon  the  disciples,  em- 
powering them  to  work  miracles,  and  to  speak  tongues  before 
unknown  to  them. 

our  Saviour's  death  ?  10.  What  do  the  evangelists  i«late?  What  did  tne 
Centurion  exclaim?  11.  What  is  said  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea?  Of  the 
Jewish  priests ?  12.  What  took  place  notwithstanding?  What  occurred 
on  the  fortieth  day  ? 

Q.  1.  What  took  place  after  the  ascension  ?  2.  What  was  the  first  act 
of  the  ajjostlcs  ?     What  came  down  upon  them  ?     3.  What  did  they  do  at 


KIkST    SETTLEMENT   OF    THE    CHURCH.    205 

3.  At  that  time  tlicy  prcaclicd  to  the  devout  Jews  assembled  at  Jerusa- 
lem, addressing  tlicm  in  the  languages  of  the  different  countries  from 
whence  they  came ;  at  which  they  were  all  amazed,  and  gladly  received  tlia 
Word,  and  were  haptized  to  the  number  of  three  thousand  souls.  (Acts  ii. 
1 — 41.)  Thus  was  formed  tiie  first  Christian  ehurcii  at  Jerusalem,  A.  D. 
33,  and  James  the  Less  or  Just,  the  cousin  of  our  Lord,  was  chosen  as  ita 
first  presbyter  or  bishop. 

4  TIic  second  church  was  established  at  Antioch,  in  Syria,  by  those  who 
'ed  tliither  atler  Stephen's  death ;  and  there,  about  A.  1).  40,  the  disciplea 
were  first  called  Christians.     (Acts  xi.  26.) 

5.  The  first  disciples  of  our  Lord,  as  well  as  those  afterwards  added  to 
their  number,  visited  as  missionaries  nearly  all  the  regions  of  the  earth 
then  known.  Simon  Peter  preached  the  Gospel  in  Palestine,  in  the  city  of 
Antiocli,  and  in  Rome,  where  he  was  crucified  A.  D.  67.  John  the  Evan- 
gelist preached  in  Palestine,  and  also  in  Asia  Minor.  In  the  reign  of 
Domitian  he  was  taken  to  Rome,  and  then  exiled  to  the  island  of  Patmos  ; 
but  returned  thence,  and  died  at  E()hesus  A.  D.  100.  James  called  the 
Greater,  the  brother  of  John,  was  put  to  death  by  Herod  A.  D.  44.  (Acts  xii.) 

6.  Of  the  labours  of  the  other  apostles,  but  little  is  recorded  in  Scripture, 
and  what  is  known  of  them  is  derived  from  otJier  sources.  Andrew,  the  bro- 
ther of  Simon  Peter,  preached  in  Greece,  where  he  was  crucified  A.  D.  83. 
Philip  preached  in  Asia  Minor,  and  sutfered  martyrdom  at  Hicrapolis,  in 
Phrygia.  Bartholomew  preached  in  Arabia,  Persia  and  Armenia,  and 
was  put  to  death  in  the  latter  country.  Thomas  preached  in  Parthia, 
Bactria,  and  in  India.  Matthew  the  Evangelist  preached  in  Persia,  and 
died  there  a  martyr.  Lebbeus,  the  brother  of  James  the  Less,  called  also 
Jude,  preached  in  Syria,  Mesopotamia, and  Persia.  Simon  Zelotes  preached 
m  Egypt,  Libya,  and  Mauritania. 

7.  Paul,  surnamed  the  Apostle  of  the  Gentiles,  was  born  of  Jewish  parents, 
of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin,  at  Tarsus,  in  Cilieia,  and  inherited  all  the  rights 
of  a  Roman  citizen.  He  was  well  instructed  botii  in  Hebrew  and  Greek 
learning,  and  was  at  first  an  implacable  enemy  of  Christ.  When  on  a  jour- 
ney to  Damascus,  A.  D.  37,  to  persecute  the  Christians  there,  he  was 
miraculously  converted,  and  became  a  most  ardent  and  powerful  prcachei 
o(  the  Word,  "  and  laboured  more  abundantly  than  all  the  others"  in  con- 
verting the  heathen. 

8.  Arabia,  Syria,  Asia  Minor,  Greece,  and  the  islands  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean,  were  the  scenes  of  his  unwearied  exertions.  In  all  his  journeys  he 
laboured  to  establish  new  churches,  and  to  confirm  the  faith  of  those  already 
existing.  The  churches  of  Philipjji,  in  Macedonia,  of  Corinth,  Ephcsus 
and  Galalia,  honoured  him  as  their  founder,  and  the  epistles  that  he  wrote 
to  those  that  were  in  the  chief  cities  of  Greece  and  Asia  Minor,  show  the 
paternal  care  which  he  exercised  over  them. 

9.  After  labouring  for  more  than  twenty  years  in  the  service  of  the 
Redeemer,  Paul  went  to  Jerusalem,  A.  D.  60,  with  money  that  he  had  col- 

that  time  ?  How  many  were  baptized  ?  What  is  said  of  the  first  church  ? 
4.  Where  was  the  second  church  established,  &,c.  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  the 
first  disciples  of  our  Lord,  &c.?  Of  Simon  Peter  ?  John  the  Evangelist? 
James  the  Greater  ?  6.  What  is  said  of  tiie  other  apostles  ?  Where  did 
Andrew  preach,  &c.  ?  Bartholomew?  Tliomas  ?  Matthew?  Lebbeus? 
Simon  Zelotes  ?  7.  What  is  said  of  Paul  ?  What  occurred  on  a  journey  to 
Damascus?  8.  What  countries  were  the  pccncs  of  Paul's  labours  '  Wijut 
IS  said  of  his  journeys  ?  The  churches  of  Pliilippi,  6i.c,  ?  9.  What  Docurrcd 
18 


206  SACRED    GEOGRAPHY. 

lected  fijr  thj  relief  of  oppressed  Christians  in  Palestine.  There  the  Jew* 
excited  such  a  tumult  against  him,  that  Lycias,  the  Roman  commander  ot 
the  garrison,  was  forced  to  interfere  to  save  him  from  being  torn  to  pieces. 
He  was  then  arrested  and  sent,  under  a  guard  of  soldiers,  to  Coesarea,  where 
lie  was  kept  a  prisoner  for  two  years  by  the  Roman  governors  Festus  and 
Felix. 

10.  Having  been  illegally  imprisoned,  he  appealed,  as'a  Roman  citizen,  to 
Cffisar,  and  was  sent  to  Rome.  On  the  voyage  thither  he  was  shipwrecked 
at  Melita,  and  in  the  spring  of  A.  D.  63,  arrived  at  the  capital  of  the  civi- 
lized world.  Tlicre  he  was  kept  as  a  prisoner,  but  gained  over,  notwith- 
standing,  many  distinguished  Romans  to  tlie  Christian  faith.  Paul  was  set 
at  liberty  A.  D.  64  ;  but  the  accounts  of  his  farther  travels  in  Spain,  Mace- 
donia, and  Greece,  are  doubtful.  In  A.  D.  66,  he  returned  to  Rome,  was 
again  arrested,  and  died  the  death  of  a  martyr. 

11.  Mark  the  Evangelist  was  the  friend  and  companion  of  the  apostle 
Peter,  under  whose  direction  he  composed  his  Gospel.  He  preached  at 
Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  and  is  regarded  as  its  first  bishop.  He  died  there 
A.  D.  62.  Luke,  the  remaining  evangelist,  wrote  the  Gospel  that  is  called 
by  his  name,  and  also  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles.  He  was  long  the  compa- 
nion of  Paul,  ana  joined  in  all  his  labours.  While  Paul  was  a  prisoner  at 
Rome,  Luke  preached  the  Gospel  in  Northern  Africa  and  in  Eastern  Europe, 
and  at  length  suffered  martyrdom  in  Greece. 

12.  As  early  as  the  end  of  the  first  ceatury,  Palestine,  Syria,  Asia  Minor, 
Greece,  tJie  islands  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  Italy,  and  the  northern  coast 
of  Africa,  contained  many  Christian  societies.  Their  ecclesiastical  disci- 
pline was  simple  and  conformable  to  their  humble  condition,  and  they  con- 
tinued to  acquire  strength  amidst  all  the  persecutions  that  were  raised 
against  them. 

13.  At  the  end  of  the  second  century.  Christians  were  to  be  found  in  all 
the  provinces;  and  at  the  end  of  the  third  century,  one-half  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Roman  empire,  and  of  several  neighbouring  countries,  professed 
Christianity.  It  was  at  length  completely  tolerated  by  the  emperor  Constan- 
tino, in  the  early  part  of  the  fourth  century  (A.  D.  313),  £ind  thenceforward 
became  the  established  religion  of  the  civilized  world. 


Map  No.  5. — Point  out  Antioch.  Point  out  the  countries  and  places  con- 
nected with  the  labours  of  the  apostles  Peter  and  John.  Of  Andrew.  Philip. 
The  other  apostles.  Of  Paul.  The  place  of  his  birth.  Conversion.  Im- 
prisonment tor  two  years.  Point  out  the  track  of  St.  Paul's  voyage.  From 
what  port  in  Palestine  did  it  commence  ?  At  what  city  in  Phoenicia  did  the 
ship  touch?  In  Asia  Minor?  In  the  island  of  Crete?  Point  out  the 
island  on  which  the  apostle  was  shipwrecked.  At  what  city  in  Sicily  did 
he  afterwards  touch?  What  strait  did  he  sail  through?  At  what  port  in 
Italy  did  he  arrive?  What  town  did  he  then  reach?  What  city  termi- 
nated the  voyage  ?  Point  out  the  city  where  Mark  preached,  and  of  which 
he  was  bishop.     The  regions  where  Luke  preached. 


to  the  apostle  A.  D.  59  ?  10.  What  was  the  result  of  his  illegal  imprison 
ment  ?  What  occurred  on  the  voyage  ?  At  Rome  ?  What  is  further 
stated  of  Paul  ?  11.  What  is  said  of  Mark  ?  Luke  ?  12.  Wliat  had  occurred 
by  the  end  of  the  first  century,  &c.  ?  13.  At  the  end  of  the  second  ?  At  the 
end  of  the  third  ?    When  was  Christianity  completely  tolerated  ? 


ClirvONOLOGY. 


1.  Chronology  is  the  science  of  computing  and  adjusting  the 
periods  of  time.  It  ascertains  when  events  occurred,  and  assigns 
to  each  its  correct  date.  Thus  we  learn  from  it  that  the  world  was 
created  4004  years  before  Christ,  and  that  the  flood  took  place  1050 
years  after  the  creation  ;  and  so  of  all  other  known  and  ascertained 
events,  each  one  is  placed  in  connection  with  its  proper  period  or 
year. 

2.  Of  the  transactions  between  the  Creation  and  the  Flood,  we  know 
nothing  except  froni  Scripture,  and  of  many  of  tl\ose  which  occurred  after 
the  flood,  and  before  the  time  of  Christ,  we  know  nothing  witii  certainty 
except  from  the  same  source  ;  but  about  800  or  900  years  before  our  Saviour's 
time,  a  succession  of  profane  historians  arose,  from  whom,  especially  tliose 
of  Greece  and  Rome,  numerous  facts  in  Chronology  have  been  obtained. 

3.  Various  Eras,  Epochs  or  methods  of  chronology  have  been  adopted  by 
different  nations.  The  Greeks  reckoned  time  by  Olympiads  of  four  yeais 
each,  commencing  from  the  year  776  before  Christ.  In  marking  a  date  by 
this  method,  the  year  and  Olympiad  were  both  given  ;  for  example,  the  year 
1845  is  the  first  of  the  656th  Olympiad.  The  Romans  reckoned  time  from 
the  founding  of  Rome,  753  years  before  Christ.  Dates  reckoned  from  this 
Era  are  designated  by  the  initials  A.  U.  C.  (ab  urbe  condita  ;  that  is,  from  the 
building  of  the  city).  The  year  1845  is  the  2598th  year  of  tlie  Roman 
era. 

4.  The  Cliristian  Era,  now  in  use  amongst  all  Christian  nations,  was  first 
introduced  in  the  sixth  century,  but  was  not  very  generally  adopted  for 
some  centuries  after.  This  begins  4004  years  after  the  creation  of  the 
world,  and  four  years  after  the  birth  of  our  Saviour.  Dates  reckoned  back- 
wards are  usually  marked  B.  C,  or  before  Christ,  but  those  reckoned  for- 
ward are  distinguished  by  the  prefix  A.  D.,  signifying  Anno  Domini,  or  in 
tlie  year  of  our  Lord. 

5.  The  Mahomedans  reckon  time  from  the  Hcgira,  or  flight  of  Mahomet 
from  Mecca  to  Medina,  in  the  year  622  after  Christ ;  but  they  use  the  lunar 
year  of  354  days ;  so  that  thirty-two  of  our  years  make  thirty-three  of 
liieire.     The  year  1845  is  the  1260th  year  of  the  Ilegira. 

6.  Many  other  epochs  or  eras  have  been  used  in  different  countries,  and 
at  different  periods.  The  Jews,  Egyptians,  Tyrians,  Babylonians,  Persians, 
and  other  ancient  nations,  have  each  had  their  eras.  The  Hindoos  and 
Chinese  of  the  present  day  have  modes  of  reckoning  time  which  diilnr  from 
each  other,  as  well  as  from  our  method.  In  the  United  States,  public  docu- 
ments, proclamations,  &.c.  have  often,  besides  the  date  in  common  use,  the 
year  of  the  national  independence  attached  to  them.  This  is  computed 
from  July  4,  177G,  and  hence  may  be  reckoned  a  national  era  or  chrono. 
logical  period. 

^  ^  (207) 


CHRONOLOGICAL    TABLE. 

B.C. 

4004  Creation  of  the  World. 

2944  Birth  of  Noah. 

2MB  The  Flood  or  Deluge  covers  the  whole  earth. — Lasts  about  a  year. 

2347  Noah  quits  the  Ark;  offers  sacrifices  of  thanksgiving;  God  appoinlt 

tiie  rainbow  as  a  pledge  that  he  will  never  again  destroy  the  earth 

by  the  waters  of  a  flood.     (Gen.  ix.  11.) 
2300  The  Tower  of  Babel  built;  confusion  of  languages;   dispersion  of 

mankind. 
2233  Babylon   founded  by  Nimrod  ;  Nineveh  founded  by  Asshur ;  com. 

mcncement  of  the  Assyrian  monarchy. 
2188  The  Egyptian  monarchy  founded  by  Mizraim ;  continues  1663  years. 
2059  Ago  of  Ninus  and  Semiramis,  Assyrian  moaarchs. 
2000  Sicyon  founded — the  earliest  town  in  Greece ;  Sidon  founded. 
1996  Birth  of  Abram,  in  Ur  of  the  Chaldees;  1998  Noah  dies. 
1921  Call  of  Abram;  he  leaves  Ur;  comes  to  Haran,  where  his  father, 

Terah,  dies,  aged  205  years  ;  emigrates  to  Canaan,  with  Sarai  his 

wife,  and  Lot  his  nephew,  and  dwells  at  Sliecliem. 
1920  Abram  removes  to  Egypt;  returns  the  same  year. 
1912  Abram  defeats  Chedorlaomer  and  the  confederate  kings  ;  rescues  Lot 
1910  Birth  of  Ishmael,  tJie  son  of  Abram  and  Hagar.     (Gen.  xvi.  16.) 
1897  Destruction  of  Sodom,  Gomorrah,  &c. ;  Lot  retires  to  Zoar  ;  Abram'a 

name  changed  to  Abraham  ;  Sarai's  changed  to  Sarah. 
1896  Isaac  born  at  Becrsheba;  1871  oftered  up  as  a  sacrifice  by  his  father-. 
1836  Birth  of  Esau  and  Jacob;  1821  Abraham  dies. 
1800  Argos  founded  by  the  Pelasgians,  under  Inachus. 
1759  Jacob  retires  to  his  uncle,  Laban,  in  Padan  Aram  ;  1745  Joseph  born. 
1739  Jacob  returns  to  Canaan  ;  resides  at  Shechem. 
1728  Joseph  sold  by  his  brethren;  1716  Isaac  dies. 

1705  Joseph  raised  to  distinction  in  Egypt. 

1706  Jacob  removes  to  Egypt;  1689,  his  death;  1635  Joseph  dies. 

1600  Hyksos  or  shepherd  kings  conquer  Egypt ;  they  oppress  the  Israelites. 

1577  Age  of  Job;  1575,  birth  of  Aaron;  1571,  birth  of  Moses. 

1550  Athens  founded  by  Cccrops;  1531  Moses  leaves  Egypt. 

1500  Tyre  founded  ;  Gades  founded  ;  1493  Thebes  founded  by  Cadmus. 

1491  Moses  returns  to  Egypt;  Exodus  or  Departure  of  the  Israelites  from 
Eg3'pt ;  cross  the  Red  Sea ;  law  given  on  Mount  Sinai. 

1452  Death  of  Aaron,  aged  123  years;  buried  on  Mount  Hor. 

1451  Sihon  defeated  at  Jahaz;  Death  of  Moses,  aged  120  years;  Og  do- 
fcated  at  Edrei ;  the  Israelites  cross  Jordan  ;  cajiture  Jericho ;  sun 
and  moon  stand  still  at  the  comniand  of  Joshua ;  1445,  1444  the 
Land  of  Canaan  divided  among  thtiTwelve  Tribes. 

Q.  How  many  years  have  elapsed  since  the  Creation?  Since  the  Deluge?  Sines 
the  building  of  the  Tower  of  Babel?  Where  was  Sicyon?  Sidon?  Ur  ?  Haian  ; 
How  Ions;  did  Noah  live  ?  In  what  direction  was  Canaan  from  Haran  ?  Where  was 
Shechem  ?  How  old  was  Abraham  at  Isaac's  birth  ?  Isaac,  when  he  was  offered  up  ? 
How  long  did  Abraham  live  ?  Where  was  Argos?  How  old  was  Jacob  when  he  kfl 
Canaan  ?  On  his  ri'tiirn  ?  How  old  was  Joseph  when  sold  as  a  slave  ?  How  long  did 
Isaac  live?  Jacob?  How  old  was  Joseph  when  he  was  raised  to  distinction  ?  At  his 
death?  Where  is  Athens?  Howmany  years  since  it  was  founded?  Where  was  Tyrf  ? 
Gades?  Thebes  (Gre<;k)  ?  How  old  was  Moses  when  he  left  Egypt  ?  How  old  on  liis 
return?  How  many  vears  were  the  Israelites  in  Egypt?  Where  is  Mount  Sinai? 
Mount  Hor?  Where  "was  Jahuz?  Edrei?  Jericho?  What  tribes  of  Israel  lay  west 
of  Jordan?    East?  


CHRONOLOGICAL   TABLE.  209 

B.C. 

1443  Death  of  Joshua,  aped  110  years  ;  1423  Tribe  of  Benjamin  destroyed. 
14l)G  Age  of  Minos,  the  Cretan  lawgiver ;  1405  Othniel  first  judge  of  IsraeL 
1400  Troy  founded;  Pelasgians  exi)elled  from  Greeee  by  the  Hellenes. 
13G5  AgeofSesostris,  king  of  Egypt;  a  great  conqueror ;  built  magnificent 

cities  in  liis  dominions. 
133.')  Amphictyonic  council  cstablislied. 
1300  Voyage  of  the  Argonauts  from  Aplicta;,  in  Thessaly,  to  Colcliis,  under 

the  command  of  Jason;  Hercules,  Theseus,  and  his  other  coirpa. 

nions  were  called  Argonauts. 
1290  Age  of  Moeris,  king  of  Egypt;  ho  causes  lake  Mceris  to  be  dug,  to 

receive  the  surplus  waters  of  tlie  Nile. 
1285  Barak  and  Deborah  defeat  Jabin. 
1245  Age  ol  Gideon  ;  defeats  the  Midianites  and  Moabites. 
1187  Jeplitha,  the  tenth  judge  of  Israel,  sacrifices  his  daughter. 
1184  Troy  captured,  after  a  siege  often  years  ;  Age  of  Agamemnon,  AchiU 

les,  Diomedes,  Nestor,  Ulysses,  Helen,  Priam,  Hector,  iEueas,  An- 

dromache,  &.C.;  iEneas  sails  for  Italy. 
115G  Age  of  Eli ;  1155  birth  of  Samuel ;  1150  Utica,  in  Africa,  founded. 
1124  /Eolian  colonies  established  in  Asia  Minor. 
1107  Age  of  Samson  ;  judged  Israel  twenty  years  ;  betrayed  to  the  Phi- 

listines  by  Delilah ;  buries  himself  under  the  ruins  of  the  temple 

of  Dagon,  with  a  great  number  of  his  enemies. 
1100  Salamis  founded  by  Teueer. 

1095  Saul  first  king  of  Israel;  1085  Birth  of  David;  1062  slays  Goliath. 
1055  Death  of  Saul;  succession  of  David  ;  1048  crowned  king  of  all  Israel; 

1047  takes  Jerusalem  from  the  Jebusites. 
1014  Settlement  of  the  Ionian  colonies  in  Asia  Minor;  Age  of  Homer;  tlie 

cities  of  Smyrna,  Chios,  Colophon,   Salamis,   Rhodes,  Argos  and 

Athens  afterwards  contend  for  the  honour  of  liis  birth. 
1037  The  Moabites  and  Ammonites  conquered  by  David. 
1035  Rabbath  Ammon  taken  by  Joab ;  Uriah  killed  at  the  siege. 
1033  Birth  of  Solomon  ;  Age  of  Hiram,  king  of  Tyre. 
1014  Death  of  David;  succeeded  by  Solomon;  Most  flourishing  period  of 

the  kingdom  of  Israel. 
1003  Temple  at  Jerusalum  built  and  dedicated  by  Solomon. 
994  Dorians  establish  colonics  in  Asia  Minor. 
975  Death  of  Holomon;  Rehoboam  succeeds  him;  his  tyranny  causes  a 

division  of  the  realm  into  tlie  kingdoms  of  Judah  and  Israel;  Jero- 
boam king  of  Israel ;  Rehoboam  king  of  Judah. 
971  Shishak,  king  of  Egypt,  plunders  the  temple  at  Jerusalem. 
907  Age  of  the  poeUj  Homer  and  Hesiod  ;  900  Pygmalion,  brother  of  Dido. 
897  Aliab,  king  of  Israel,  slain  ;  Ahaziah,  king  of  Judah;  Elisha  taken 

up  to  heaven  ;  884  Jehu  king  of  Israel. 
880  Lycurgus,  the  Spartan  lawgiver. 


Q  When  was  Joshua  born?  How  long  since  Troy  was  founded?  Point  out  Ajhe^ 
IB*.  On  what  gulf  was  it  situated?  Through  what  seas  and  straits,  and  past  what 
telands  did  tlie  Argonauts  sail  on  their  voyage  to  Colchis  ?  Where  was  Colcltis  ?  What 
is  its  modern  name?  Where  is  lake  IMoeris  ?  Whore  was  Utica .?  How  long  did  Troy  e.T- 
ist  ?  Point  out  the  ^olian  Colonies  on  the  Map.  Where  was  Salamis?  Howmanyycars 
fpiin  Joshua  to  Saul?  How  old  was  David  when  he  killed  Goliath?  How  old  when 
be  became  king  1  Where  were  the  Ionian  colonies  ?  The  seven  cities  that  contended 
for  the  honour  of  Homer's  birth?  Rabbath  .Amnion?  How  old  was  David  when  he 
died?  Solomon,  when  he  dedicated  the  Tempis?  Where  were  the  Dorian  colonies? 
H'lw  long  did  Solomon  live  ?  How  many  trib»  <  did  the  kingdom  of  Israel  conipri.ao  1 
Kinu'dom  of  Jndah  ?  When  was  Carlhage  fo  uled?  How  many  yeara  from  the  Iw 
giniuiig  of  Saul's  ruign  to  that  of  Rehoboam  1 

18*  O 


210  CHRONOLUulICAL    TABLi3. 

B.  c. 

878  Carthage  founded  by  Dido,  a  Tynan  princess. 

827  Ethiopians  conquer  Eg-ypt ;  825  Jonah  visits  Nineveh  ;  the  people  repent 

820  Death  of  Sardanapalus;  First  Assyrian  empire  destroyed;  Median  era 
pire  founded;  Kingdom  of  Macedonia  founded. 

810  Uzziah,  king  of  Judah,  takes  the  cities  of  the  Philistines. 

800  Perscpolis  built;  776  Era  of  the  Olympiads  begins. 

772  Pul  invades  Israel. 

753  Rome  founded,  April  20 ;  743  First  Messenian  war  lasts  19  years. 

74/)  Damascus  taken  by  Tiglath-pileser. 

732  Syracuse  founded ;  730  Tarentum  founded. 

729  Samaria  taken  by  Shalmanczer;  End  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel;  Cajv 
tivity  of  the  Ten  Tribes. 

713  Sennacherib  threatens  Hezekiah;  his  army  miraculously  aestroyed. 

685  Second  Messenian  war;  lasts  fourteen  years;  Ira  besieged  eleven 
years;    its  capture  ends  tiie  war. 

657  Holofernes  slain  by  Judith,  near  Bethulia. 

650  Naval.battle  between  the  Corcyreans  and  Corinthians  —  the  first  sea- 
fight  on  record. 

641  JosiaJi  king  of  Judah  reforms  abuses;  restores  the  worship  of  God, 

630  Cyrene  founded  ;  627  Nabopolazzar  king  of  Babylon. 

616  Ago  of  Pliaraoh  Necho;  Tyrians  in  his  service  sail  round  Africa. 

607  Nineveh  taken  by  the  Medes  and  Babylonians. 

604  Age  of  Pittacus  (general  of  Mityiene);  Sappho  (Greek  poetess). 

594  AgeofEzekiel. 

591  Pythian  Games  begin  ;  Age  of  Thales  (philosopher);  jEsop  (fabulist). 

588  Nebuchadnezzar  takes  Jerusalem  ;  End  of  the  kingdom  of  Judah;  Be- 
ginning of  the  Babylonish  captivity;  572  Nebuchadnezzar  takes 
Tyre,  after  a  siege  of  thirteen  years. 

570  Voyage  of  Hanno  along  tlie  west  coast  of  Africa;  about  the  same  time 
liimilco  sails  to  Britain. 

560  Union  of  the  Medes  and  Persians  ;  Cyaxares  king  of  the  Medes. 

559  Persian  empire  founded  by  Cyrus ;  Age  of  Anaximander,  inventor  of 
globes  and  charts. 

543  Cyrus  defeats  Croesus  at  Thymbra ;  Takes  Sardis;  Conquers  Lydia. 

539  Massilia  founded  ;  Age  of  Pythagoras  (philosopher) ;  Anacreon  (poet). 

538  Cyrus  takes  Babylon  ;  age  of  Daniel  ;  525  Cambyses  conquers  Egypt. 

521  Age  of  Darius  Ilystaspcs  ;  518  End  of  the  Babylonish  captivity. 

516  Age  of  Artaxerxcs  Longimanus  or  Ahasucrus ;  Queen  Esther. 

515  Tlie  Temple  of  Jerusalem  rebuilt;  510  Sybaris,  in  Italy,  destroj'ed. 

509  Consular  government  established  in  Rome. 

504  Athenians  burn  Sardis ;  Age  of  Heraclitus  (naturalist) ;  Democedcs 
(physician) ;  500  Milesians  emigrate  from  Spain  to  Ireland. 

BOO  First  Persian  war  against  Greece  ;  490  Battle  of  Marathon  ;  the  Greeks, 
commanded  by  Miltiades,  defeat  the  Persians,  under  Dates  and  Aria- 
j)hanes ;  480  Xerxes  crosses  the  Hellespont  at  Abydos ;  Invad'^ 
Greece ;  Battle  of  Thermopylae  ;  Naval  battles  of  Artemisium  and 

Q.  How  many  years  since  Jonah's  time?  How  long  did  the  first  Assyrian  empire 
euilure?  Where  was  Macedonia  ?  Persepolis?  Howjnany  years  since  the  first  Olym- 
piad? What  is  tlie  present  year  according  to  that  end?  How  long  since  Rome  was 
founded?  Wliere  is  Damascus  ?  Syracuse?  Tarentum?  How  long  did  the  kimrdom 
of  Israel  endure?  Where  is  Samaria  ?  Whore  was  Ira  ?  Bethulia?  Cyrone  ?  Nine- 
vcl)?  Mityiene?  How  many  years  since  the  capture  of  Jerusalem  hy  Nebuchadticz- 
zar?  How  long  did  the  IJabylonisli  captivity  last  ?  Where  was  Thymbra?  Sardis? 
Of  what  part  of  Asia  was  LydIa  a  division?  Where  is  Massilia  ?  Its  modern  name 
Whore  was  Sybaris?  Toiiit  out  Marathon.  Abydos.  Tliermopyla;.  Artemisiuia 
Salauns. 


CHRONOLOGICAL    TABLE.  211 

B.  C. 

Salamis  ;  Ago  of  Tlicmistoclcs  (Athenian  statesman) ;  Anaxaj^ora* 

(l)liilcsophur) ;  Pindar  (poet)  ;   iEschylus    (tragic  writer) ;   Coriun.- 

(poctess). 
479  Battles  of  Platroa  and  Mycalc  on  the  same  day. 
47U  The  Athenians,  under  Cimon,  defeat  the  Persians,  on  the  Eurymedou 

river,  twice  in  one  day,  first  on  water  and  tlien  on  land. 
4(15  Third  Mcsscnian  war  ;  lasts  ten  years. 
4o7  Battle  ofTanagra;  Age  ofPcrielcs  (Athenian  statesman). 
415  Age  of  Herodotus  (historian)  ;  Pjiidias  (sculptor). 
4;}1   First  Peloponnesian  war  commences;  continues  twenty-seven  years 

Age  of  Hippocrates  (physician) ;  Dcmocratcs  (philosopher.  Sec). 
4'2i  Boeotians  defciit  the  Atlicnians  at  Dclium. 
iUG  Naval  battle  of  /Egos  Potamos  ;  Athenian  fleet  defeated  by  the  Spar 

tans  ;  Age  of  Protagoras  (philosopher) ;  Parrhasius  (painter). 
401  Battle  of  Cunaxa ;  Death  of  Cyrus  the  younger;  Retreat  of  the  te» 

thousand  under  Xenophon. 
400  Death  of  Socrates;  31)6  Age  of  Zeuxis  (painter);  Aristippus  (philosopher) 
895  Veii  besieged  by  the  Romans  for  ten  years. 
394  Spartans  defeat  the  Thebans  at  Coronasa ;  Falerii  taken  by  Camillus 

age  of  the  Cyrenaic  philosophers. 
389  Battle  of  the  Allia  ;  Gauls  defeat  the  Romans  ;  burn  Rome  ;  inhabitantf 

fly  to  Cocre  or  Agylla ;  Gauls  defeated  near  Gabii  by  Camillus. 
379  Age  of  Plato  (philosopher) ;  Conon  (Athenian  commander) ;  Epaminon- 

das  and  Pelopidas  (Thcban  generals) ;  Diogenes  (Stoic). 
371  Epaminondas  defeats  the  Spartans  at  Leuctra;  370  builds  Messene  in 

eighty-five  days ;  Founds  Megalopolis  ;  Age  of  Eudoxus  (astronomer). 
362  Battle  at  Mantinea ;  death  of  Epaminondas. 
360  Mcthone  captured  ;  Philip  of  Maeedon  loses  his  right  eye. 
357  Phocian  war  begins  ;  Lasts  ten  years  ;  355  Alexander  born. 
351  Capture  of  Sidon  by  Artaxerxcs  Ochus. 
343  Age  of  Aristotle  (philosopher);  Demosthenes  (orator);  Phocion  (Athe- 

nian  general). 
338  BatUe  of  Chceronea;  Philip  defeats  the  Athenians  and  their  allies. 
336  Philip  assassinated ;  Archidamus,  king  of  Sparta,  killed  in  battle  at 

Manduriaj. 
335  Alexander  the  Great  destroys  Thebes ;  334  conquers  Greece ;  begins 

J)is  Persian  expedition  ;  battle  of  the  Granicus;  333  battle  of  Issus; 

siege  of  Tyre  ;  332  conquers  Egypt;  founds  the  city  of  Alexandria; 

visits  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Amnion ;  331  crosses  the  Euphrates  at 

Thapsacus ;  battle  of  Arbela ;  fall  of  the  Persian  empire;  death  of 

Darius  Codomanus  ;  326  Defeat  of  Purus  by  Alexander;  the  latter 

afterwards  descends  the  Indus  to  the  sea;  his  admiral,  Nearchus, 

navigates  a  fleet    from  the  Indus  to   the    Tigris;   Age  of  Apellca 

(painter) ;  Antipater  (Macedonian  general.  Sec). 
323  Death  of  Alexander,  May  21  ;  his  empire  divided  between  Ptolemy, 

Cassandcr,  Lysimachus  and  Scleucus. 

Q.  Where  was  Platxa  ?  Mycale?  What  sea  lay  between  those  places?  Point  out 
llie  Eurymedon  river.  Into  wh.it  sea  does  it  flow  ?  Where  was  Tan agra  ?  Deliumi 
iTIgos  Potamos  ?  Where  was  Cunaxa  ?  Through  wliat  countries  did  the  ten  thousand 
pass,  in  their  retreat?  What  rivers  did  they  cross?— See  Jl/a;>  JVo.  5.— Where  was  Veii? 
Coronia?  Falerii?  Tlie  Allia  river?  Crt;re  or  Argylla?  Gabii?  Leuctra?  Mes- 
sene 7  Mantinea?  Melhone  ?  Sidon?  Chinronea?  Manduria;?  In  what  part  of 
Greece  was  Thebes  ?  Its  modern  name  ?  Where  is  the  Granicus  river  ?  Into  what  sea 
does  it  flow?  Wliere  was  Issus  ?  Tyre?  Alexandria?  Temple  of  Jupiter  Ammmil 
Thapsacus?  Arbela?  On  what  river  was  Porus  defeated?  Where  is  the  Indus- 
The  llgris  7    Wtial  was  Alcxaudur's  age  wUen  be  died  7    llow  lung  did  be  reigu  ? 


212  CHRONOLOGICAL    TABLE. 

B.  C. 

320  Samnites  defeat  the  Romans  near  Caudium ;  their  army  pass  under 
theCaudine  Forks  ;  Ago  of  Praxiteles  (sculptor) ;  Demetrius  (orator); 
Phalerius  Theopompus  (historian)  ;  Apollodorus  (poet). 

312  Seleucus  takes  Babylon  ;  dynasty  of  the  SeleucidcB  begins. 

310  Pytheas,  the  navigator,  sails  from  Gades  to  Tliule. 

801  Battle  of  Ipsus,  between  Antigonus  and  Ptolemy,  Seleucus,  Lysimachuo 
and  Cassander  ;  Age  of  Zcno  (philosopher). 

892  The  Sabines  conquered  by  Curius  Dentatus ;  Age  of  Euclid  (mathem» 
tician). 

284  The  Pharos,  or  light-house  of  Alexandria,  built. 

281  The  Achaean  League  formed,  by  the  chief  cities  of  the  Peloponnesus, 
for  mutual  defence. 

280  The  Romans  defeated  at  Pandosia  by  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus ;  Age  of 
Antiochus  1st.,  surnamed  Soter,  king  of  Syria. 

274  Romans  defeat  Pyrrhus  ;  272,  Conquer  Samnium,  after  a  70  years'  war. 

262  First  Punic  war  begins;  continues  twenty-six  years ;  2G0  Duillius  ob- 
tains  the  first  naval  victory  gained  over  the  Carthaginians  by  the 
Romans  ;  256  Regulus  defeated  by  Xanthippus  ;  Age  of  Diodatus. 

251  Age  of  Eratosthenes  (mathematician);  Callimachus  (poet). 

249  Asdrubal  defeated  at  Panormus,  in  Sicily,  by  Metellus. 

246  Arsaces  founds  the  Parthian  empire ;  Age  of  Hamilcar,  a  noted  Car- 
thaginian  general,  and  fatlier  of  Hannibal. 

242  The  Romans  defeat  the  Carthaginians  at  sea,  near  the  ^gades  islands ; 
ends  the  first  Punic  war. 

231  The  Romans  take  Corsica  and  Sardinia. 

224  The  Spartan  king  Cleomenes  III.  defeated  by  Antigonus  Doson  ;  Co- 
lossus, at  Rhodes,  overthrown  by  an  earthquake  ;  Age  of  Apolloniua 
(poet) ;  Philopcemeii  (Achaean  general). 

219  Hannibal  takes  Saguntum ;  originates  the  second  Punic  war,  which 
lasts  seventeen  years;  218  Crosses  the  Alps;  defeats  the  Romans, 
first  on  the  river  Ticinus,  then  on  the  Trebia ;  217  Battle  of  Trasi- 
menus — his  third  victory;  216  Battle  of  Cannte — his  fourth  victory; 
50,000  Romans  slain ;  Capua  declares  in  his  favour. 

212  Marcellus  takes  Syracuse,  after  a  three  years'  siege  ;  death  of  Archime- 
des, the  noted  geometrician. 

206  Asdrubal,  the  brother  of  Hannibal,  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Romans ; 
Age  of  Syphax  (Latin  poet) ;  Ennius  (Latin  poet) ;  Massinissa,  king 
of  Numidia. 

202  Sicily  becomes  a  Roman  province. 

201  Battle  of  Zama ;  Hannibal  defeated  by  Scipio  Africanus ;  end  of  the 
second  Punic  war. 

200  Romans  conquer  Illyrieum ;  197,  defeat  the  Macedonians  at  Cynos- 
cephalse  ;  196  Hannibal  banislied  from  Carthage. 

190  Antiochus  defeated  by  the  Consul  Acilius  at  ThermopylsB ;  Age  ol 
Cato  the  elder. 

187  Scipio  Asiatieus  defeats  Antiochus  I.  at  Magnesia  ad  Sipylum. 

186  Scipio  Africanus  banished  to  Liturnum. 

183  Death  of  Hannibal,  in  Bithynia,  by  poison,  aged  sixty-five 


Q..  Point  out  Caudium.  Gades.  Thu!e  of  Pytheas.  Where  wag  Ipsus?  The  Pelo 
ponhesus?  What  did  it  comprise?  Where  was  Pandosia?  Epirus?  Saniiiium  ? 
Where  was  Panormus?  The  ^.gades  islands?  Crrsira?  Sardinia?  Rhodes?  Sa- 
guntum? Where  did  Hannibal  cross  the  Alps?  Where  is  the  Trebia  ?  The  Ticinu* 
Into  what  river  do  those  streams  flow?  Where  was  Like  Trasimenus?  Cannse?  Ca 
pua?  Syracuse?  Where  is  Sicily?  Zama?  Illyrieum?  CynosceplialiB ?  Thermo 
pylse?    Magnesia  ad  Sipylum  ?    Laluruum?    Bithyuia? 


CHRONOLOGICAL   TABLE  213 

0.  c. 

I(j8  Insurrection  of  the  Maccabees  against  Antiochus,  king  of  Syria. 
IGS  Paulus  iEinilius  defeats  Perseus  at  Pydna;  Macedonia  becomes  a  Ro. 
niau   province ;  Age  of  Hipparchus  (philosopher) ;  Polybius   (histo- 
rian), &.€. 
167  Epirus  conquered  by  the  Romans;  165  Age  of  Judas  Maccabffius. 
14U  I'hird   Punic  war   begins;  146  Scipio  destroys  Cartilage;  Mummius 

destroys  Corinth  ;  Agatharcliides  (Greek  geographer). 
137  Demetrius  Nicator  defeated  at  Damascus  by  Alexander  Zebina. 
133  Numantia  destroyed  by  the  inhabitants ;  Spain  becomes  a  Roman  pro- 
vince ;  The  kingdom  of  Pergamus  bequeathed  to  the  Romans  by 
Attains,  its  last  king. 
131  Tiberius  Gracchus  treacherously  slain  at  Potentia. 
109  Jugurtliine  war  begins ;  lasts  tive  years  ;  106  Jugurtha  betrayed  by 
Bocchus  to  the  Romans  ;  Armenia  Major  becomes  a  Roman  province. 
105  Aristobulus  crowned  king  of  the  Jews;  106  Pompey  born  at  Rome. 
102  Marius  defeats  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones  at  Aquae  Sextee;  101  defeats 

the  Cimbri  on  the  Raudian  Plains. 
100  Birth  of  Julius  Ccesar,  July  12  ;  this  month  was  named  after  him. 
92  Bocchus  sends  Sylla  a  present  of  100  lions  from  Africa. 
89  The  Mithridatic  war  begins  ;  lasts  twenty-six  years  ;  86  Sylla  defeats  the 
consuls   Carbo   and   Cinna ;    Metellus    (consul) ;  Sertorius    (Roman 
general);  78  death  of  Sylla;  76  Calaguris  besieged  by  Pompey  ;  tlie 
inhabitants,  reduced  to  extremity,  feed  on  their  wives  and  children. 
75  Bitliynia  bequeathed  to  the  Romans  by  Nicomedes. 
73  Sertorius  assassinated  by  Perpenna  and  others  at  Osca. 
73  Servile  war  begins ;  Roman  slaves  revolt  against  their  masters,  under 
Spartacus ;   defeated,  two  years  afterwards,  by  Pompey  and  Cras- 
sus. 
72  Lucullus  defeats  Mithridates  the  Great  at  Cabira ;  69,  defeats  Tigra- 
nes ;  captures  Tigranocerta ;  68,  defeats   Mithridates  at  Zela ;  66, 
again  at  Nicopolis. 
67  Pompey  takes  Coracesium ;  65,  dethrones  Antiochus  Asiaticus. 
64  Pontus  annexed  to  Rome ;  Death  of  Mithridates  the  Great. 
63  Palestine  conquered  by  Pompey ;  Cataline  defeated  and  killed  at  Pis- 

toria.  • 

60  First  triumvirate  of  Cffisar,  Pompey  and  Crassus  ;  Age  of  Catullus  (poet); 

Cicero  (orator) ;  Sallust  (historian) ;  Roscius  (actor),  <&c. 
57  Gaul  becomes  a  Roman  province  ;  55  Casar  invades  Britain. 
53  Crassus  plunders  the  Temple  of  Venus  at  Ilierapolis ;  his  defeat  and 

death,  by  the  Partliians,  near  Carrhoe. 
51  Siege  and  capture  of  Pindenissus  by  Cicero. 

50  Civil  war  between  Caesar  and  Pompey;  49  Caesar  crosses  the  Rubicon, 
takes  Ariminum  ;  48,  defeats  Pompey  at  Pharsalia,  July  30th  ;  death 
of  Pompey. 
47  Ceesar  delcats  Pharnaces  at  Zela;  writes  from  thence  his  famous  letter 
of  three  words,  "  Veni,  vidi,  vici ;"  46  Victorious  at  Thapsus;  Death 
of  Cato ;  45  Battle  of  Munda ;  the  last  in  which  Czesar  commanded. 


Q,.  Of  what  part  of  Asia  did  it  form  a  (livisinn  ?  Pydna?  Macedonia?  How  long 
didit  endure  as  a  kiriirdiiui?  Corinlh  ?  Where  was  Numantia  ?  Pnrganius?  Polkri- 
lia?  Armenia  Major?  (Tlie  latter  was  that  part  of  Armenia  which  la/  east  of  tli« 
Euphrates.)  Point  out  Atjua!  Sexts.  Raudian  Plains.  Calacurris.  Bithynia.  O^^ca 
Cabira.  Tigranocerta.  Zela.  Nicopolis.  Coracesium.  Pontus.  Palestine.  II'  .v 
many  years  from  the  end  of  the  Babylonish  captivity  until  the  conquest  of  Palestine  oy 
thcUomans?  Point  out  Pistoria.  Gaul.  Britain.  Ilierapolis.  Carrlis.  PindeoiiMuai 
The  Rubicon.    Ariminum.    Pharsalia.    Zela.    Thapsus.    Munda. 


214  CHRONOLOGICAL   TABLE. 

B.C. 

44  Caesar  killed  in  the  Senate-house,  March  15th,  by  Brutus,  Cassius,  &c. 
43  Antony  defeats  the  consul  Pansa,  and  is  defeated  the  same  day  by 

Hirtius;  Cicero  murdered  by  order  of  Antony  ;  Age  of  Varro  (liisto- 

rian  and  philosopher) ;  Diodorus  Siculus  and  Pompt  ius  ^historians). 
42  Antony  and  Octavius  defeat  Brutus  and  Cassius  at  Philippi. 
37  Herod,  an  Idumean,  placed  on  the  Jewish  throne. 
31  Naval  battle  at  Actium  ;  Octavius  defeats  Antony  ;  Ends  the  Common 

wealth  of  Rome. 
30  Death  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra  ;  Egypt  becomes  a  Roman  province. 
28  Roman  empire  begins. 
27  Title  of  Augustus  given   to   Octavius;  Augustan  age;  Virgil,  Liv)i 

Ovid,  Propertius  (poets) ;   Horace  (historian) ;   Dionysius  Halicar 

nassus  (antiquarian). 
20  Roman  standards  taken  fromCrassus  restored  to  Augustus,  by  Phraates, 

king  of  Parthia;  death  of  Virgil. 
19  Noricum  and  Pannonia  conquered  by  the  Romans  ;  Candace,  queen  of 

Meroe,  in  Ethiopia,  blind  of  an  eye,  invades  Egypt,  but  is  repelled. 
15  RhcEtia  and  Vindelicia  conquered  by  Drusus. 
6  Arehelaus,  surnamed  Herod,  banished  to  Vienna,  in  Gaul. 
4  Jesus  Christ,  our  Saviour,  born  four  years  before  the  vulgar  era,  Dec.  25. 
2  Murder   of  the  infants  at  Bethleliem,  by  order  of  Herod ;  his  death" 

Arehelaus  succeeds  him. 


A.  D.,  First  year  of  the  Christian  Era,  4004  years  after  the  Creation. 
2  Silk  first  introduced  into  Rome. 
6  Procurators  or  governors  appointed  over  Judea. 

8  Christ,  at  twelve  years  of  age,  is  three  days  in  the  temple. 

9  Arminius  or  Herman,  a  German  chief,  destroys  the  army  of  Varus 

this  defeat  causes  a  great  sensation  at  Rome  ;  Ovid  banished  to  TomL 
14  Augustus  dies  at  Nola,  after  a  reign  of  forty-five  years ;  succeeded  by 

Tiberius  ;  Age  of  Germanicus  (Roman  general). 
20  Jews  expelled  from  Italy  by  Tiberius  ;  28  Age  of  Strabo  (geographer). 
29  John  the  Baptist  commences  preaching  ;  30  Baptizes  our  Saviour. 

31  Our  Saviour  delivers  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount. 

32  Feeds  the  5000  ;  his  transfiguration ;  John  the  Baptist  beheaded. 

33  Our  Saviour's  death  ;  First  Christian  Church  at  Jerusalem. 

37  Conversion  of  St.  Paul ;  Death  of  Tiberius ;  succeeded  by  Caligula ; 

40  the  latter  assassinated. 
41  Seneca  banished  to  Corsica ;  is  recalled  eight  years  afterwards ;  Age 

of  Pomponius  Mela  (geographer), 
43  Expedition  of  Claudius  into  Britain  ;  51  Caractacus,  British  king,  taken 

as  a  prisoner  to  Rome. 
52  Paul  visits  Athens ;  54  preaches  the  Gospel  at  Ephesus ;  Age  of  Persiua 

(satirist);  60  Lucan  (poet). 

60  St.  Paul  arrested  ;  62  voyage  to  Rome ;  63  arrives  in  that  city. 

61  Boadicea  defeated  by  Suetonius  Pnulinus  at  Camulodunum. 

68  Nero  dies;  Josephus (historian) ;  Pliny  (naturalist) ;  Petronius  (poet). 

69  Galba  slain  ;  Suicide  of  Otho ;  Vitc  llus  slain. 

Q.  Point  out  Philippi.  Actium.  How  loiii;  aid  the  Roman  commonwealth  last? 
Where  was  Parthia  ?  Meroe  ?  In  what  dircrtion  did  Candace  march  to  invade  Egy|)t  ? 
Utere  were  Noricum?  Pannonia?  Rhictiii  ?  Vindelicia?  To  what  modern  couri- 
tries  do  these  correspond  ?  On  what  river  was  Vienna?  Where  is  Bethlehem  '  Noai 
what  rivers  was  Varus  defeated  ?  On  what  nca  waa  Tomi  ?  Where  was  Nola  t  Ca 
Diulodunum? 


CHRONOLOGICAL    TABLE.  215 

A.  a 

70  Jerusalem  taken  and  destroyed  by  Titus,  Sept.  8th ;  Agricola's  fleet  sails 
around  Hritain ;  Agrieola  promotes  useful  arts  amonsj  tlie  Britons. 

76  Agricola  defeats  Galj^acus  at  the  foot  of  the  Grampian  Hills. 

79  Hcrculancuni,  Pompeii,  and  other  cities,  overwhelmed  by  an  eruption 
of  Mount  Vesuvius;  Death  of  the  elder  Pliny. 

81  Titus  dies,  aged  40;  Age  of  ftlartial  (poet);  Quintilian  (rhetorician). 

9G  Domitian  sLiin ;  Age  of  Tacitus  (historian);  Juvenal  (satirist). 
"  03  Dacia  conquered  by  Trnjan  ;   106  Ago  of  Pliny  the  younger  ;  Plutarch 

17  Death  of  Trajan,  at  Selinus,  in  Cilicia;  succeeded  by  Adrian. 
120  Wall  built  by  Adrian  across  Britain. 

139  Death  of  Adrian,  aged  71 ;  Antoninus  (emperor) ;  Ptolemy  (geographer). 

140  Wall  built  by  Antoninus  across  Britain. 

169   Death  of  Polyearp  the  Martyr;  Age  of  Galen  (physician). 

180  Marcus  Aurclius  (emperor)  dies  at  Sirmium. 

192  The  Emperor  Commodus  slain  ;  Pertinax  succeeds  him. 

194  Scverus  defeats  Niger  at  Issus  ;  becomes  emperor. 

210  Wall  built  across  Britain  by  Severus ;  218  Heliogabalus  emperor. 

226  Artaxerxes  founds  2d  Persian  empire  ;  Dynasty  of  the  Sassanides  begins. 

238  Maximinus  killed  by  his   own  soldiers  before  the  walls  of  Aquileia. 

This  emperor  was  a  monster  of  cruelty,  and  of  gigantic  size  and 

strength,  being  eight  feet  high. 
259  Sapor  I.  captures  the  emperor  Valerian,  and  flays  him  alive ;  Odenatua 

king  of  Palmyra;  Gallicnus  succeeds  Valerian, 
267  Odenatus  dies  ;  Zenobia,his  wife,  assumes  the  title  of  Queen  of  the  East 
270  Death  of  Claudius;  Aurelian  succeeds;  regards  Zenobia  as  a  usurper; 

272  defeats  her  at  Antioch  and  Emesa  ;  273  captures  Palmyra ;  takes 

Zenobia  prisoner ;  puts  Longinus,  her  secretary,  to  death. 
275  Emperor  Tacitus ;  282  Emperor  Probus  killed,  near  Sirmium. 
286  Age  of  the  emperors  Diocletian  and  Maximianus. 

305  Both  resign  their  authority  to  enjoy  private  life;  the  first  retires  to 

Salona,  in  Illyricum,  and  the  other  to  Lucania. 

306  Constantino  the  Great  proclaimed  emperor;  313  establishes  Christian- 

ity  as  the  religion  of  the  empire;  315  defeats  Licinius  at  Cibalis ; 

324,  again  at  Adrianopolis ;  328  removes  the  government  from  Rome 

to  Byzantium. 
338  Death  of  Constantine ;  succeeded  by  his  sons  Constantinus,  Constan- 

tius  and  Constans. 
348  Sapor  defeats  Constantius  at  Singara ;  350  Constantius  sole  emperor; 

351  defeats  Magnentius  at  Mursa;  353,  again  at  Mens  Seleucus. 
360  Julian  the  Apostate  (emperor) ;  363  dies  ;  Next  year  Jovian  dies. 
367  Age  of  Ausonius  (poet);  375  Emperor  Gratian. 
378  Valens  defeated  by  the  Goths  at  Adrianopolis.     This  was  the  most  dia 

astrous  defeat  experienced  by  tlie  Romans  since  the  battle  of  CanniB 
380  Age  of  St  Augustine,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  Church. 
395  Theodosius,  emperor,  divides  the  Roman  empire  between  his  sons  Area* 

dius  and  Honorius,  into  Eastern  and  Western. 


Q.  AVhere  was  Ilerculaneuin  ?  Pompeii?  Near  what  modern  city  are  these  two  placet 
•ituated?  Where  was  Dacia  ?  Selinus?  Point  out  the  Roman  wall  built  by  Adrian. 
What  Mil.  or  frith  was  its  western  termination  ?  What  river  its  eastern  ?  Point  oul 
tho  Wall  of  Antoninus.  On  what  river  did  it  terminate  west?  On  what  JE^t.  east? 
For  what  purpose  were  these  walls  built?  Point  out  Sirmium.  Issus.  What  other 
battle  was  fought  there  more  than  500  years  previous  ?  Point  out  the  Wall  of  Severus. 
Where  was  Palmyra?  Antioch?  Emesa?  Sirmium?  Lucania?  Salona?  CibalisT 
Adrianopolis?  Byzantium?  Its  modern  name?  Singara?  Mursa?  Mons  Seleu- 
cus ?    Ilow  many  years  between  the  battles  of  Adrianopolis  and  Canns  7 


216  CHRONOLOGICAL    TABLE. 

A.  D. 

403  Stilicho  defeated  by  tlie  Goths  at  Pollcntia 

407  Tlie  Alans,  Vandals  and  Sucves  invade  Gaul  and  Spam.  _ 

408  Alaric  takes  Rome  first  time  ;  409,  second  time;  410,  third  time;  lh« 

city  given  up  to  plunder  for  six  days ;  Death  of  Alaric  ;  Kingdom  of 
Burgundy  founded, 

441  Age  of  St.  Patrick;  448  Romans  leave  Britain ;  Next  year  Angles  and 
Saxons  land  under  Hengist  and  Horsa. 

451  Attila  defeated  at  Durocatalaunum ;  452  destroys  Aquileia  ;  453  Dies 

455  Rome  captured  by  Geneseric,  king  of  the  Vandals  :  Heptarchy  estab 
lished  in  Britain. 

474  Romulus  Augustulus,  last  emperor  of  the  West. 

476  End  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

489  Odoacer,  chief  of  the  Heruli,  becomes  king  of  Italy  ;  Ostrogoths  invade 
Italy  and  defeat  Odoacer. 

496  Clovis  the  Great,  king  of  France  ;  Feudal  system  begins. 

529  Age  of  Justinian  ;  Belisarius  (Roman  general). 

622  Mahomet,  aged  53,  flies  from  Mecca  to  Medina,  which  forms  the  first 
year  of  the  Hegira  or  Mahometan  Era. 

632  Death  of  Mahomet ;  Abubeker,  his  successor  or  first  Caliph. 

636  Saracens  conquer  Egypt ;  destroy  tlie  Alexandrian  Library. 

712  The  Moors  invade  Spain  ;  713  conquer  the  Visigoths. 

742  Charlemagne,  son  of  Pe])in  the  Short,  born ;  768  crowned  king  of  the 
Franks;  774  crowned  king  of  Italy;  800  crowned  Emperor  of  the 
West,  by  Pope  Leo  III. ;  814  Dies.  Charlemagne  was  the  most 
powerful  Christian  monarch  of  the  middle  ages  :  he  was  a  renowned 
warrior  :  he  also  encouraged  learning  and  religion,  and  collected 
around  him  the  most  noted  scholars  of  his  time. 

827  The  Heptarchy  united  under  Egbert,  king  of  England. 

843  Kenneth  Macalpine  first  king  of  Scotland. 

849  Alfred,  king  of  England,  born;  872  ascends  the  throne;  901  Dies. 
This  monarch  rescued  his  country  from  the  power  of  tlie  Danes;  en- 
couraged learning  and  religion ;   enacted   wise   laws,  and  laid  tlie 
foundation  of  the  naval  power  of  Britain 
1000  Brian  Boru  or  Brian  the  Great,  king  of  all  Ireland. 
1066  Danes  expelled  from  England  ;  1095  Crusades  begin,  last  until  1270. 
1164  Gengis  Khan,  Tartar  conqueror,  born;  subdues  China,  and  half  the 
rest  of  Asia,  besides  a  portion  of  Eastern  Europe;  Dies  A.  D.  1227. 
1172  Henry  II.  assumes  the  title  of  Lord  of  Irela-nd. 

1335  Tamerlane,  Tartar  conqueror,  born;  1307  makes  Samarcandhis  capi- 
tal ;  1390  invades  Hindoostan  ;  conquers  many  countries  in  the  East ; 
1402  defeats  Bajazet,  Sultan  of  the  Turks,  at  Ancyra  or  Angora; 
takes  him  prisoner,  and,  according  to  some  accounts,  confines  him 
in  an  iron  cage. 

1453  Constantinople  taken  by  the  Turks,  which  ends  the  Eastern  Empire, 

Q.  Where  was  rollentia?    Durocatalaunum?   Aquileia?   When  was  Mahomet  born 
How  many  years  is  it  since  the  commencemsnt  of  the  Mahometan  Era?    How  long 
wns  Egypt  a  Roman  province?    How  long  did  Charlemagne  live?     Alfred?     How 
many  years  did  the  Crusades  last ?    Where  is  Samarcand  ?    Hindoostan?    Ancyra? 


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